Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Electric Motors
AC Motors
Synchronous AC Motors
Asynchronous AC Motors
Losses in Motors
25.11.2011 2
Alternate Current Machines
Electric Motors
3
Alternate Current Machines
Electric Motors Faraday Electric Motor
There is a free rotating wire
which is inserted in a glass
full of mercury (or salt
water) in Faraday Electric
Motor. The glass full f
mercury has a permanent
magnet on center.
If a current flow through
the wire, it starts to rotate.
This motion is the
representation of the
magnetic field produced
because of the current
flows on a wire.
4
Alternate Current Machines
Electric Motors
An electric current passes through the
hub of the wheel to a mercury contact
on the rim; this is contained in a small
trough through which the rim passes.
Due to health and safety
considerations brine (salt water) is
sometimes used today in place of
mercury. The interaction of the current
with the magnetic field of a U-magnet
causes the wheel to rotate. The
presence of serrations on the wheel is
unnecessary and the apparatus will
work with a round metal disk, usually
made of copper.
5
Alternate Current Machines
What is an Electric Motor?
An electric motor is a machine that converts
electrical energy to mechanical energy.
• Used is compressors, pumps, air condition
fans, electric vehicles, robot mechanisms,
cranes, etc.
• More than the two thirds of the load in
industry are the load of electric motors.
6
Alternate Current Machines
Electric Motors
It is the ‘Lorentz Force’
that effects the charge
of ‘q’ which has the
velocity of ‘V’ in
magnetic field ‘B’. The
directions of this force,
the current and the
magnetic field can be
seen in the figure.
|FL|=q V B Sin α
7
Alternate Current Machines
Electric Motors
8
Alternate Current Machines
Electric Motors
9
Alternate Current Machines
Electric Motors
10
Alternate Current Machines
Electric Motors
Electric Motors
11
Alternate Current Machines
Alternatif Akım Motorları
Alternate Current Motors
(ACM)
12
Alternate Current Machines
Alternate Current Motors
The ACM’s are simplier in structure
and more economic than DCM’s.
An ACM generates more power
comparing with a DC motor that has
the same weight. Maintenance of
ACM’s is easier. However, their speed
control is harder. They can be
connected to the AC source directly.
If accuracy in velocity or position
control is needed, DCM’s are used.
But, ACM’s are used more than
DCM’s in industry.
13
Alternate Current Machines
ACM’s
Basic Definitions
Free Running Current (I0): It is the current consumed from the grid with
nominal voltae and frequency, but without any load on motor.
Maximum Starting Current (Ik): It is the maximum current on nominal
voltage and frequency when starting a motor.
Starting Torque (MA): It is the torque generated by the motor during
starting under nominal voltage and frequency.
Nominal Moment (MN): It is the toque generated by the motor under
nominal power and speed.
Stall Torque (Mk): It is the maximum torque generated by the motor with
nominal voltage and frequency.
Pull-up Torque (Ms): It is the minimum torque delivered by the motor
with nominal voltage and frequency, between zero velocity and the
velocity with the stall torque.
1 kgm = 9,81 Nm ~ 10 Nm,
MN = 9550 x Nominal Power [kW] /Nominal Velocity of Rotor [RPM]
14
Alternate Current Machines
ACM’s
Basic Definitions
Torque
[Nm]
http://www.ebmpapst.se/sv/dat/media/informati
on/definitions_for_ec_motors.pdf
MA MS MK MN
Revolution [RPM]
15
Alternate Current Machines
Synchronous Machines
“ Synchronous Machine is a machine that runs at a constant speed which
is proportional to frequency and number of poles. It can be run as a
generator or a motor. However, because of the constant running speed
these machines are generally used as generators. They are the most
common machines used in power plants. They can be manufactured to
generate electricity up to 2000 [MVA]. Cost effectivity due to unit power
generated, higher efficiency in greater power generation, less
maintenance and control processes made them to be manufactured in
greater powers.
(*see references)
16
Alternate Current Machines
Synchronous Machines
17
Alternate Current Machines
Synchronous Machines
18
Alternate Current Machines
Asynchronous Machine
19
Alternate Current Machines
Asynchronous Machines
• Three Phase Induction Machine
• Magnetic field is generated by three phases
• Rotor can be either squirrel cage or composed of coils
• Can be started easily
• Has great power capacities
• There are applications from 1/3 HP to hundreds of
HPs: Pumps, compressors, conveyor drums, grinding
machines and etc.
• More than 70 % of the motors in industry are three
phase induction machines.
20
Alternate Current Machines
Three Phase Asynchronous Machine
21
Alternate Current Machines
Three Phase Asynchronous Machine
t1
22
Alternate Current Machines
Three Phase Asynchronous Machine
Rotating Magnetic Field:
In a three phase AC motor, a rotating field might be achived using
the coils which are located geometrically around stator (see Figure
below).
t1
23
Alternate Current Machines
Three Phase Asynchronous Machine
Rotating Magnetic Field in a Three Phase Machine
i,u
1200 1200 R S T
1200
t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6
3 2
t1
24
Alternate Current Machines
Three Phase Asynchronous Machine
Rotating Magnetic Field in a Three Phase Machine
t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6
Time Interval IR IS IT
t1 + - 0
t2 + 0 -
t3 0 + -
t4 - + 0
t5 - 0 +
t6 0 - +
t1
25
Alternate Current Machines
Three Phase Asynchronous Machine
WYE Connection
t1
26
Alternate Current Machines
Three Phase Asynchronous Machine
Delta Connection
t1
27
Alternate Current Machines
Three Phase Asynchronous Machine
Three Phase Asynchronous Motor
If the frequency of the flowing current is f ,the number of
rotation (or synchronous number of rotation or nember of
rotation of rotating field) is n. Equation of the number of
rotation of magnetic field is given below in unit of RPM.
