Literature and Case

Study On
Mixed-Use
Development 2021

SUBMITTED TO: Arch.BETELHEM

SUBMITTED BY Anwar Seid RU 3290/11 ARCH 2092
Sebahadin Abdela RU 4363/11 FIRST
ASSIGNMENT
Abstract
In this file you will find that the literature review and case study on mixed-use
buildings. The literature talks about the historical background of mixed-use
buildings, design principles and guidelines on mixed-use development. The case
study contains both international and local case study.
Acknowledgement
We would like to express my appreciation to our Instructors Arch.Betelhem, Arch.Ayana,
Arch.Bemnet and Arch.Tuba for letting me to study and discuss about the given points.

We also wanted to acknowledge my senior students and my friends for their support
and motivation to do the work that given to me.
 Table of Contents

Title page

LITERATURE REVIEW
1. Introduction … ……………………………………………………………………………………4
2. Definition………………………………………………………..………………………………….5
3. Historical Background ……………………………………………………….…………..….6
4. Classification of Mixed-Use building
4.1 A p a r t m e n t ………………………………………………………….…………….………….7
4.1.1 D e fi n i ti o n … ……………………………….………………………….…………………….…7
4.1.2 Historical Background of Apartment ………………………………………….….8
4.1.3 Type of Apartment ………………………………….………………….……………..….8
4.1.4 Standards ………………………………….…………………………………………..………8
4.1.5 Layout of Rooms ………………………………….………………………………….
…….18
4.2 Commercial and Public space development
4.2.1 Bank … ……………………………….…………………………………………………………..19
4.2.2 Office ……………………………………………………………………………………….…... 20
4.2.3 Restaurant……………………………………………………..…….…………………….….22
4.3 Commercial Retail Shops
4.3.1 Barbershop……………………………………………………..…….……………….………24
4.3.2 Tailor and Cleaner…………………………………………………………………….…...25
4.3.3 B e a u t y Shop ………………………………………………………………………..…...25
4.3.4 Shoe store ……………………………………………………..…………………..……..……26
4.3.5 Supermarket…………………………………………………………………..…….………..26
5. Architectural concerns on Mixed use building
5.1 Circulation…….……………………………………………………………….…….……………27
5.2 Vertical access …….……………………………………………………..…………….…...…28
5.3 Horizontal access …….…………………………………………….………………..………..28
5.4 Outdoor spaces…….……………………………………………………………..………...…29
5.5 Natural ventilation…….……………………………………………….………………..……30
5.6 Day-lighting…….…………………………………………………………..…..…….…………30
5.7 Fire protection and escape…….……………………………..………………….
……….31 5.8 Waste Disposal…….………………………………………………………….…..
…..……….32 Conclusion …………………………………………………………………….
……………….……….39 CASE STUDY
INTERNATIONAL CASE STUDY
Kohinoorsque………………………………………………………………………………....……….40
LOCAL CASE STUDY………………………………………………………..………………..
……….44 FINDINGS …………………………………………………………………..…………………….
……….48 References
……………………………………………………………………………………..…… 49
LITERA TU RE R EV I EW
MIXED-USE BUILDING

1- I ntro duc tio n

A mixed-use development is a real estate project with planned integration of some
combination of retail, office, residential, hotel, recreation or other functions. It is not
pedestrian-oriented and contains elements of a live-work-play environment. It
maximizes space usage, has amenities and architectural expression and tends to
mitigate traffic and sprawl.

Successful mixed use buildings respond to their context. When planning the building's
layout and uses it is important to consider the needs of the occupants as well as the
best outcome for the street and its surrounds. The most common form of mixed use
development comprises (is) of non-residential uses on the ground floor and residential
uses above this is referred to as vertical mixed use. Locating residential uses above
street level provides dwellings with separation from street noise, greater privacy and
better access to views and sunlight.

Some sites, particularly larger ones or developments that face onto quiet streets or
open space, may separate uses into different buildings - this is referred to as
horizontal mixed use. To be successful, the residential units should generally face
onto quieter spaces or streets. They should be carefully designed to ensure they
overlook and address any public areas without compromising their privacy.

Fig: Elmers Mixed Use Building

2- Definit io n of Mi xed- U se Bui lding s
Mixed-use development is the practice of allowing more than one type of use in a
building or set of buildings. In planning terms, this can mean some combination of
residential, commercial, industrial, office, institutional or other land uses. This tends
to create shorter distance between work, residence and recreation and goes a long way
to enhance the livelihood of the inhabitants.

The definition of a mixed-use development contrasts to a multi-use development that

has two or more land uses on a single site but does not have the degree of project
planning and integration posited for a mixed-use development. In fact, integration of
the uses may be totally lacking.

