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Electrical Motors
Past, Present and Future
History 
• 1835- 1882 
•      Theory and Early development
• 1884            
•      Lucien Gaulard develops transformers and the power transmission system from Lanzo to Turino.
• 1885            
•      Ferraris conceives the idea of the first polyphase AC motor.  Elihu Thomson at Thomson-Houston                                        starts experimenting with
AC power (the first company in the US to start work on AC)
• 1886             
•  Great Barrington, Massachusetts - the first full AC power system in the world is demonstrated       using step up and step-down transformers. The
system was built by William Stanley and funded by Westinghouse.
•  William Stanley designs an improved version of the Siemens single phase alternator
• 1887
•  C.S. Bradley builds the first AC 3 phase generator. Up until this time Siemens and Westinghouse had been producing single phase AC generators.
The 3-phase system would be a great improvement.
• F. Augus Haselwander develops the first AC 3-phase generator in Europe. He is behind Bradley by a couple months and it is generally believed that
he built his design independently of Bradley.
• Sabastian Ferranti designs Depford Power Station in London. When it is completed in 1891 it would be an important early site in AC power history.
History
• 1888
• Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovsky in Germany builds his first AC polyphase generator. 
• April, Galileo Ferraris makes public his AC polyphase motor first conceived in 1885.
• May 15, Tesla stands before the AIEE showing his polyphase motor.
• 1889 
•       Dobrovolsky builds his first transformer and motor to work with his 3 phase AC system
• 1891
•         Frankfurt, Germany: First distance power transmission (for electric power utility) Lauffen to Frankfurt 109 miles. 
• 1893
•      Redlands Power House - the first commercial installation of 3 phase AC power, 40 Hz.
• 1895
• Folsom Power House - The first installation of modern AC power in the USA: 3 Phase AC at 60 Hz.
•  Westinghouse builds the power system for the Adams Power Station at Niagara Falls.
• 1897
•      Mechanicville Power Station - Charles P. Steinmetz experiments with a unique single-phase AC power transmission system.
Power system for Adams
Power Station at Niagara falls
    Electric Motor
An Electric motor is a machine, which converts electric energy into mechanical energy. The reverse of this is the conversion of mechanical energy into
electrical energy and is done by an electric generator.

Its action is based on the principle that when a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a mechanical force whose direction is
given by Fleming’s Left-hand Rule and whose magnitude is given by F = BIL Newton.

Electric motors are used to produce linear or rotary force (torque), and should be distinguished from devices such as magnetic solenoids and loudspeakers
that convert electricity into motion but do not generate usable mechanical powers, which are respectively referred to as actuators and transducers.
Types of Motors
:-
Overview of AC Motors
1. Synchronous Motors:
• A synchronous electric motor is an AC motor in which, at steady state,
the rotation of the shaft is synchronized with the frequency of the
supply current; the rotation period is exactly equal to an integral
number of AC cycles.
Uses:
• Synchronous motors find applications in all industrial applications
where constant speed is necessary. 
• Improving the power factor as Synchronous condensers. A synchronous motor-generator for AC to DC conversion.
These kind of motors are used even in high precision
positioning devices like modern robots, ammonia and air compressors.

2.Asynchronous Motors:-
An induction or asynchronous motor is an AC electric motor in which
the electric current in the rotor needed to produce torque is obtained
by electromagnetic induction from the magnetic field of the stator
winding. The most common form of motor which is used in everyday
life from pumping water up the overhead tank to power plant boiler
feed pumps, these kind of motors rule. These motors are very flexible
to use and matches the load demand almost for everything. The most
widely used Induction Motors are very important for many industries
due to their load bearing capacity and flexibility. These motors, unlike
synchronous motors, slip when compared to the stator current field.
Uses:
They are generally used for various types of pumps, compressors and Cutaway view through stator of TEFC induction motor.
acts as prime movers for many types of machinery.
 Types of Induction Motor:-

a) Single Phase Induction Motor.

b) Three Phase Induction Motor.

Single Phase Induction motor:- 

The single Phase motors are generally found there use in low power requirements or domestic appliances
like ceiling fan, Mixer, Grinders, Portable power tools, etc.

Three Phase Induction Motor:- 

Three phase motors are generally found for high power requirements like power drives for compressors,
Hydrolic pumps, Air conditioning Compressors, Irigation Pumps and many more.
Overview of DC Motors

1. Permanent Magnet Motors:-

    The permanent magnet motors uses a magnet to
supply field flux. Permanent magnets dc motor have
excellent  starting torque capability with good
regulation. A disadvantage of permanent dc motor is
there limited to the amount of load they can drive. This
motors can be found low horse powers
    Another disadvantage is that torque is usually limited
to 150% of rated torque to prevent demagnetism of
permanent magnets.

Uses:- To minimize overall weight and size, miniature

permanent-magnet motors may use high energy magnets
made with neodymium.
2.Series Motor:-
In a series dc motor the field is connected in series with the armature. The field is wound
with a few turns of large wire because it must carry the full armature current. A
characteristic of a series motors is the motor develops a large amount of starting torque.
However, speed varies widely between no load and full load. Series motors can not be used
where a constant speed is required under varying load. Additionally, the speed of series
motor with no load increases to the point where the motor can become damaged. Some load
must be connected to a series-connected motor.

Uses:- it is used for heavy duty applications such as electric locomotives, steel rolling mills,
hoists, lifts and cranes.
3.Dc Shunt Motor:-
In a shunt motor the field is connected in a parallel
(shunt) with the armature windings. The shunt-connected
motor good speed regulation. The field winding can be
separately excited or connected to the same source with
the armature. An advantage to a separately excited shunt
field is the ability of a variable speed derive to provide
independent control of the armature and field. The shunt-
connected motor offers simplified control for reversing.
This is beneficial in regenerative drives.

Uses:- it is used for driving constant-speed line shafts,

lathes, vacuum cleaners, wood-working machines,
laundry washing machines, elevators, conveyors, grinders
and small printing presses etc.
4.Compound Motors:-
Compound motor have a field connected in series with
the armature and separately excited shunt field. The
field series provides better starting torque and the shunt
field provides better speed regulation. However the
series field can cause control problems in a variable
speed drive applications and is generally not used in
four quadrant drives.

Uses:- for driving compressors, variable-head

centrifugal pumps, rotary presses, circular saws,
shearing machines, elevators and continuous conveyors
etc.
 Others:-

1: RELUCTANCE MOTOR Reluctance motor is type of electric motors that induces non-permanent magnetic
poler on the ferromagnetic rotor. The rotor does not have any windings. Torque is genarated through the
phenomenon of magnetic reluctance. 

2: HYSTERISIS MOTOR Hysteresis produces the torque, can be tiny, used as the driver for electric clocks. 

3:STEPPER MOTTOR It is a special of type of synchronous motors. It rotates a number of degrees with each
electric pulse.

4: BRUSHLESS DC MOTOR A close similar of permanent of stepper motor with electronic controllers

5: UNIVERSAL MOTOR If a series DC motor has a laminated stator frame, it can run effectively from an AC
supply as well as DC supply
   
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