DC MOTORS

INTRODUCTION

Motors
➢ Electric motor is an electro-mechanical machine which converts electrical energy into
mechanical energy. In other words, the device which produces rotational force is known
as the motor. The working principle of the electric motor mainly depends on the
interaction of magnetic and electric field.The electric motor is mainly classified into two
types. They are the AC motor and the DC motor.

History of Motors
➢ CATALYSTS FOR THE INVENTION OF MOTORS
○ With the invention of the battery (Allessandro Volta, 1800), the generation of a
magnetic field from electric current (Hans Christian Oersted, 1820) and the
electromagnet (William Sturgeon, 1825) the foundation for building electric
motors was laid.

➢ FIRST ROTATING DEVICE

○ The first rotating device driven by electromagnetism was built by the Englishman
Peter Barlow in 1822 (Barlow's Wheel).

➢ FIRST REAL ROTATING ELECTRIC MOTOR

○ Prussian Moritz Jacobi created the first real rotating electric motor in May 1834
that actually developed a remarkable mechanical output power.

➢ REVERSIBILITY OF ELECTRIC GENERATOR & MOTOR

○ In 1833 the German Heinrich Friedrich Emil Lenz published an article about the
law of reciprocity of the magneto-electric and electromagnetic phenomena, i.e.
the reversibility of electric generators and motors. In 1838 he provided a detailed
description of his experiments with a Pixii­generator that he operated as a motor.

➢ FIRST PRACTICAL APPLICATION

○ In 1835 the two Dutchmen Sibrandus Stratingh and Christopher Becker built an
electric motor that powered a small model car.

➢ FIRST PATENT
○ In February 1837 the first patent for an electric motor was granted to the
US­american Thomas Davenport

However, all the early developments by Jacobi, Stratingh, Davenport and others
eventually did not lead to the electric motors we know today.

The DC motor was not created from these engines, but rather from the development of
power generators (dynamometers). The foundations were laid by William Ritchie and Hippolyte
Pixii in 1832 with the invention of the commutator and, most importantly, by Werner Siemens in
1856 with the Double­T­anchor and by his chief engineer, Friedrich Hefner­Alteneck, in 1872 with
the drum armature. DC motors still have a dominant market position today in the low power
(below 1 kW) and low voltage (below 60 V) range.

DC Motor
➢ A DC motor is capable of converting electrical energy into mechanical energy.

Parts of a DC Motor
1. Rotor

a. Shaft

b. Armature
 c. Brush and Commutator

2. Stator

a. Yoke or Frame

b. Field Windings
 c. Poles

Types of DC Motors
1. Permanent Magnet DC Motor
Permanent magnet DC motor has armature winding like a usual motor but it does
not have field winding. In this type of dc motor, the radially magnetized permanent
magnets are placed inside the stator core to generate flux. Whereas the rotor consists of
a conventional DC armature with commutator segment and brushes.

2. Separately Excited DC Motor

In this type of dc motor, the electrical supply is given separately to the field and
armature winding. In this, the armature current does not flow through the field winding,
as the field winding is powered by a separate external source of DC current.
3. Self-excited DC Motor
In a self-excited type DC motor, the field winding is connected in series or in
parallel, partly in series or partly in parallel with the armature winding.Self-excited DC
motors are then divided into 3 types:
a. Shunt-wound Motor
A DC shunt motor (also known as a shunt wound DC motor) is a
type of self-excited DC motor, where field winding is shaken or connected
parallel to the armature winding of the motor. Because they are connected
in parallel, the armature and field winding are exposed to the same supply
voltage.
b. Series Wound Motor
In the series DC motors or series wound DC motors, the entire
armature current flows through the field winding. Usually, this DC motor
type creates a large amount of starting torque, but it can’t regulate speed,
and even running with no load can damage it.

3. Compound Wound Motor

Compound DC motors or compound wound motors have both
series and shunt field windings. These types of motors offer good starting
torque, but they may have control problems in variable speed drive
applications.
Compare and Contrast
SHUNT MOTOR

● The field winding is connected in parallel with the armature winding.

● The motor produces a constant flux that produces constant speed (flux is directly
proportional to speed). This is why it is also called or known as the constant flux motor.
● It has a medium starting torque that is used for lathes, fans, pumps, driving constant
speed line shafting and etc.

COMPOUND MOTOR

● Considering that it is a combination of shunt and series, the part of field winding is
connected in series with the armature winding, while the remaining part of the field
winding is connected in parallel with the armature winding.
● It has variable or adjustable speed motor with high starting torque
● Widely used in cranes, elevators, mills,compressors and etc.
● Has 2 classifications, short and long shunt or cumulative and differential compound.

Applications

DC motors are used as variable speed drives and for the applications in which sever,
torque variations occur.

Series DC motors

➢ Generally used where high starting torque is required, and speed variations are
possible. These types of direct connection motors are, for instance, used in the
traction system, cranes, air compressors, vacuum cleaners, sewing machines,
etc.

Shunt DC motors

➢ Used for applications where you need constant speed, and the starting conditions
are not severe. The shunt direct connection motors applications are in lathe
machines, centrifugal pumps, fans, blowers, conveyors, lifts, waving machines,
spinning machines, etc.

Compound DC motors

➢ Usually used where you need higher starting torque and relatively constant
speed. The compound DC motors applications are in presses, shears,
conveyors, elevators, rolling mills, heavy planners, etc.