The live-work-play element is not present and the project is not pedestrian oriented. A
classic example of a multi-use project is a single site developed with an unanchored
strip center next to a small office building for tenants such as insurance agents,
dentists, doctors, etc.

Fig: Wallach mixed-use building

A mixed-use development is not a standardized product form. It can differ in location

because it can be built in an urban setting or a suburban setting. It can differ in
relation to its surroundings. Consider the next paragraph.

A mixed-use development can take four general forms.

 First, it can be a single high-rise structure on a single site that contains two or
more uses integrated into the structure. Typically, this form of the mixed-use
development has retail on the street level with offices over the retail and either
residential units or hotel space over the office space.
 Second, it can be two or more high-rise structures on a single site with each
structure holding a different use. The office building, residential tower
(condominium ownership) and a hotel are the typical combination. Retail, but
different forms of it, can also exist on the ground levels of each use.
  Third, the mixed-use development can be a combination of different low rise
structures on a single site with retail on the ground level with residential units
above in one structure and office space above in another structure.
 Fourth, it can be a single mid-rise structure on a single site typically in an
urban setting with retail on the ground and residential or office above.
Depending on the developer’s insights and opportunities, each of the four
forms of mixed-use developments in the previous paragraph can be built in an
urban or a suburban setting, and it can be considered an infill project or an
expansion project.

Two differentiating terms about the uses in a mixed-use development appear in the
literature. They are “cornerstone use” and “dominant use.” The cornerstone use is the
most viable and profitable use in the project. It drives the development concept as
well as the decisions about the suitability and compatibility of the other uses in the
project. The dominant use is the use that takes up the most space in the project. The
dominant use might not be the cornerstone use but it needs to be financially strong.

3. Hist or ical Bac kg r o und of Mixed- Us e Building

High-rise buildings had already appeared in ancient antiquity: the “insulae in ancient
Rome” and several other cities in the Roman Empire, some of which might have
reached up to 10 or more stories, one reportedly having 200 stairs.

In Egypt, there were many high-rise residential buildings, some seven stories tall that
could reportedly accommodate hundreds of pale. Al-Muqaddasi in the 10th century
described them as resembling minarets, while Nasir Khusraw.

In the early 11th century described some of them rising up to 14 stories, with roof
gardens on the top story complete with ox-drawn water wheels for irrigating them.
By the 16th century, Cairo also had high-rise buildings where the two lower floors
were for commercial and storage purposes and the multiple stories above them were
rented out to tenants.

Mixed use building is a concept appearing to be successful in allowing a comfortable

working condition. People by themselves are being attracted to what they do and for
the times they spent on.

Fig: A fisherman’s residence indicating relationship between residence and work.

4. Clas sif icat ion of Mixe d- use Build ing
4.1 Apartment
4.1.1 Definition of Apartment
Apartment will deal with multifamily living in general, with some additional attention
to the problems of the medium- and high-rise building type (i.e. building types which
require a degree of vertical servicing).

An apartment is a self-contained housing unit that occupies only part of a building.

Apartments may be owned (by an owner-occupier) or rented (by tenants).

The term "apartment" is favored in North America, whereas the term "flat" is
sometimes, but not exclusively, used in the United Kingdom and most other English-
speaking areas and Commonwealth nations

Some apartment-dwellers own their own apartments, either as co-ops, in which the
residents own shares of a corporation that owns the building or development; or in
condominiums, whose residents own their apartments and share ownership of the
public spaces. Most apartments are in buildings designed for the purpose, but large
older houses are sometimes divided into apartments. The word apartment connotes a
residential unit or section in a building. In some locations, particularly the United
States, the word specifically connotes a rental unit owned by the building owner, and
is not typically used for a condominium.

Fig: Upunia apartments in Bristol, England

Apartments can be classified into several types. One is a Studio, efficiency, bedsit, or
bachelor style apartment. These all tend to be the smallest apartments with the
cheapest rents in a given area. These kinds of apartment usually consist mainly of a
large room which is the living, dining, and bedroom combined. There are usually
kitchen facilities as part of this central room, but the bathroom is its own smaller
separate room.
 Moving up from the efficiencies are one-bedroom apartments where one bedroom is
a separate room from the rest of the apartment. Then there are two-bedroom, three-
bedroom, and etc. apartments. Small apartments often have only one entrance/exit.

