2018 6th International Conference on Control Engineering & Information Technology (CEIT), 25-27 October 2018, Istanbul, Turkey
Experimental investigation on broken rotor bar faults
in three phase induction motors using MVSA-FFT
method
Noureddine Bessous
Department of electrical engineering
University of El-Oued, Algeria
El-Oued 39000, Algeria
nbessous@yahoo.fr, nourbessous@gmail.com
Abstract—This paper investigates the fault detection of
broken rotor bars (BRBs) in squirrel cage induction motors
(SCIMs), using vibration signature analysis method. The main
objective of this study is to exploiting the vibratory image of the
induction motor (IM) which is called: motor vibration signature
analysis (MVSA). MVSA is now widely used in the industry
because of its ease and efficiency. It is based on a fast Fourier
transform (FFT) which is interested in the spectral content of the
vibratory signal. Recently, researchers are trying to investigate
the MVSA by another signal processing methods in order to
exploit it. On the other hand, researchers have different opinions
on the most appropriate method and the research in this subject
accelerates quickly. Our study has the goal to make an
acquisition of experimental data of signal vibration. The
vibration image analysis by fast Fourier transform (FFT) allows
us to understand the best signatures or indicators about the
existence of the broken rotor bar faults. Experimental results
show the degree of validity of the proposed methods which may
leads us to a final decision about the state of the induction
motors.
Keywords—broken rotor bars fault; induction motor; spectrum
analysis (FFT); motor vibration signature analysis (MVSA).
I. INTRODUCTION
Induction motors have important features such as:
robust, inexpensive, low maintenance, etc. These motors have
less maintenance compared to other rotating machines.
Despite the robustness of this type of motor, it is prone to
many faults.
During the construction phase or operation phase,
several parts can be assigned to the different faults [1-5].
Among them we mention: the bearing element faults, the
stator faults and the rotor faults. In addition, squirrel cage
induction motors have the ability to assign to a failure of
broken rotor bars (BRBs). The squirrel cage of an induction
motor (SCIM) consists of rotor bars and end rings. If one or
more of the bars is partially cracked or completely broken,
then the motor is considered to have broken bar fault. This
study will analyze the BRB faults by MVSA-FFT techniques.
978-1-5386-7641-7/18/$31.00 ©2018 IEEE
Salim Sbaa, Abida Toumi
Department of electrical engineering
University of Mohamed Khider, Algeria
Biskra 07000, Algeria
s_sbaa@yahoo.fr, abida_ba@yahoo.fr
Several studies focus on fault diagnosis in induction
machines to find the best signatures that accurately determine
the existence of the fault in SCIM [6-9].
Generally, the surveillance phase is essential in the
domestic and industrial sector. Faults can lead to catastrophic
damage such as: electrical equipment, human being,
production or others [10]. The researchers, therefore, are
looking for the best technique that ensures: detection accuracy,
ease of use and a reasonable hardware price [11-14].
Many methods have been used in condition
monitoring in order to detect different faults in squirrel cage
induction motors [15-18].
Today, there has been no an analysis approach which
eliminate the vibrations and noises. For an electrical rotating
machine, the vibratory forces are of three different natures
[10]:
Electromagnetic;
Mechanical;
Aerodynamics.
For this reason, vibration analysis is considered a one
of the important sources for monitoring.
Generally, the vibration sources in rotating machines
can be classified into different categories:
Periodic forces (unbalance);
Transient forces (load variations);
Impulse forces (shocks);
Random forces (friction).
Vibration analysis of rotating machines is nowadays
very used by industrialists to diagnose many faults. The
