EEE3091F: ENERGY CONVERSION

Intro, Applications, Machine types

H3X Electric Aircraft Motor

& Power Electronics
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Course Overview:

Electrical Machines (Mr. John Mushenya)

• Intro, Applications, Revision

• Windings of AC Machines
• Induction Machines
• Synchronous Machines

Power Electronics (Prof. Paul Barendse)

• Intro, Power Semiconductor Devices

• Power Computations
• Rectifiers (AC-DC converters)
• DC-DC Converters

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Reference
▪ P.C. Sen, Principles of Electric Machines and Power Electronics, Third
Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013.

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 Lecture 1 Outline:
▪ What is an Electrical Machine?

▪ Types of Electrical Machines

▪ Industrial and Domestic Applications:

➢ Domestic applications
➢ Renewable Energy Applications (Wind, PV)
➢ Electric Transportation (EV, HEV,ET, Aircraft, etc.)
➢ Industrial Automation and Robotics

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 Electrical Machines are:
▪ Electro Mechanical Energy Conversion devices
▪ Convert energy from electrical to mechanical or vice versa
 Modes of Operation:
Electromechanical energy conversion device, so:
▪ Motor mode:
➢ Converts electrical input power to mechanical output
power on shaft
➢ Mechanical output power used to drive loads:
wheel of EV, pumps, fans, conveyors, compressors,
lifts, actuators, etc.
▪ Generator mode:
➢ Converts mechanical input power
on shaft to electrical output power
at terminals e.g wind turbines

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Machines Types:

Electric Motors

Alternating Current Direct Current

(AC) Motors (DC) Motors

Synchronous Induction Separately Self Excited

Excited

Single-Phase Three-Phase Series Compound Shunt

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DC Machines - Features:
▪ Field poles
➢ North, south pole/s on stator
➢ Poles established by current in field winding
▪ Armature
➢ Rotor coils that rotate between the field poles
➢ Winding in which voltage induced
➢ Electromagnetic torque developed when current
passed through rotor coils
➢ Rotor fixed on shaft, which drives the load
▪ Brush/Commutator
➢ Commutates current
➢ between rotor coils
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DC Machines – Features:
▪ Speed control achieved by:
➢ Changing armature voltage
➢ Changing field current

▪ Restricted use:
➢ Low/medium speed applications
➢ Arcing on brush/commutator segments during high
load
➢ High maintenance
➢ Restricted to non-flammable areas

▪ Expensive compared to AC motors

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Machine Types – AC

Electric Motors

Alternating Current Direct Current (DC)

(AC) Motors Motors

Synchronous Induction Separately Self Excited

Excited

Single-Phase Three-Phase Series Compound Shunt

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 AC Machines – Induction:
▪ Most common in industry: “Workhorses of industry”
➢ Motorised loads consume: 60% of electricity generated
in S.A.
➢ If 60% of S.A. demand (58GW) consumed by induction
motors, i.e.: 35GW
➢ Estimate power lost in motors: @ 90% efficiency:
3.5GW
➢ Improvement in efficiency can lead to savings: 1%
efficiency improvement 350MW
➢ This is 50% of the capacity of a generating unit in a
modern coal-fired power station!!!

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AC Machines – Induction:
AC Machines – Induction:
▪ Rotor
➢ Squirrel cage:
Conducting bars short-circuited

➢ Wound rotor: 3-phase winding

▪ Stator
➢ Laminations with slots
➢ 3-phase winding
➢ Wound for specific number
of poles

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 AC Machines – Induction:
▪ Advantages:
➢ Robust, low maintenance
➢ Cost competitive due to mass production
➢ High power to weight ratio
➢ Self starting when connected directly to mains supply

▪ Disadvantage:
➢ Speed control difficult, poor power factor

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AC Machines – Synchronous:
AC Machines – Synchronous:
▪ Mainly used as generators in the Megawatt range
▪ 3-phase winding on stator, with 3-phase AC currents
▪ Single field winding on rotor, with DC current for
excitation.
▪ Variable power factor operation: can operate at leading
power factor (Capacitive) or lagging power factor
(Inductive).
▪ Constant speed operation determined by power system
frequency, where speed (Ns):
Ns = 120 x f / p;
f = supply frequency [Hz],
p = number of poles
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 Applications:
▪ > 95% of SA’s electricity generated through AC machines
operating in generator mode. Example: Nuclear power…
➢ Thermal power in: 2,775MW
➢ Electrical power out: 960MW
➢ Generator efficiency: 97%
➢ Appreciate Efficiency and Power density of generator
compared to thermal plant!
Applications:
Wind Energy

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 Renewable Energy Applications: Wind
Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine in Gen mode: PMSG

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Applications: Hybrid Renewable System

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Applications: Industrial processes
▪ Motorised loads are the LARGEST CONSUMERS of
electrical energy and uses more than 60% in SA
Applications: Industrial processes
➢ Conveyors ➢ Roller mills
➢ Compressors ➢ Presses
➢ Pumps ➢ Lifts, etc
➢ Fans, blowers

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Applications: EVs

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Applications: EVs

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Applications:

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Applications: Robotics
▪ Common robotic actuators utilize combinations of
different electro-mechanical devices
➢ Synchronous motor
➢ Stepper motor
➢ AC servo motor
➢ Brushless DC servo motor
➢ Brushed DC servo motor

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 Applications:
▪ Domestic appliances:
➢ Blenders, compressors,
vacuum cleaners, washing
machines, treadmills, fans,
air conditioning units,
elevators, escalators, etc.

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