4.1 .2 His to r ical Bac kg r o und of Apartment s

Apartment buildings have existed for centuries. In the great cities of the Roman
Empire, because of urban congestion, the individual house, or domes, had given way
in early imperial times to the communal dwelling, except for the residences of the
very wealthy. Four stories were common, and six-, seven-, or eight-story buildings
were occasionally constructed.

By 18th century, when tall blocks of flats for middle-class tenants began appearing. In
the typical Parisian apartment building, the size of the apartments. By the mid-19th
century, large numbers of inexpensive apartment houses were under construction to
house swelling numbers of industrial laborers in cities and towns across Europe and in
the United States

The modern large apartment building emerged in the early 20th century with the
incorporation of elevators, central heating, and other conveniences that could be
shared in common by a building's tenants. Apartments for the well-to-do began to
offer other amenities such as leisure facilities, delivery and laundry services, and
communal dining rooms and gardens.

4.1.3 Types of apartment

Apartment types are a way of describing apartments based on characteristics. These
are;

1. The number of level

2. The orientation and number of walls

3. The number of bedrooms

4.1.4 Standards
When the apartment to be searched is occupied, probable cause searches will follow
these guidelines, a variety of apartment types could include a range of the following:

 Unit sizes, including studio apartments, 1, 2, 3+ bedroom apartments; and

 Including additional living areas such as studies; and
 Apartment design and internal layout, including dual aspect, loft and
mezzanine and crossover apartments (with two opposite aspects and a change
in level between one side of the apartment and the other),
Unless otherwise specified in a Neighborhood Plan, Master Plan or other approved
area strategy, all apartments have floor areas greater than the following minimum
standards:

 Studio apartments 40sqm

 1 bedroom apartments 50sqm
 2 bedroom apartments 70sqm
 3+ bedroom apartments 95sqm

For the purposes of above calculation of apartment floor area excludes balconies and
garages. The internal storage area required under section can be included as part of
this calculation. Studio apartments less than 40sqm may be acceptable where there is
extensive provision of shared facilities e.g. laundry, lounge, storage etc.

Standard 1- Car Parking

Objectives

 To integrate the location and design of car parking within the design of the site
and the building.
 To provide safe and convenient car parking.

Standards

1. Resident parking is to be provided behind the front building line.

2. Ramps to basements shall be wholly within lease boundaries.
3. If visitor parking is provided in the basement level, it is to:
i) Be located separately from secured resident arcing area. e.g. before
security gate; and
ii) Allow visitors safe and direct pedestrian entry to the common building
entry foyer.

Fig: Parking standards

Parking O ri en ta ti on
As well planned circulation system efficiency moves vehicles in a well define manner
while avoiding and reducing potential on flics between pedestrian and vehicle.

 On site surface parking between the front property line and the building is
strongly discouraging
 Vehicular access shall be providing from side street, adjacent always and
parallel street whenever possible
 The numbers of clubs cut for vehicular entry in to the site shall be minimized
so that pedestrians and bicycle areas safe, secure and possible
 Rear parking lots shell be designed and located continuously so vehicles can
travel from one private parking lot to another without having to enter the street
 Consolidation of parking is encouraging to reduce the number of access drives
from major road ways.
 Pedestrians shall have been a clean and direct route from one site parking to
the building entry and public side walk system.

Parking types
 Underground parking
 Ground floor parking
 Above ground parking
 Semi-Basement parking
 Multi-story car parking

Standard 2 – STUDIO, ONEBEDROOM, TWO BEDROOM

AND THREE BEDROOM
1- STUDIO
 Studios apartment are small flat/apartment with one main room for
living and sleeping in a usually a kitchen and separated bath room.
 Literature and Case Study on Mixed-Use

 And these spaces are defined using several techniques

 This can be by orientation of furniture as well as the position of the
room.
 Studio apartments should not be less than 40m2.
.1 Living spaces
Functionality = Living room is a room in a residential house for relaxing and
socializing. Such a room is sometimes called a front room when it is near the main
entrance.

Program = Necessary planning considerations include: provision of adequate floor

and wall space for furniture groupings; segregation of traffic ways from centers of
activities; ease of access; and a maximum of flexibility.
2
Living spaces with minimum standard of 12m

Arm chair dimension table arm chair

.2 Dining space
2
Should include minimum dining space of 2m .

It is often desirable to have space in the kitchen or eating snacks, breakfast etc. and
use the dining room for main meals only. This can be provided by including a
retractable table, with a height of 70-75cm, which is pulled out of a base unit. A
movement area of a t least 80cm is needed to the left and right of the table.

Dining room space and furniture Space clearance in dining space Sitting and dining chair
11
 Literature and Case Study on Mixed-Use 2020
Development

1.2 Kit c he n
Functionality = It is a room or part of a room used for cooking and food preparation,
food preservation, storage of food and utensils and also in many cases, for eating.