identification of the problem makes it possible to set up
curative actions such as a setting or the replacement of a
defective part before the sudden stop of the electrical machine.
The analysis of vibration signatures of the electric motor is
one of the means which used to monitor the health of rotating
machinery in operation phase.
Physically the faults affect on many parts in the induction
machines (IMs). These phenomena is generally causes a
deformed field, vibrations in the IMs, harmonics variation in
stator current, etc.
 2018 6th International Conference on Control Engineering & Information Technology (CEIT), 25-27 October 2018, Istanbul, Turkey
Our goal is to study the diagnosis of BRB faults
based on the MVSA technique; that is, by analyzing the
vibration image which induced by these faults. The knowledge
of these vibratory images and the machine kinematics will
allow us to formulate a judicious decision.
Many works have applied the enormous success of
the application of the fast Fourier transform for vibration
signal analysis in order to diagnose some many faults in the
rotating machinery [19-21]. Our study is based on the
application of the FFT technique in the vibration image.
The MVSA-FFT diagnosis methods for broken rotor
bars fault is implemented in test bench in order to measure the
vibration signal data.
II. MOTOR SETUP
In this work, we have used an induction motor that has a
characteristic as follow: 3kW, 2-pole, f=50Hz, 28 bars. Figure
(1) shows the SCIM with some equipment in order to enable
the data acquisition.
Fig. 1. Experiment setup dedicated to BRB faults.
We practically realized a one broken bar and two broken
bars in order to study the severity of the defect. The figure (2)
illustrates a photo of healthy rotor and faulty rotor.
Fig. 2. Photograph of healthy and defective rotor (2 BRBs).
A vibration sensor is a transducer that makes the
conversion of mechanical stresses to an electrical signal, so
mechanical stresses is the level of the mechanical vibration that
it has undergone at a given moment in SCIM.
Figure (3) shows the principle of the vibration signal
capture.
978-1-5386-7641-7/18/$31.00 ©2018 IEEE
Input: mechanical Output
Stresses -Acceleration.
Sensor:
Transfer circuit -Velocity.
-Displacement.
Fig. 3. Principle of the vibration signal capture.
The choice of the unit is not indifferent, it depends,
essentially, the frequency band of each sensor. Measurements
in acceleration are to be preferred (0 <F <20000 Hz),
measurements in speed (reserved for low frequencies F <1000
Hz) and in motion (very low frequencies F <100Hz) [30].
However, the acceleration is that which makes it possible to
highlight the vibratory phenomena whose frequencies are the
highest.
For these reasons, it is chosen here to represent the analysis
of the vibratory signals of the asynchronous machine on the
basis of acceleration output, in order to be able to characterize
the effects of the defects over a widest possible frequency
range.
Generally, the location of the measuring points is for the
following reasons:
- Vibration measurements are performed on the bearings
of the machine;
- The sensor must be placed so as to ensure a direct path
to vibrations.
The measures can be done (figure 4):
- In a radial plane (Vertical Radial Plane: VRP, Horizontal
Radial Plane: HRP, Oblique Radial Plane: ORP);
- And / or in an Axial Plane (axial: AP).
Fig. 4. Measuring points of the vibrations.
III. FAULT DETECTION USING MVSA-FFT
The results show the amplitude of the signal as a
function of time, then as a function of frequencies.
Vibration signals have many forms, and as we have
seen, for the placement of vibration sensors. They can be
placed on a VRP, HRP, ORP or AP; our experimental study
consists in recording the vibration signals in the three
following planes: VR, HR and on the axial plane.
 2018 6th International Conference on Control Engineering & Information Technology (CEIT), 25-27 October 2018, Istanbul, Turkey

