CT, CVT and LA Gyanendra Sharma NPTI Delhi

O&M of Substation
Condition Monitoring of
CTs, CVTs and LAs
03/27/2021 Gyanendra Sharma, NPTI Delhi

Substation Operation
• Standard Operation Procedures
• Standard Operation Formats
• Line Charging/ Synchronizing
• Line Clearance and Isolation

Maintenance
Why Maintenance?
What to Maintain?
How to maintain?

WHY MAINTENANCE?
• HUMAN SAFETY
• EQUIPMENT LIFE
• COST OF BREAK DOWN
• TIME & COST OF REPAIR
• RELIABILITY OF SERVICE
Basic Schematic
Fault
analysing
equipment
Protection Instrument
relays Transormers
Power
System
Station
control Circuit
breaker
Communication
Equipment

HOW TO MAINTAIN?
• BREAK DOWN MAINTENANCE
• PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE
• CONDITION BASED MAINTENANCE
• RELIABILITY CENTRED MAINTENANCE

O&M TOOLS
• Annual Maintenance Plan
• Maintenance Schedule
• Maintenance Formats
• Maintenance Procedures
• Limiting Values
O&M RECORDS
• PERIODIC OPERATION DATA
• MAINTENANCE RECORDS
• HISTORY REGISTOR OF EQUIPMENTS
• MIS REPORTS:
– TRIP REPORT
– EQUIPMENT FAILURE REPORT
– EQUIPMENT/ LINE OUTAGE REPORT
– MAINTENANCE COMPLIANCE REPORT

Factors affecting Testing
• Testing Instrument
• Pollution
• Moisture
• Temperature
• Electromagnetic Field
• Human Error

Maintenance of
Current Transformers

Population of CTs in POWERGRID
Make Population
(Approx.)
ABB 1000
BHEL 1200
CGL 900
AREVA/ WSI 1300
TELK 200
Others/ Imported 300
Total 4900

Types of CTs
• Dead Tank Design

– Hair Pin Design
– Eye Bolt Design
• Live tank Design

Hair Pin Design
1. Dome
2. Nitrogen filling valve
3. Primary terminal
4. Collar
IT 400 Cross section 5. Porcelain insulator
6. Primary conductor with
insulation
7. Adaptor cylinder
8. Secondary cores
9. Base
10. Oil drain plug
Hair-Pin design

Internal details
1. Oil filling plug

2. Dome
3. Nitrogen filling valve
4. Collar
5. Primary terminal
6. Porcelain insulator
7. Insulated primary
8. Cover plate for tank
9. Tank
10. Secondary cores
Eye bolt design

Active Part Manufacturing
IT range
Live Tank CTs

Dead tank CTs
Hairpin design and Eye Bolt design

CT Standards
• IEC 60044 – 1
• IS 2705

CT Design
Core Material – The main aim is to give

high accuracy with low saturation factor.
Core Material is made of CRGO Silicon
steel
For very low loss characteristics, µ

material (Alloy of Ni-Fe) is used
CT accuracies
As per IEC-60044(1)
Metering Core – ±0.2 or 0.5% at rated

Currents
Protection Cores – ± 1% at rated

current

Accuracies as per IEC-60044-1
Class 5% of 20% of 100% of 120% of

rated I rated I rated I rated I
0.2 0.75 0.35 0.2 0.2
0.5 1.5 0.75 0.5 0.5

Protection Cores
Class Current Error at Composite Error at

rated Primary rated accuracy limit
Current Primary Current
5P ±1% ±5%
10P ±3% ±10%

Factors for Protection
1. Accuracy Limiting Factor/composite error
For e.g if the class designation is 5P20
20 is the Accuracy limiting factor which signifies that when

20 times the rated primary current is applied the composite
error of 5P( +/- 5%) is maintained.
Typical Class designations are
5P10, 5P20, 10P10, 10P20 etc.,

Ratio Error
Ratio Error = (KnIs- Ip)*100/ Ip
Kn = Rated transformation ratio

Ip = Actual primary current
Is = Actual secondary current

Instrument
Transformer Error
Primary
Ip
Current
Currenttransformer
transformer::
Ip
K
f: Phase error
K.Is
Secondary Is
Ip
TC : K=
Is
Phase Angle Error
The difference in Phase between

the Primary and Secondary
current vectors

Knee Point Voltage
• 10% increase in Voltage will lead to

30% or more increase in Current.