Program = Since more time and effort are frequently spent in the kitchen than in any
other area of the house, careful planning is especially important. This requires careful
selection of appliances and storage units and convenient arrangement of the area.

Standard = Kitchen space with Minimum standard 0f 6m2. (Exclude wall around the
dining and door openings).

Despite increasing standerarization, the dimension and manufacturing ranges o f

kitchen fitting still vary considerably. Built in units are generally available from20-
120cm [in 5cm steps], usually with a height of 85cm.

1.4 S lee pin g s pac e

Sleeping spaces with minimum standard of 9m2.(excluding wall enclosure)

Bed standards and types

 King size bed - 2m*2m /2m*2.1m

 Queen Size -1.5m*2m/1.5m*2.1m
 Double size -1.5m*2m/1.5m*2.1m
 Twin size -1m*2m (single size)

12
 1.5 S to r ag e sp ace
For studio apartments there should be at least 4m2 storage space and with minimum
height of 2m from the finished floor to upper part or the space.

1.6 Ba th ro o ms
F uncti ona lity = Activities commonly performed in the bathroom include washing
of hands, face, and hair, bathing, elimination, and grooming.

P r ogr am = the room arrangement should permit more than one family member to us
its facilities at the same time. Sound control - Noise can be reduced by proper
placement

Sta ndar d = Bath rooms with minimum standard of 4m2.

Minimum bath room standard and furniture standard

2- One b e d Roo m
One-bedroom apartment characterized by the bedroom is a separate room from the
rest of the apartment. And also like studio contains a separated bath room, but 1 bed
apartment add common toilets in addition to bath rooms. And minimum area for one
bed room apartment building is 50m2.

2.1 Liv ing r o o m

Living room of 1 bed room apartment is separated from other spaces and these are
furniture of living room in the place of studios.
2.2 D in ing ro o m
No additional consideration than studios, but separated from other spaces

2.3 Kit c he n
Kitchen with minimum standard of 12 m2including breakfast or snack area.

Kitchen with breakfast area

2.4 S to r ag e sp ace s
It’s the same to studio apartments.

2.5 Be d r oo m
No additional consideration than studios but separated from other spaces.

Fig: Closet

2.7 Ba th ro o m
It’s the same to studio apartment.
 3. T w o Be d Ro o m
These apartments include 1 m o r e additional bed rooms than 1 bed room and
minimum standard of 2 bed room apartment is 70 m2

3.1 Liv ing r o o m

These is additional to 1 bed room.

3.2 D in ing ro o m
Minimum standard of a room which accommodates for 6 people is around 14 m2 and
this could be possible lay out of plan.

3.3 Kit c he n
No additional consideration than 1 bed room.

3.4 S to r ag e sp ace
Minimum storage space for 2 bed room apartment is 5m2 with minimum 2m high.

3.5 Be d r oo m 1
This bed room should contain a bed with queen size and should have 70 cm clearance
around the bed, and closet with standard of 1mX0.6m per person.
3.6 Be d r oo m 2
The room should contain single bed, and closet.

3.7 Ba th ro o m
It’s the same as to 1 bed room.

3.8 C o mmon t oile t a n d sh ow er

This is additional room which is not present in studios which is additional to the bath
room. Minimum space requirement for this room is 3.2m2.

4- Thr e e Be d R oo m
These are apartments which include 3 beds which are separated and these apartments
should be minimum 90 m2.

4.1 Liv ing r o o m

These rooms include 2 additional single sofas to the three seats sofa.

4 .2 Dining r oom
The same consideration to 2 bed room.

4.3 Kit c he n
The same consideration to 2 bed room.

4.4 S to r ag e sp ace s
The same consideration to 2 bed room

4.5 Be d r oo m 1

The same consideration to 2 bed room, but includes walk in closet

4.6 Be d r oo m 2 a n d 3
The same consideration to 2 bed room.

4.7 Ba th ro o m
The same consideration to 2 bed room.

4.8 C o mmon t oile t /s how e r

The same consideration to 2 bed room.

4.9 La u nd ry
These are spaces provided in order to wash clothes and give also other services
supporting to washing. Services provided in this space is washing clothes, drying
clothes, ironing as well as a place for storage space if the service is commercial.
Space anthropometry and furniture dimension.

