The Islamia University

Bhawalpur

Assignment

BS Physics

Subject:

Electronics and modern physics

Submitted to:

MR.Usman mustafa

Submitted by:

Muhammad awais

Registration no:

Fa19s6ba072

pg. 1
What is bohar atomic model of hydrogen atom?.
Bohar Atomic model:

An overview of Niels Bohr’s refinement of the Rutherford model.

Bohr model, description of the structure of atoms, especially that of hydrogen, proposed (1913)
by the Danish physicist Niels Bohr. The Bohr model of the atom, a radical departure from
earlier, classical descriptions, was the first that incorporated quantum theory and was the
predecessor of wholly quantum-mechanical models. The Bohr model and all of its successors
describe the properties of atomic electrons in terms of a set of allowed (possible) values. Atoms
absorb or emitradiation only when the electrons abruptly jump between allowed

, or stationary, states. Direct experimental evidence for the existence of such discrete states was
obtained (1914) by the German-born physicists James Franck and Gustav Hert Encyclopædia
Britannica, Inc.

Bohar atomic model of hydrogen is based on following postulate:

1. An atom has a number of stable orbits in which an electron can reside without the
emission of radiant energy. Each orbit corresponds, to a certain energy level.

pg. 2
 2. An electron may jump spontaneously from one orbit (energy level E1) to the other orbit
(energy level E2, where E2 > E1); then the change in energy in the electron jump is given
by Planck’s equation:

∆E = E2-E1= hv

Where h = Planck’s constant , v = frequency of light emitted.

3. The motion of an electron in a circular orbit is restricted in such a manner that its angular
momentum is an integral multiple of h/2π, Thus

Mvr = nh/2π, where m = mass of the electron

V = velocity of the electron , r = radius of the orbit an

N = an integer called principal quantum number of the electron.

4. A special surface around nucleus which contained orbits of equal energy and radius was
called shell. The ‘energy levels’ or ‘shells’ or ‘orbits’ are represented in two ways: either
by the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 or by letters K, L, M, N, O and P. The energy levels are
counted from centre outwards.

5. Each energy level is associated with a fixed amount of energy. The shell nearest to the
nucleus has minimum energy and the shell farthest from the nucleus has maximum
energy. • There is no change in the energy of electrons as long as they keep revolving

pg. 3
 with the same energy level. But, when an electron jumps from a lower energy level to a
higher one, some energy is absorbed while some energy is emitted.

The importance of this model to exxplain the various series of line spectra in hydrogen atom:

Bohr tells us that the electrons in the Hydrogen atom can only occupy discrete orbits around the
nucleus where they do not radiate energy.

When the electron moves from one allowed orbit to another it emits or absorbs photons of energy
matching exactly the separation between the energies of the given orbits (emission/absorption
spectrum).

We see these photons as lines of coloured light (let’s say, the Balmer Series) in emission or dark
lines in absorption.

Derivation of energy expression:

The planetary model of the atom pictures electrons orbiting the nucleus in the way that planets
orbit the sun. Bohr used the planetary model to develop the first reasonable theory of hydrogen,
the simplest atom. Atomic and molecular spectra are quantized, with hydrogen spectrum
wavelengths given by the formula

1 1 1
λ (
=R 2 − 2
n f ni )
where λ is the wavelength of the emitted EM radiation and R is the Rydberg constant, determined
by the experiment to be R = 1.097 × 107 / m (or m−1).

For all one-electron (hudrogen-like) atom the radious of an orbit is given by,

pg. 4
 n2
rn = a
Z B

Where Z is the atomic number of an element.

h2 −10
a B= 2 2
=0.529 ×10
4 π m e kq e

Furthermor,the energies of hydrogen like atoms are given by

−Z 2
En = E0 (n=1,2,3,4 … …)
n2
Where E0 isthe ground state energy and is given by

2 π 2 K 2 q 4c m c
E0 = =13.6 eV
h2
Thus for hydrogen,
−13.6 e V
En = ( n=1,2,3 … … )
n2

Limits of the Bohr Theory

Bohr did what no one had been able to do before. Not only did he explain the spectrum of
hydrogen, he correctly calculated the size of the atom from basic physics. Some of his ideas are
broadly applicable. Electron orbital energies are quantized in all atoms and molecules. Angular
momentum is quantized. The electrons do not spiral into the nucleus, as expected classically
(accelerated charges radiate, so that the electron orbits classically would decay quickly, and the
electrons would sit on the nucleus—matter would collapse). These are major triumphs.

But there are limits to Bohr’s theory. It cannot be applied to multielectron atoms, even one as
simple as a two-electron helium atom. Bohr’s model is what we call semiclassical. The orbits are
quantized (nonclassical) but are assumed to be simple circular paths (classical). As quantum
mechanics was developed, it became clear that there are no well-defined orbits; rather, there are
clouds of probability. Bohr’s theory also did not explain that some spectral lines are doublets

pg. 5
(split into two) when examined closely. We shall examine many of these aspects of quantum
mechanics in more detail, but it should be kept in mind that Bohr did not fail. Rather, he made
very important steps along the path to greater knowledge and laid the foundation for all of atomic
physics that has since evolved.
Angular momentum of an electron

Bohr knew that a photon's energy was equal to Planck's constant times its frequency (this
formula was discovered by Einstein during his work on the photoelectric effect). If the Bohr
model was correct, he also knew that an emitted photon's energy was the same as the difference
between the upper and lower energy levels involved. So he had a relationship between the energy
levels and the frequencies of the photons...

But Balmer's formula specified the wavelength, not the frequency.

Ah, but don't forget that the two are related. The speed of a wave is equal to the product of its
wavelength and its frequency, as I was telling Kyla earlier. A photon, or burst of electromagnetic
radiation, travels at the speed of light, c.

So

As,

pg. 6
from Balmer's formula. Now, we can write the energy levels in terms of the kinetic and potential
energy of the electrons:

where m is the electron's mass, and v and r are its speed and orbital radius at the upper and lower
levels.

If the electron is in a circular orbit, then

which means that

Absolutely. Thus you can now write everything in terms of r and L:

pg. 7
To find out what r is, we can apply Newton's second law, F=ma, to
the electron. The force on the electron can be found using Coulomb's
Law:

If the electron is in uniform circular motion, its acceleration is

so

Substituting the value for v you obtained in equation (6) and solving
for r, we find that

With everything in terms of L, we get the rather nice equation

which means, from equation (3), that

pg. 8
The two sides of that equation look really similar. Inside the parentheses, both sides have 1 over
something squared minus 1 over something else squared, and all that stuff outside the
parentheses on the left is just a constant. So we should be able to pick some value of L that
would make the two sides be exactly the same...

That's just what Bohr did. It seemed logical to assume that the squared terms on the right were
related to his idea of energy levels. He associated each energy level with an integer--called,
originally enough, n--with n=1 corresponding to the ground state (the lowest possible energy
level). Then the 2 and the n in the Balmer series could represent electrons falling from the nth
level into the second...

Bohr realized that everything would work out beautifully if he just assumed that the electron's
angular momentum in the nth level was equal to n times some constant. To find the constant, all
pg. 9
he had to do was find the value that makes equation (13) true. It turns out that the one that works
is

This implies that

pg. 10