Current Transformers Saturation curve
Induction
B [T] 18500 gauss
Protection CT
8000 gauss
Metering CT
Primary current
Ip/In
10 20 30 40

Insulation Levels
For Windings having Um greater than

300kV, the rated insulation level is
determined by rated switching and
lightning impulse withstand voltage
For voltages < 300kV, insulation levels

are decided by lightning impulse and
power-frequency withstand voltages
Insulation Levels
System 1 min Switching Lightning
Voltage Power Impulse Impulse
Freq. withstand withstand
Voltage Voltage Voltage
220kV 395kV - 950kV

460kV 1050kV
400kV 630kV 1050kV 1425kV

Creepage Distances
Pollution Levels Creepage distance
Light 16mm/kV
Medium 20mm/kV
Heavy 25mm/kV
Very Heavy 31mm/kV

Pre Commissioning Tests
Polarity Test
Magnetization Curve Test
Ratio Test
Primary Current Injection Test
Secondary Current Injection Test

Failure of Current Transformers
% age CT FAILURES
1.5
1
0.5
0
2005
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2006
2008
96
97
98
99

Reasons of CT Failures
• About 30 nos. CTs have failed due to
poor impregnation and paper wrapping
at works.
• About 90 nos. CTs have failed due to
pre-mature ageing of almost all makes
• 2 no. CT failed after repair at site.
Moisture entry due to N2 gas leakage

Primary Insulation Failure due to
moisture entry

Raipur CT failure (AREVA)

Insulation puncture

Nalagarh CT Failure (WSI/AREVA)

Failure of Primary Insulation

Condition Monitoring
Checking of Bellow expansion - M
Visual Inspection for leakages - M
Tan Delta Measurement – 2Y
Thermovision Scanning - Y
Nitrogen Pressure Checking – 2Y
DGA testing of Oil - SOS
CT TESTING –TAN DELTA

CT Insulation

Capacitance and Tan Delta
Measurement
• CTs with Test Tap- Ungrounded Specimen Test mode
(UST)
• CTs without Test Taps – Grounded Specimen Test
(GST) mode with jumpers disconnected
• Values to be monitored w.r.t. factory/ pre-
commissioning values
• Sudden change in measured values indicate faster
deterioration of insulation.
• Precautions: P1/P2 to be shorted. Porcelain surface to
be thoroughly cleaned. Test Tap to be reconnected to
Earth after the Test

Capacitance and Tan Delta
Measurement – Contd.
• Connection of Test Tap to be ensured

otherwise it may lead to slow arcing in the
soldering area and insulation may fail in due
course of time.
• Measurement of Tan Delta of C2 (insulation
between last foil on which test tap wire is
soldered to the ground) to be carried out.
• Measurement in GSTg mode with P1/P2
terminal guarded.
CT Equivalent Circuit

UST Mode of Measurement
Earth will be connected to N Point

Hence only CHL will be measured

GST Mode of Measurement
Here measurement is made for the

Parallel combination of CH and CHL
GSTg Mode of Measurement
Here measurement is done for CHE

as L is guarded

Recovery Voltage Measurement
• 2.0kV (d.c.) to be applied between HV and

Test Tap for time tc followed by shorting for
time td.
• Then Recovery Voltage to be measured.
• Time constant to be computed with different
readings.
• Low value of time constant (RC) indicate
insulation degradation

Recovery Voltage Measurement
Vdc
Vr
tc Vr
td
Vr
Time
Time

Performance of CVTs
in POWERGRID

Population of CVTs in
POWERGRID
Make CVTs
ABB 750
BHEL 315
CGL 780
AREVA/WSI 1150
Others 85
Total 3080

CVT Construction Details

Capacitor stack
Inductive VT

CVT Construction Details
There are 280 – 300 elements in
C1 & C2
C1 will be about 260 to 280 elements
C2 will be 15 to 20 elements
Ratio of C1/ C2 is 20 to 22
400/ 20 = 20kV (Tap Voltage)

Compensating Reactor
Compensating Reactor is provided to

compensate for the phase displacement in
Capacitor elements
wL = 1/w (c1+c2)
L = 1/ w2 (c1+c2)

Ferro Resonance
Ferro resonance in CVTs is due to the
Capacitance in Voltage Divider in series with
the inductance of the Transformer and series
reactor. This circuit is brought to resonance
by various disturbances in the network that
may saturate the iron core of the
transformer, over heat electro magnetic unit
and lead to insulation breakdown.