The time signal on a VRP for a healthy and faulty motor Other frequencies in the form of sidebands have the following
(2BRBs, s=0 and s=0.032) is shown in figure (5). We will take formula:
care of choose in the following the vertical radial plane (VRP) f BRB = f nrb ± 2. f s (6)
to analyze it by the fast Fourier transform.
Example: for a rotor frequency fr=24.15Hz, we find
RBPF=676.2Hz.
0.05 (a) Therefore, the analysis of vibratory signals, below, will focus
Amplitude (g)

on the equations and formulas of the characteristic frequencies

0
under BRB faults, which have been found in the literature.
A. No-Load Operation of Induction Motor
-0.05 VRP: Healthy
VRP: 2 BRBs
The spectrums of the vibration signal for two broken rotor
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
Time (s) bars (2 BRBs) and under 0% of load motor is shown in figures
0.1
(6) and (7).
(b) Characteristic frequencies did not appear clearly. We
see some frequencies and others that do not have an
Amplitude (g)

0.05
explanation indicated by the circles dotted in green in the
0 figure (7-d).
An overlap has also been reported in figure (6-b)
-0.05 VRP: 2BRBs between the frequency of 5× and the frequency of the formula:
VRP: Healthy
-0.1 [(1-s)/p+2]fs
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 It is important to present another series that
Time (s)
Fig. 5. Time signal of vibration in healthy and faulty (2BRBs) state (a): 0% of characterizes the BRB fault is 1×, 1.5×, 2×, 2.5×, 3×, etc. and
load, (b): 75% of load. among them, we found 1×, 2×, 3×, 4×, 5×, 6×, 7× (even in
healthy condition).
These frequencies of (k'/2).fr for k'=2,3,4, ... have
The characteristic frequencies of the BRB faults to be values close one of the other, which requires on the one hand
checked are the frequencies indicated hereafter. In addition, an overlap with the noises and, on the other hand a problem of
and in this analysis, the focus study will be on the tracking of confusion with other defects or natural phenomena of the
the most important fault components of the harmonic series electrical machine; for example: misalignment (radial or
[22-25]: angular), clamping fault, problem on the blades, eccentricity
f BRB = f r ± 2.s. f s (1) fault, etc.
Another series of harmonics has been proposed by [24], [26- This indicates the existence of many components of
28] according to the following formula: BRB faults of fr±2sfs such as: 70.3Hz, 79.3Hz, 209Hz,
214.1Hz, 258.9Hz, and others. We find several additional
f BRB = 6 ± 2.s. f s (2)
frequencies in the spectrum of the vibratory signal, such as:
with, 517.6, 527.2, 536, 537.4, 552.1, 557.3, 569.4, 575, 582.3,
fr is the rotationnel frequency. 1022, 1154, 1184, 1256, 1380, 1453, and 1637.
Other frequencies due to the breaking of the bars proposed by Nevertheless, several frequencies have been removed from the
[28] have the formula: healthy state as: 20.1, 35, 127, 189.4, 314.3, 319, 328.8, 783.3,
f BRB = f r ± f p = f r ± f slip (3) 832.2, 850.1, 847.1, 909.9, 958.1, 966.7, 967.9, 981.7, 1008,
fp= fslip is the frequency of passage (slip) and given by the 1013, 1028, 1043, 1053, 1058, 1186, 1188, 1216, 1218, 1278,
relation: 1377, 1440, 1490, etc.
Frequency related to the number of rotor bars
f p = f slip = ( f s − f r ) p (4)
RBPF=nb.fr=697.8Hz=28.fr is very clear with its sidebands
where, RBPF±2kfs. This frequency depends on the number of rotor
p is number of pole pairs. bars that equals 28.
[28] discussed the existence of a frequency which has a Another reasoning that is based on the analysis of
relation with the number of rotor bars (fnrb=RBPF) in the frequencies with two broken rotor bars (2BRBs), which is in
vibratory signal spectrum. They are called the slot harmonics this case a new value equal 26 bars. The frequency which
or rotor bar pass frequency (RBPF) which are equal to the corresponds to this value is (nrb-2). fr=646.8Hz=26.fr with
rotation frequency multiplied by the number of rotor bars, sidebands of (nb-2).fr±2kfs (figure 7-b). We found this new
such as: harmonic series in correspondence with the multiple of fr ? So
f nrb = RBPF = nrb . f r (5) this case is a bit difficult to diagnose.
This relation is valid for a number of rotor bars nrb [16-60]or ϵ
more.

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 2018 6th International Conference on Control Engineering & Information Technology (CEIT), 25-27 October 2018, Istanbul, Turkey

Amplitude (dB) Amplitude (dB)

Amplitude (dB) Amplitude (dB)

40 2×
X: 74.8
Y: 21.51
X: 124.9 5× X: 149.9 X: 174.6 40
X: 24.9 3× X:17.2
Y: 100 Y: 19.27 Y: 16.62 Frequencies will disappear (c)
20 X: 49.9
Y: 45.6 20
Y: 38.29
Y: 29.11 4× 6× 7×
0 1×f 0
r
-20 -20
(a)
-40 -40
0 50 100 150 200 1100 1150 1200 1250 1300
40 40 X: 1104 Fréquence (Hz)/fr-2(3200)sfs/
fr+2(114)sfs fr+2(136)sfs 5×fr=[(1-s)/p+2]fs (d)
20 20
Y: 12.14 X: 1184
Y: 1.922
f r
+2(2900)sf s X: 1256
X: 124.9 (b) Y: -8.411
0 Y: 21.9 0
X: 70.3 X: 1154
-20 Y: 4.334 -20
X: 79.3
Y: -8.922
/6-2(2900)sfr/ Y: -0.4502

-40 -40
0 50 100 150 200 1100 1150 1200 1250 1300
Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)
12× Fig. 7. Spectrum of the vibratory signal for different frequency ranges
Amplitude (dB) Amplitude (dB)