S pe cia l Con s ide r at io ns For Disab le d

Requirements include: ramps of 6 % slope, corridors at least 915mm wide; doors
815mmclear opening with lobbies 460mm wider than the door on the latch side.
Bathrooms require: 1.52 m central turning space and 2.75m width, specially designed
fittings and grab bars. Between beds and furniture, 910mm space is required; 685mm
for knee space; switches set 1.2m high. For window cells, mirrors, etc., Note that
wheelchair eye level is 1.07-1.37m high.
4.1 .5. La yo u t o f R o o ms in a par t me nt
Physical characteristics of a site may impose limitations on a building Program;
Therefore, an early analysis of site data and conditions should be undertaken by
the architect in order to ascertain and evaluate such limitations.

A survey indicating boundaries, contours, or spot elevations is necessary and, in the

case of difficult sites, such a survey may indicate terrain and other conditions which
will strongly influence design decisions. Limitations imposed by difficult terrain-in
addition to those imposed by local laws or ordinances may limit such items as
location of driveways and parking entrances.

Fig: corner aspect of an apartment

Fig: Apartment Layout: Furniture

18
4.2 C o mme rci al A nd Pu b lic D ev el op me nt
4.2 .1 Ba n ks
The banks will be made more inviting through the further use of glass, color, and art;
and by offering their services more conveniently; and through increased point of
contact at the street and through drive-in facilities. The innovation of the drive-in and
walk-up window recognizes today's informal, mobile living and extends the bank's
services to make them more attractive and more convenient to the public. Flexibility,
then, becomes a key word in bank design.

De scrip t io n o f s pac es
1) Public spaces
a) LLobby: This be easily accessible to the public, contains Reception/
must
Information, loan officers, tellers, and check-writing desks.
i) I f located on the lower level or Banking second floor of building,
a escalators are recommended for public conveyance to the
lobby.
ii) Tellers should be located so that they are easily accessible and so that the
spaces surrounding them allow easy circulation of the public.
iii) Loan officers and others who have direct contact with the customer should
be readily available.
iv) Check-writing desks should be placed so as not to block circulation,
especially of the lineup space in front of the tellers.
b) Tellers: are usually located at one side of the bank to allow for expansion.
This is usually considered to be the most flexible of all schemes.
c) OOff i ce r s ' pl at This should provide open space for contact officers,
for
cubicles for collection officers, and offices for the installment loan and
commercial loan officers. A conference room should be provided in this area
unless the need warrants more than one.
d) AAcc e s s: access to the safety deposit vault should be provided for customers.

Access to the money vault for tellers should be provided.

The above plans are recommended for single-aisle vaults up to 14' inside clear widths.
Interior vault dimensions should be established in accordance with individual
requirements and the emergency vault ventilator should be located through a
convenient wall area that is exposed inside the building. Location of the vault alarm
control cabinet is designed [sic] by "A" and should be recessed in the vault wall when
If interferes with the removal of the bond boxes. When the vault width is 14' or more,
refer to double- or multiple-aisle vault plans.

4.2 .2 OFFI C ES
The location has number of advantages it allows all window space to be utilized as
rentable office space and depending up on the configuration of the building plan will
permit offices of varying depths to receive natural light. The central location is also
extremely convenient in terms of access and in some cases may be equidistant for all
sides. This simplifies area division and provides good flexibility of tenant distribution
in the same way.

Pr ivat e Off ices

The private office is the most controversial problem facing the space planner. The
assignment of private offices and the type of partitioning to be used are issues to be
settled by top management acting on the advice and recommendations of the space
planner. Private offices should be assigned primarily for functional reasons, i.e. .,
nature of work, visitor traffic, or for security reasons. When private offices are
provided, they should be only large enough for the occupant to conduct his normal
business with a reasonable degree of dignity.

20
S emip ri va te Of fices
The semiprivate office is a room, ranging in size from 150 to 400 sq ft, occupied by
two or more individuals. These offices can be enclosed by ceiling-high, three-quarter-
high, or bank-type partitions. Examples of semiprivate offices are shown. Because of
the loss of flexibility introduced by the use of the partitions required to enclose these
offices, the same rigid review given private offices should be employed. Generally,
the need to house members of a work team or other groups of employees assigned to a
common teak is an acceptable justification for semiprivate coordination.

Fig: Furniture arrangement

Cir cu la tion
This is the area required to conveniently permit ingress and egress to work stations.
The size of an aisle should be governed by the amount of traffic it bears. The
following standards with regard to internal circulation will be applied in space
planning surveys:

1) Aisles leading to main exits from areas which carry substantial traffic (main
aisles) should be 60 in.(160cm) wide.
2) Aisles which carry a moderate amount of traffic (intermediate aisles) should be 48
in. (130cm) wide.
3) Aisles between rows of desks (secondary aisles) should be approximately 36
in.(100cm) wide.

