Bus bar & LBB Protection

03/27/2021 Gyanendra Sharma - NPTI Delhi 1

OBJECTIVE OF STATION PROTECTION

 To protect all such elements or sections in

a substation which are not covered either
under line protection or equipment
protection

Station protection include

 Bus Bar protection

 Stub line / Teed protection
 LBB protection
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 Zone of Protection

CB
CT
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CT CORES

 CORE 1  BUS BAR CHECK ZONE

 CORE 2  BUS BAR MAIN ZONE
 CORE 3  METERING
 CORE 4  MAIN I LINE PROTECTION
 CORE 5  LBB & MAIN II LINE
PROTECTION

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NEED FOR BUS BAR PROTECTION

 In Absence Of BUSBAR Protection,

Fault Clearance takes place
in Zone II of Distance Relay by
Remote End Tripping

 This Means Slow & Unselective Tripping

and wide spread blackout

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NEED FOR BUS BAR PROTECTION

 Minimizing damage at fault location

 Maintaining system stability

 Localizing isolation to avoid wide

spread disruption

 Delayed clearance create shock to inter

connected equipment like Generator shaft
and windings of Transformer
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REQUIREMENT OF BUS BAR PROTECTION

 High speed operation

 Selectivity – shall isolate the faulty bus bar only

 Stability – stable for through faults upto 40 KA

fault level

 Reliability – Check feature

 Applicable for any type of bus bar protection

 Shall provide zone indication

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REQUIREMENT OF BUS BAR PROTECTION

 Continuous supervision for CT Secondaries

against any possible Open Ckt.

 In case of detection of any Open Circuiting of CT

secondary, after a time delay, the affected zone
of protection shall be rendered in-operative and
an alarm initiated.

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RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PROVIDING BUS BAR
PROTECTION

 Bus bar protection must be provided in all new 400kV and

220kV Substations as well as Generation Switch Yards

 For existing substations, provision of bus bar protection is

considered a must at 400kV level and for 220kV level it is
essential at substations having multiple feed.

 In case of radially fed 220kv substations, having more

than one bus it is desirable to have bus bar protection but
is not a must
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TYPES OF BUS BAR PROTECTION

 High Impedance
 Low Impedance

Both use Circulating Current Differential

Principle - To isolate the entire bus bar section
by disconnecting all the feeders connected to
the bus.

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CIRCULATING CURRENT DIFF.PROTN.
CURRENT DISTRIBUTION FOR BUS FAULT

BUS FAULT

A B C D
DIFF.
S1 RELAY
P1 - - - -
1000/ 1 0.25A 0.45A 0.3A 0.5A 87
P2 + + + +
S2
1.5A
250A 450A 300A 500A

RELAY CURRENT = 0.25 + 0.45 + 0.3 + 0.5 = 1.5 A

ALL C.Ts HAVE

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Gyanendra POLARITY
Sharma - NPTI Delhi 11
CIRCULATING CURRENT DIFF.PROTN.
CURRENT DISTRIBUTION FOR EXTERNAL FAULT

A B C D
DIFF.
S1 RELAY
P1 - - - -
1000/ 1 0.25A 0.45A 0.3A 1A 87
P2 + + + +
S2
1500A 1000A
250A 450A 300A 500A

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HIGH IMPEDENCE BUSBAR PROTECTION SCHEME

 Relay branch made High Impedance to limit Diff.

Current due to C.T. errors / Unequal CT saturation
on external faults

 Requires exclusive C.T. core and C.T. of identical

ratio / ratings

 Simple in design and execution

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HIGH IMPEDENCE BUSBAR PROTECTION SCHEME

• Stabilizing high impedance resistor included

in the Diff. Circuit

• Setting in terms of voltage drop across the

resistor
• Examples
o PBDCB
o FAC34
o RADHA
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HIGH IMPEDENCE BUSBAR PROTECTION SCHEME

RCT RL RL RCT

RR

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Calculation of Relay Voltage Setting

• Vs = If (RL + RCT)
Vs  relay circuit voltage setting
If  steady state secondary through
fault current (A)
RL  CT lead loop resistance to relay
tapping point (ohms)

Non linear resistor to limit the peak voltage

during IN ZONE fault

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 Bus Bar Protection

Ckt-1
Ckt-2
R
Y
B
N

87 Check Zone
87
Main Zone
R
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B
CT wire fault relay

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 LIMITATIONS OF HIGH IMPEDENCE B/B PROT.

• Stringent requirements on CTs

• Need for dedicated CT cores

• Identical CT Ratio, Magnetizing charac.