40 X: 224.5 11×
Y: 20.32 10× (c) (2BRBs, s=0.004); (a) and (b):600-800Hz, (c) and (d):1100-1300Hz.
20 X: 275
9×fr Y: 31.91
0 X: 249.5 The evolution or abnormal amplitude of sidebands
Y: 11.31
-20 around the RBPF frequency by a piece frequency of 2ksfs is
200 250 300 350 400 invisible. The detection of this fault is often requires a
40 fr+2(460)sfs (d)
powerful zoom capable of highlighting the slip frequency,
20
fr+2(585)sfs X: 393.1 which can be very low in case of lightly loaded motor (s≈0).
Y: 2.143
It is important to report the amplitudes of the 2kfs
0 X: 347
X: 209 X: 258.9
X: 303.6Y: 11.68
X: 355.3
Y: 7.615
series throughout the frequencies in the vibratory signal
Y:-20 spectrum. These frequencies are damped when compared with
X: 214.1 Y: 2.669
-2.172 Y: -2.551
Y: -7.881
200 f +2(473)sf 250 300
Frequency (Hz)
350 400 the healthy state of the machine (figure 8).
r s
50
Amplitude (dB) Amplitude (dB)

40 Healthy
(e)
40 2BRBs
20
Amplitude (dB)

0
30
-20
400 450 500 550 600
X: 598.1 20
40 (nb-2)fr-2fs=22fr X: 537.4 X: 548.3 Y: 28.06
Y: 17.53 Y: 20.88
20 10
fBRB X: 575
(f)
0 X: 536
fBRB Y: 15.53
Y: 10.8
nrbfr-2fs 0
-20 0 200 400 600 800 1000
400 450 500 550 600 Frequency (Hz)
Frequency (Hz)
Fig. 6. Spectrum of the vibratory signal for different frequency ranges Fig. 8. Amplitude evolution of 2kfs (2BRBs, s=0.004).
(2BRBs, s=0.004); (a) and (b):0-200Hz, (c) and (d):200-400Hz, (e) and
(f):400-600Hz. Any rotor fault (for example, broken rotor bars or
bar-link failure) or any dynamic variation of air-gap will
Amplitude (dB) Amplitude (dB)

40 (a) induce a modulation of the amplitude and / or the frequency of

20 rotation and its harmonics [29].
0 The vibratory image of a fault is reflected by the
-20 appearance of sidebands around the first harmonics, whose
-40 piece frequency corresponds to the slip frequency fg=s.fs/p
600 650 700 750 800
40 (nb-2)f +2fs=30f multiplied by twice the number p of poles pairs, which is
X: 646.8 Fréquence
r (Hz)
r X: 747.7 X: 772.9
Y: 13.54 Y: 13.4 Y: 11.66 X: 797.8 2p.fg=2ksfs.
20 X: 697.8 Y: 39.09
This observation requires the use of a powerful zoom for a
0 Y: 24.45
31fr
very low slip (lightly loaded motor).
-20
(nb-2)fr=26fr RBPF=nrbfr=28fr nrbfr+2fs (b)
-40 B. Operation of Induction Motor at 75% of Load
600 650 700 750 800
Frequency (Hz) We will now diagnose the state when the motor operates at
load (s = 0.034).
Indeed, the variations observed in the figure (9). This
spectrum is rich in information on the presence of BRB, and
around the rotational frequency fr=24.15Hz≈24.2Hz, such as
13.95, 17.35, 20.55, 27.55 and 30.95 which verify the formula

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 2018 6th International Conference on Control Engineering & Information Technology (CEIT), 25-27 October 2018, Istanbul, Turkey

fr±2ksfs. The results obtained from the [0-200 Hz] band show

Amplitude (dB)
40
interesting signatures on the existence of the fault. X: 628.1
Y: 19.9
X: 776.3 (a)
Y: 42.34
We see the sidebands frequencies (SBFs) of 20
2sfs=3.4Hz around multiple of fr for two states (healthy and
defective). 0
Other peaks due to the number of rotor bars (nrb) has -20
the frequency value nrb.fr=676.2Hz. In order to detect 600 650 700
X: 676.2 750X: 776.2 800
(nb-2)fr=26fr RBPF+2fs
Y: 37.27 (b)
information about BRB fault, the frequency range is increased

Amplitude (dB)
40 X: 627.9
Y: 33.58
RBPF=nbfr=28fr
to 1300 Hz as shown in figure (10). Y: 20.8
20
X: 24.2 X: 72.5
X: 48.3
40 Y: 31.74 X: 96.6 2×fs X: 120.8 7× 0
Amplitude (dB)

Y: 30.51 Y: 27.63
Y: 22.14
X: 100
Y: 21.55 X: 144.9 (a)
X: 169.1
Y: 14.67
20 Y: 38.92 5×
Y: 9.723
1×fr -20
2× 3× 4× 6× 600 650 700 750 800
0
40 47×fr 50×fr