Wo r k Flow
The relationship of individuals, as determined by operating procedures, must be the
governing factor in any layout. The development of a layout which conforms to and
complements the predominant work flow requirements of an office is perhaps the
most important phase of space planning.
 4.2 .3 R est au ra n t A nd E at ing Pla c e s
Din in g a re a
The number of times a seat is occupied during a given period is commonly referred to
as "turnover." The turnover per hour, times the number of seats available, gives the
total number of patrons who can be served in an hour. If peak loads, or number to be
served at one time, are known, the number of seats required can be estimated. Turn
over re tea tend to vary, for they are influenced by such factors as the amount of food
eaten, the elaborateness of the service, and the diner's time allowance. A breakfast
meal of few foods may be eaten more quickly than dinner, and a simple fare faster
than e many-course meal.

Table An d Cha ir Un it s
Desirable seating layouts and necessary clearances are needed in restaurants.
Tabulations are divided into three groups. The most luxurious establishments
ordinarily use as minima the largest figures given, and vice-versa.

Fig: Table arrangement

BOOTHS
There are, in some localities, code and other restrictions on booth Furniture
Dimensions. Authorities having local jurisdiction should be consulted. One designer
consulted regarded the 2-person booth (side-by side) as a waste of space; others
recognize that conditions may arise when no other type of furniture will suffice.
Booth seats for more than four persons close are also commonly encountered.

NONDINING SPACES
Diagrams, tables and other date given in and below illustrate only a few of the many
types of non-dining spaces and clearances required. Data included here may, however,
suggest methods of solving most problems.

CASHIER SPACE
Preferred location for the cashier's desk or counter, is on the right hand side of the
door when leaving, in order to avoid cross-traffic and resulting congestion.
Dimensions vary from those given in the table according to what merchandise is sold
by the cashier and can beat be determined in conjunction with each job. If quantities
of tobacco, etc., are sold, a back wall case may be necessary.

COAT CHECKING
Selection of type and size depends on the job under consideration. It is generally
considered uneconomical, except in the most luxurious restaurants, to provide check
rooms capable of accommodating garments for the peek load of patrons, for the
following reasons:

1. Women usually do not check coats;

2. Not all male patrons check coats;
3. Space required can usually be used otherwise to greater advantage.
RESTAURANT KITCHENS
Usually foodstuffs are received and immediately stored. Generally there are
refrigerated, frozen, and dry storage areas and these logically should be adjacent to
receiving areas and should also be readily accessible to the preparation facilities.

It is often appropriate to have not only major storage areas but also interim, smaller
storage facilities. As the cost of labor increases, many designers are rethinking the old
concept of having a single walk-in refrigerator.

Certain of the preparation processes may be located in separate floors.

4.3 C OM M E RC IA L R E TA I L S HOPS
4 .3.1 BARBER SHOP
The typical five-chair barber shop can be accommodated in a store 14 by 42 ft. in size.
A shop for a small community ordinarily has a single shampoo basin; if individual
basins are required at all barber chairs, space requirements have to be slightly
increased.

A. 10' 9" 3.01M

B. 4' 6" 1.11M
C. 7' 6" 2.11M
D. 4'-0" 1.01M

Manicure table: 2'-4" 4'-6" 0.5-1.11M X 1.11M-1.8M

24
4 .3.2 TAIL OR AND C LEANE R
The schematic plan here presented shows areas required for the various functions in a
complete small tailoring and cleaning establishment. If a tailors’ shop is the only
requirement (for pressing and repairs) and cleaning work is sent out, cleaning and
boiler-room areas may be omitted.

PRESSING UNIT

 Vacuum steam unit: 2' 6' x 7' 9 " 0.7m x 2.19m

 Pressing machine: 5'-9" x 3'-0", 5'-0"or 6'-0" 1.6m x 0.8m, 1.38m or 1.6m
 Tables and racks: 2'-0"wide, 0.55m

HANDWORK AREA

 Tables: 3'-0" x 6' 0". 2'-6" x 5'-6" 0.83m x 1.6m , 0.72m x 1.55m
 Sewing: 3'-6" x 6'-0" 1m x 1.6m
 Finishing board: 4'x0" x 6' 0" 1.11m x 1.66m
 Hanging rack: 2' 0" wide, 0.55m

4 .3.3 BEAUTY SHOP

The typical small beauty shop has to contain at least six to eight booths in order of do
enough business to be successful. If manicuring is to be done in booths, 20% of the
shop's total area is devoted to waiting room. If manicure tables (15 by 30 in, with 5 ft.
between tables) have to be placed in waiting space, the 20% proportion may have to
be enlarged.
DIMENSIONS

a. l'-0" to l'-6" 0.2 to 0.4m e. 6'-6" to 7-0" 1.83m to 1.94m

b. l'-0" f. 3'-6" to 7-0" 0.83m to 1.94m

0.2m
c. 5'-0", 6'-0" 1.38m, 1.6m g. 6'-6" to 7- 6.6m to
1.94m d. 3'-0" 0"
0.83m
4 .3.4 SHOE S TO
RES
Different requirements and customer demands have generally required separate stores
for men, women, and children. A shoe store is a volume trade operation and is highly
competitive.