f [Hz]: Frequency of the source
Ns = 60 f / p
p [ ]: Number of pole pairs
Three phase asynchronous machines do not form sparks. Their
number of rotation do not change so much with changing
loads. Thus they are said to be constant speed motors. Thus,
they are called as constant speed machines. Their efficiencies
are high. If the three phase grid is not present then the
monophase motors are used.
t1
28
Alternate Current Machines
Three Phase Asynchronous Machine
Speed and Slip
In an asynchronous motor, the speed of the magnetic field
generated by the stator coils and the rotation speed of the rotor is
not the same. The value of the rotational speed of the rotor is
always smaller than the speed of the stator’s magnetic field. The
reason of the word ‘asynchronous ’ is this. The difference of these
speed is called as the slip. If ‘s’ is negative (rotor’s speed is greater)
then the electric machine is running as a generator.
The slip s is defined as 'the
s = [(Ns – Nr)/ Ns ] x 100 difference between synchronous
speed and operating speed, at
s [ %]: Slip the same frequency, expressed
Ns [RPM]: Speed of the magnetic field. in rpm or in percent or ratio of
Nr [RPM]: Rotational speed of the rotor synchronous speed'.
t1
29
Alternate Current Machines
Asynchronous Machine
Efficiency – Speed – Torque Curves
t1
30
Alternate Current Machines
Asynchronous Machine
Slip Ring Type
31
Alternate Current Machines
Losses in Electric Motors
Losses Notation
Losses of mechanical
Pks
frictions
Iron loss(hysteresis and
PkFe
eddy current losses)
Ohmic power loss of
Pka
armature
32
Alternate Current Machines
Losses in Electric Motors
Losses in Asynchronous Motors
Pe
Losses Notation
Friction and air flow
Pfw
losses
3 2 Iron loss Pfe
1
4 Loss of conductor
1 PS
Pm (stator - copper)
5 Loss of conductor
PR
Pfw (rotor - alluminium)
Pfe Additinal load loss PXL
PS
PR
PXL
33
Alternate Current Machines
Losses in Electric Motors
Losses in Asynchronous Motors Pe
Friction and Air Flow
They are constant losses during motor run,
independent from load and occur in bearings and Pm
cooling fan propellers.
Iron Loss Pfw
Total affects of losses in cores of coils (hysteresis and eddy Pfe
PS
current losses). It can be neglected even the rotor composed of PXL PR
coils since the frequency of the induced voltage is low. It might
be observed as heat in laminated cores when the motor is
running. It is dependent to the material, thickness and
dimensions of the laminated core, the frequency applied to the
motor and the square of the voltage applied to the motor. It is
constant if the frequency and the voltage that the motor is
connected do not change.
34
Alternate Current Machines
Losses in Electric Motors
Losses in Asynchronous Motors Pe
Conductor Loss (Stator)
It is heat loss. The current flow through the stator
coils creats this loss (I2RS ). Pm
Conductor Loss (Rotor)
It is heat loss. The current flow through the stator coils or
Pfw
cage bars creats this loss (I2RR ). Pfe
PS
Additional Load Loss PXL PR
It is the loss occurs in metal parts of the motor except
the laminated cores in rotor and stator because of the
leakage because of the load.
Losses
Friction and Air Flow Losses % 0,5 ~ 1,5
Iron loss % 1,5 ~ 2,5
Conductor loss (stator) % 2,5 ~ 4,0
Conductor Loss (rotor) % 1,5 ~ 2,5
Additional load losses % 0,5 ~ 2,5
35
Alternate Current Machines
Power Calculations in Electric Motors
36
Alternate Current Machines
Power Calculations in Electric Motors
The nominal power of a DC motor might be expressed as the
equation below. UDC [V] is the voltage applied to the motor, and IDC
[A] is the current flow. Pinput [W] is the electrical power, Poutput [W] is
the mechanical poweror the nominal power, ωm [RPM] is the
rotational speed of the axle of the motor, Tm [Nm] is the torque
generated by the motor. Ploss [W] is the power loss, η [%] is the
efficiency of the motor.
37
Alternate Current Machines
Power Calculations in Electric Motors
In AC motors, because of the changing current characteristics, there is
an important point that , there are three powers called as apperant,
true and reactive. In AC motors, current is lagging voltage with angle
φ. This divides the power into two vector parts.
I [Amper]
[VAC] Lm
[Hz]
Rm
38
Alternate Current Machines
Power Calculations in Electric Motors
Apparent (imaginary)
Power
Reactive (blind)
S=IU Power
[VA]
Q = U I sinφ
[VAR]
ϕ=P/S
True (real) Power
P = U I cos φ
[Watt]
39
Alternate Current Machines
Power Calculations in Electric Motors
40
Alternate Current Machines
Power Calculations in Electric Motors
Power Calculations in Three Phase Electric Motors
41
Alternate Current Machines
Power Calculations in Electric Motors
Power Calculations in Three Phase Electric Motors
The current drawn from the three phase grid by an asynchronous
alternate current motor is 7 [A] and the power factor of the motor
is measured as 0.85. What are the powers consumed from the
grid?
42
Alternate Current Machines
References:
1. http://ocw.mit.edu
2. http://en.wikipedia.org
3. http://www.energyefficiencyasia.org
4. www.amidesign.ch
5. Asenkron Elektrik Motorları, Ali Taner, 2011.
6. http://avstop.com/ac/apgeneral/typesofacmotors.html
7. http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/E/electric_motor.html