Ferro Resonance Circuit
• Ferro resonance circuit is provided in
CVT Secondary to suppress Ferro
resonance oscillations
• There can be active or passive Ferro
resonance circuits
• It can be RLC circuit (ABB)
or RL circuit (CGL)
or Resistance (BHEL, WSI, AREVA)

CVT Secondary Voltage
CVT Secondary Voltage v = k * V * C1/ (C1+C2)
V – Primary Voltage
k – Secondary Transformer Transformation
ratio
Note: Puncturing of C1 – Secondary Voltage will

increase
Puncturing of C2 – Secondary Voltage will
decrease
CVT VA ratings
• As per POWERGRID specifications, VA
ratings for core-1, core-2 and core-3 are
50VA, 50VA and 50VA respectively. Earlier
CVTs it was 200/ 200/ 50VA
• CVT accuracies are guaranteed if connected
burdens are within 25% to 100% of the rated
burdens
• In POWERGRID, with static meters and
static/ numerical relays, connected burdens
are 10 to 20 VA in each core which are very
low as compared to earlier rated burdens.
PD Measurement
CT PT CVT Test Voltage
Pre-stress
Before IEC-185 IEC-186 IEC-358 Voltage-436kV
Revision Test Voltage-
266kV(10pC)
Pre-stress
After IEC- IEC- Yet to be Voltage–504kV
revision 60044(1) 60044(2) revised Test Voltage-
420kV(10pC)

Failures of Capacitive Voltage
Transformers
4
% age per year
3
2
1
0
YEAR

REASONS OF FAILURES OF CVTs
• WRINKLES ON ALUMINUM FOIL

• POOR SOLDERING QUALITY
• POOR QUALITY OF PAPER(LOCAL SOURCE)
• PINHOLES IN BELLOWS
• SNAPPING OF BELLOW CONNECTION
• OVERHEATING OF DAMPING RESISTOR
• SHORTING OF TRANSFORMER CORES
• FAILURES OF FR CIRCUIT COMPONENTS
• RUSTING OF COUPLING BOLTS (BETWEEN FLANGE
AND EMU TANK)
• RUSTING OF FLANGE

Reasons of CVT Failures
• LOOSENESS OF CORE BOLTS
• SNAPPING OF CONNECTION BETWEEN PRIMARY
WINDING AND COMPENSATING REACTOR
• FAILURE OF VARISTORS PROVIDED IN SECONDARY
• ENTRY OF MOISTURE IN CAPACITOR STACKS
• POOR GASKET QUALITY
• ALMOST ALL COMPONENTS OF CVTs HAVE SHOWN
FAILURE TREND

Rusting of EMU Tank

EMU Tank Transformer Winding
shorted

Top Bellow with uneven surface
and soldered material

Failure of Capacitor Element in

Rusting and shearing off of Coupling
Bolts and also entry of Moisture in
the stack

Mechanical shearing of the Bolt/ Stud

Matter of Concern
• In POWERGRID, there have been many pre-
mature failures of CVTs.
• CVTs have given unreliable performance so
far. Against life of about 30-35 years, failures
have occurred after 8-10 years of service.
• About 900 CVTs of almost all makes CVTs
needs to be refurbished/ repaired at
manufacturers works.
• This will need huge expenditure to be met
from O&M budget affecting POWERGRID
profitability.
Condition Monitoring of CVTs
• Secondary Voltage Measurement – variation
in voltages indicates shorting/ puncturing of
capacitor elements.
• Capacitance and Tan Delta Measurement
Precautions: Porcelain surfaces need to be

thoroughly cleaned before measurements.