The storefront is the see-through type, with a large enclosed show window for display
of the maximum number of shoes. Average depth of the show window is from 4ft 6
in. (1.27m) to 5ft 0in.(1.38m) with platforms 2ft 0in. (0.55m) above the floor. Dust
on shoes shows up very quickly, downgrading the merchandise, thus show windows
should be enclosed and have tight sliding or hinged access doors.

4. 3.5 SUP ERM AR KET

Architecturally, the supermarket is a large scale emporium of merchandise that

doesn't have to shout to be noticed. Shops which can be entered from the market or
from a separate outside entrance) offer a perking ratio of 3 .6 sq. ft. to 1 sq. Ft. of total
store area. To obtain the necessary parking area in areas with high land costs, rooftop
and basement parking should be considered.
Interior Displays- Interior displays require particular attention in specialty shops. Types range from
displays of staple goods which assist customers in selection, to displays of accessories which the
sale of staples may suggest to the customer.
Inducing Entrance- Show windows, in addition to attracting passersby, should induce them to enter
the store. Show windows may be opened up to display the shop's interior; or closed in, to give privacy
to customers within.

Conveniences - Conveniences intended primarily for the customers' benefit, while not
strictly allied to the problems of attracting trade or selling goods, are necessary to
some types of shops. Conveniences of this kind include: telephone booths, drinking
fountains, lavatories or powder rooms, desks for writing cards or checks, stools or
chairs at counters.

5- ARCHI TE CTURAL CONCERNS ON MIXED USE BUILD ING

5. 1 -CIR CULA TI ON

Entrance

 Building main entrances should be visible and easily identifiable from the
street and directly accessible from street level.
 Building entrances should provide pedestrian shelter.
 Apartments at street level should have a street address and the number that
have a front door directly accessible from the street should be maximized.

Lobby

Is a space that is accessible from most rooms and place visitors making an
impression.

Lobby is a focal point of a mixed use building design and a focus space for a
designer to start his/her design. Then what are the uses of a lobby Circulation of
people, free space to rest.

Shops and service facilities at the ground floor provide many advantages in terms
of activity and convenience.
 5.2-VERTICAL ACCESS

 Where practicable, vertical circulations cores should be expressed on at

least one exterior face of the building. This provides natural light within
and outlook from the foyers and reduces energy consumption. Foyers so
located also provide casual surveillance of the street and assist in varying
the façade and reducing the scale of a long building.
 Stairs should be easily accessible and inviting, to encourage residents to
use stairs in preference to lifts. This promotes healthy exercise and assists
sustainability.
 A mix of single, corner and dual aspect apartments may be accommodated
on a single floor, allowing a diversity of plans and avoiding long corridors.

Fig: Type of stairs Fig: Vertical access

5. 3- H ORIZONTAL ACCE
SS

 Double loaded internal corridors make cross ventilation of apartments difficult

and the corridors themselves require artificial lighting and ventilation.
 If a double loaded corridor cannot be avoided, the corridor should be oriented
northsouth so that there are no solely south facing apartments.
 Access corridor should be short, wide and have windows at each end to
provide natural light and ventilation.
 Exterior horizontal access should be designed to provide visual and acoustic
privacy for apartment rooms adjacent to the access space. This can be
achieved with extra wide access balconies or by pulling the balcony away for
the exterior face of the apartment and providing ‘bridges’ to the entry doors.
Corridors
Where a long corridor is necessary the width is established according to its position,
whether the doors are on one or both sides, the arrangement of the doors, and the
anticipated volume of circulation. If possible all doors should open into the rooms.

Fig: Corridor and room arrangement

5. 4- OUTDOOR SPACES
External space within residential apartment developments should provide a
combination of high quality courtyards for ground level apartments and communal
passive recreational space for residents.

 The courtyard should have a minimum area of 27m2, a minimum horizontal

dimension of 4.5m, and be directly accessible from the principal living space.
 The walls of courtyards facing the street or publicly accessible spaces should
not exceed 1.2m in height. For rear courtyards or those edging communal open
space, walls should not exceed facing 1.8m in height.