Amplitude (dB)
-20 X: 1160 49×fr 52×fr
Y: 20.53 51×fr (c)
-40 20 X: 1135 X: 1208
0 50 X: 96.6
100 150 200 Y: 3.677 48×fr X: 1184
Y: 3.269
X: 1256
Y: 1.859
f +2sfs
40 fr-2sfs r
Y: -0.4785
Y: 29.78 2fs+2sfs (b) X: 1232
0
Amplitude (dB)

X: 20.8
2fs-2sfs Y: -10.19
X: 103.4
20Y: 8.416 Y: 7.532
X: 27.5 -20
Y: -5.731 1100 1150 1200 1250 1300
0

Amplitude (dB)
40
-20 (d)
-40 20
0 50 100 150 200
9×fr 10×f 11×fr 12×fr 0
40
X: 289.9 13×fr (c)
r X: 265.7
Y: 28.28
-20
Amplitude (dB)

X: 217.4 Y: 18.21 X: 314

20 Y: 12.56 1100 1150 1200 1250 1300
Y: 11.67 X: 241.6
Y: 4.965
Frequency (Hz)
Fig. 10. Spectrum of the vibratory signal for different frequency ranges
0 (2BRBs, s=0.034); (a) and (b):600-800Hz, (c) and (d):1100-1300Hz.

-20 As explained in the previous section, the fault components

200 250 300 350 400
40 6+2(171)sfs fr±2sfs, RBPHs, and others, will be tracked in the frequency
X: 386.4
(d) bands.
Amplitude (dB)

Y: 22.46

20 It should be noticed that the series of frequencies due to the

number of rotor bars are checked in the spectrum in the
0 following equation:
-20
200 250 300 350 400 f RBPF = RBPF ± 2kf s (7)
(e)
40 All signals were recorded in steady state with a slip
Amplitude (dB)

20 of 0.034. The analysis of the characteristic frequencies

presented in the figures (9) and (10), with a healthy and faulty
0 motor, shows the SBF due to the BRB fault around fr
-20 frequency.
400 450 500 550 600
X: 555.4
40
(nb-2)fr-2fs
X: 527.9 Y: 27.94
X: 576.2
nbfr-2fs The harmonics spaced 2sfs from the frequency of
Amplitude (dB)

Y: 21.59 Y: 24.05

20
rotation are observed with difficulty.
From the analysis of the characteristic frequencies of the BRB
0 fault, we bring to a serious difficulty in this part to decide the
(f) existence of the BRB fault.
-20
400 450 500
Frequency (Hz)
550 600 The additional peak values which characterize the BRB fault
Fig. 9. Spectrum of the vibratory signal for different frequency ranges with its amplitudes can be summarized in the following table:
(2BRBs, s=0.034); (a) and (b):0-200Hz, (c) and (d):200-400Hz, (e) and
(f):400-600Hz.

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 2018 6th International Conference on Control Engineering & Information Technology (CEIT), 25-27 October 2018, Istanbul, Turkey

TABLE I. SUMMARY OF SOME HARMONICS OF THE VIBROTORY SIGNAL shape of the stator current during the power supply are
SPECTRUM (2BRBS)
considered as vibration factors.
Formula of Theoritical Practical Amplitude [dB]
frequency Values Values Our study found a very hard overlap between characteristic
healthy 2BRBs frequencies of BRB faults and the characteristic frequencies of
(BRB) [Hz] [Hz]
1× f r Taken from 24.15 30.51 36.21 other faults. In addition, the additional harmonics have very
the low amplitude. We also found that several harmonics in the
spectrum spectrum which caused by the noise phenomena.
2 × fr Taken from 48.3 27.63* 32.03
the Finally, the image of vibrations gives limited information on
spectrum
the existence of the BRB faults.
3× fr Taken from 72.5 31.74 28.54*
the We propose to exploit this signal by other techniques that
spectrum can distinguish between harmonics. Filtering by the signal
f r + 2sf s 27.55 27.5 / -5.73 processing methods is required in order to clarify the spectral
content.
f r − 2sf s 20.75 20.8 / 8.41
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
f r + 2(2) sf s 30.95 30.9 / -12.77
This research was supported by Laboratoire de Génie
Electrique de Biskra (LGEB) in university of Mohamed
f r − 2(2) sf s 17.35 16.9 / -13.45 Khider Biskra, BP 145 RP, 07000 Biskra, Algeria. We thank
our colleagues from LGEB who provided insight and expertise
RBPF 676.2 676.2 13.82 37.27 that greatly assisted the research, although they may not agree
with all of the interpretations/conclusions of this paper.
RBPF + 2 f s 776.2 776.2 42.34 33.58
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