Secondary Voltage measurement
Periodic measurement to be carried out. In case of
doubt, simultaneous measurement to be carried
out with another feeder/ Bus CVT.
For 400kV CVTs puncturing of one Capacitor
element in C1 side is likely to increase Secondary
Voltage by about 0.35 – 0.45% (0.22 – 0.28V)
Failure of one Capacitor element in C2 side is
likely to decrease Secondary Voltage by 5 – 6%
(3.2 – 3.8V)

Capacitance and Tan delta
measurement of stacks
Change in Capacitance value above 6%,

CVT need to be replaced
Tan delta values more than 0.003 from
pre-commissioning value needs
replacement

Low/ Negative values of Tan Delta
Lower values of Capacitance and Tan Delta
in case of CVTs are due to parallel tapping
at Intermediate point (20-22kV). At this point,
there will be two parallel paths. Hence
measured current flowing through C2, will
be less than C1 and lower value of
measured capacitance. Due to losses in
Voltage Transformer Winding, Tan Delta
value may also be less or even negative.
Hence, values should be compared w.r.t.pre-
commissioning values only and not with
factory values

CT, CVT and LA Gyanendra Sharma NPTI Delhi

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O&M of Substation

03/27/2021 Gyanendra Sharma, NPTI Delhi

• Standard Operation Procedures

• Standard Operation Formats

• Line Charging/ Synchronizing

• Line Clearance and Isolation

03/27/2021 Gyanendra Sharma, NPTI Delhi

03/27/2021 Gyanendra Sharma, NPTI Delhi

• COST OF BREAK DOWN

• TIME & COST OF REPAIR

03/27/2021 Gyanendra Sharma, NPTI Delhi

• BREAK DOWN MAINTENANCE

• CONDITION BASED MAINTENANCE

• RELIABILITY CENTRED MAINTENANCE

03/27/2021 Gyanendra Sharma, NPTI Delhi

03/27/2021 Gyanendra Sharma, NPTI Delhi

03/27/2021 Gyanendra Sharma, NPTI Delhi

03/27/2021 Gyanendra Sharma, NPTI Delhi

03/27/2021 Gyanendra Sharma, NPTI Delhi

• Dead Tank Design

03/27/2021 Gyanendra Sharma, NPTI Delhi

03/27/2021 Gyanendra Sharma, NPTI Delhi

1. Oil filling plug

Eye bolt design

03/27/2021 Gyanendra Sharma, NPTI Delhi

03/27/2021 Gyanendra Sharma, NPTI Delhi

Hairpin design and Eye Bolt design

03/27/2021 Gyanendra Sharma, NPTI Delhi

Core Material – The main aim is to give

For very low loss characteristics, µ

Metering Core – ±0.2 or 0.5% at rated

Protection Cores – ± 1% at rated

03/27/2021 Gyanendra Sharma, NPTI Delhi

Class 5% of 20% of 100% of 120% of

0.2 0.75 0.35 0.2 0.2

0.5 1.5 0.75 0.5 0.5

03/27/2021 Gyanendra Sharma, NPTI Delhi

Class Current Error at Composite Error at

10P ±3% ±10%

03/27/2021 Gyanendra Sharma, NPTI Delhi

For e.g if the class designation is 5P20

20 is the Accuracy limiting factor which signifies that when

Typical Class designations are

5P10, 5P20, 10P10, 10P20 etc.,

03/27/2021 Gyanendra Sharma, NPTI Delhi

Ratio Error = (KnIs- Ip)*100/ Ip

Kn = Rated transformation ratio

03/27/2021 Gyanendra Sharma, NPTI Delhi

The difference in Phase between

03/27/2021 Gyanendra Sharma, NPTI Delhi

• 10% increase in Voltage will lead to

03/27/2021 Gyanendra Sharma, NPTI Delhi

03/27/2021 Gyanendra Sharma, NPTI Delhi

For Windings having Um greater than

For voltages < 300kV, insulation levels

220kV 395kV - 950kV

400kV 630kV 1050kV 1425kV

03/27/2021 Gyanendra Sharma, NPTI Delhi

Pollution Levels Creepage distance

Very Heavy 31mm/kV

03/27/2021 Gyanendra Sharma, NPTI Delhi

03/27/2021 Gyanendra Sharma, NPTI Delhi

03/27/2021 Gyanendra Sharma, NPTI Delhi