• Aux. CTs for ratio correction unacceptable

• Inability to cope with increasing fault current

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LOW IMPEDENCE BUS BAR PROTECTION SCHEME

B B

D
I1 I2

Through Current Bias (Restraint) increases diff.

Pick up on external faults to ensure stability.

Diff. Current = I1 – I2 Bias current = I1 + I2

(Operate) (Restraint) 2
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LOW IMPEDENCE BUS BAR PROTECTION SCHEME

• Operating current for external fault varies

as through fault current does unlike in high
impedance relay

• Tolerant to CT mismatch & can use shared

core

• Comparatively more complex in design &

execution

• Examples  RADSS, REB, MBCZ

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Restraint Current due to Bias Setting of 30 %
30 % of (10+9) / 2 = 2.85 A
Diff Current is 1.0 A, so Relay restrains
1000/1A 1000/1A

9A 10 A

EX.
B B FAULT
10000A
D 1.0 A

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 Low Impedance Bus Bar protection

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LOCAL BREAKER BACK UP (LBB) RELAY
OR

STRUCK BREAKER PROTECTION

OR

BREAKER FAILURE RELAY (BFR)

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NEED FOR LBB

Duplication in EHV System

TWO Main Protections

  TWO Trip Coils
  TWO Battery Source
TWO PLCC
 
The Operating Mechanism of the Breaker (CB)
is NOT Duplicated
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FEATURES OF LBB

Remote And Local Back Up

 
Provides Local Isolation when a Breaker is
struck on Fault

Comparatively Faster Clearance is possible

than Remote Back Up

Avoids Wide Spread Interruption and

enables Fast Restoration 

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 SCOPE OF LBB
• In the event of any CB failing to TRIP on
receipt of trip command , all CBs connected to
the Bus Section to which the faulty CB is
connected are required to be tripped with
minimum possible delay through 
LBB protection

• This protection also provides coverage for

faults between CB. and CT, which are not
cleared by other protections
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RECOMMENDATIONS

In all NEW 400 kV and 220 kV substations as

well as Generating Stations Switchyards, LBB must
be provided for each circuit breaker

For existing switchyards, LBB is considered a

MUST at 400 kV level and also at 220 kV
switchyards having multiple feed. In case of
radially fed 220 kV substations, provision of LBB
protection is desirable but not essential
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REQUIREMENTS FOR LBB PROTECTION

  Have SHORT operation and drop off times

  Have three phase current elements with

facility for phase wise initiation

Have current setting range such that

these can be set at minimum 200 mA for
line (for 1A CT secondary)

Have one common associated timer with

adjustable setting
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SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS

The relay is separate for each CB and is to

be connected in the secondary circuit of
the CTs associated with that particular CB.

This CT secondary may be a separate core,

if available. Otherwise it shall be clubbed
with Main I [OR] Main II protection core

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LBB TRIP ARRANGEMENT

• For line CBs, direct tripping of remote end

breakers should be arranged on operation of
LBB protection (Transmission of Direct Trip
Signal through PLCC)

• For transformer breakers, direct tripping of

breakers on the other side of the transformer
should be arranged on operation of LBB
protection
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LBB TRIP ARRANGEMENT

 For lines employing Single-phase Auto

Reclosing, LBB relays should be started on a
Single-Phase basis for the Trip Relays.

 This is to avoid load currents in the healthy

phases, after single phase tripping, leading
to unwarrented operation of LBB protection,
since the current setting is normally lower
than the load current.
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LBB TRIP ARRANGEMENT

In addition to other fault sensing relays, the

LBB Relay should be initiated by Busbar
Protection, since failure of CB to clear a bus
fault would result in the loss of entire station
if LBB is not initiated.

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TIME CHART OF LBB

A System Fault
40 ms
B Prot. Operated/CB Trip initiation
50 ms
C Trip relays initiate LBB
65 ms
D LBB contacts close
80 ms
E CB Trip completed

95 ms
F LBB drops OFF / Timer stops

AB -- Protn opern time BE -- CB tripping time

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40 ms 40 ms
TIME CHART OF LBB
DG -- LBB Timer FG – Discriminating Margin
F 200 ms 170 ms

265 ms
G Local LBB trip/Remote trip initiated
275 ms
H B/B trip relays optd.
295 ms
I Remote trip signal recd at Remote
305 ms
J Remote CB trip relays optd.
315 ms
K Fault cleared from Local end
345 ms
L Remote CB Trip / Fault fully isolated
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 DC LOGICS

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 CB
CT
Isolator
SR

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