Fig: commonc outdoor space Fig: private outdoor space

 5. 5- NATURAL VENTI LATIO N
 All accommodation should be provided with natural cross ventilation by
having window openings facing different directions. Dual aspect and corner
apartments are best able to provide such window openings, but shallow depth
single aspect apartment can be naturally ventilated in a satisfactory manner.
 Notwithstanding any requirements to achieve internal acoustic privacy,
ventilation provided solely by mechanical means is discouraged.
 As apartments are often uninhabited during the daytime, ventilation elements
should be secure and rainproof when left open.

Fig: Natural ventilation air flow of hot and cold air Fig: Window ventilation

5. 6- DAY- LIG HTING

Good lighting helps to prevent fatigue, as well as promoting safety and a pleasant
atmosphere. Comfortable levels of light, with a minimum of shadows, should be
planned throughout the kitchen. Adequate daylight makes the room more agreeable
and attractive:

 In order to reduce reliance on artificial light and reduce energy consumption,

daylight access to apartments should be maximized.
 The site layout should orientate buildings to optimize the northerly aspect.
 Sunlight access from the north, east and west should be able to be controlled
by residents to prevent buildings becoming too hot.
 The depth of single aspect apartments should be minimized.
 Single aspect apartments with a southerly aspect should be avoided, and where
this is not possible the percentage of southerly aspect apartments (south‐west
through south‐east) should not exceed 10% of the total number of apartments
in the building.
 At least 70% of living rooms and private open spaces in any development
should receive a minimum of three hours of sunlight between 9.00am and 3pm
in midwinter.
Good lighting helps to prevent fatigue, as well as promoting safety and a pleasant
atmosphere. Comfortable levels of light, Vertical and horizontal limits of reach.
Residential with a minimum of shadows, should be planned throughout the kitchen.
Adequate daylight or artificial lighting makes the room more agreeable and attractive
than a dark or poorly lighted room.

Fig: Light entry for rooms

5 .7 - FI RE PROTECTI O N AND ES CAPE

Fire protection Fireproof (Glazing); and sprinklers, smoke doors, fire detectors, and
alarms are additionally required for various classifications of construction in some
codes.

Fire regulations may determine outcomes that seem to be less than ideal from a
sustainability perspective. It may not be possible, for instance, to ensure that all
bathrooms and wet areas can have both natural light and ventilation.

Internal fire spread

Structure of the building: Fire resistance and structural stability is necessary in order
to allow people to escape. Resistance to collapse, Resistance to fire penetration and
Resistance to heat penetration.

W all s and Floor s: particularly the junction details between floors and walls the
integrity of fire resistance is maintained.

Cav ity barr ie r s: With modern construction methods there can be many hidden
voids and cavities within the walls, floors and roof. These can provide a route along
which fire can spread rapidly. These cavities are fire stoppers that are sealed to
prevent spread through crack.

Ext e rnal fi re s pre ad Wall s and Roo fs: the spread of fire from one building to
another is prevented by the fire resistant qualities of external walls and roofs. They
must provide a barrier to fire and resist the surface spread of flame.

31
Dis tanc e Be twee n Buildings - is another issue that the distance between buildings
must follow the regulations required for fire resistant qualities

Fi re Esc ape

H ori zo ntal e sc ape r oot

Given the short occupancy periods of wet areas generally, and the tight constraints on
space planning typical of the kind of denser dwelling type represented by apartments,
the trade off from resorting to mechanical ventilation may be justifiable.

0
Fig: Fire escape to the door must start less than 45 from the wall

5 .8 - WAS TE DIS POSA L

G ar bage Di sposal

All kitchen sinks shall be equipped with garbage disposals that are fully insulated for
sound.

Refuse disposal may be handled in a number of ways. The most widely used methods
are by incineration or preferably, by compaction, with the processed refuse hauled
away by truck. Both the incinerator and compactor require a storage area for waste
containers, which should be nearby and should have easy access to the outdoors.

So li d w aste D is pos al

The area required for the refuse chute at typical floors is relatively small, ranging
from 4 by 4 ft (1.1m x 1.1m) up to any size desired. The area of the compactor room
or incinerator room at a lower level is quite large, and the refuse chute at the typical
floor should be located so as to avoid interference problems at the lower levels.

32
Liquid w aste D isposal

All cleanup techniques including housekeeping are originated in this area, and soiled
materials are placed here for disposal or return to central sterile supply for processing.
This room will require a sink with drain boards for gross cleaning, a flushing rim sink
for disposal of liquid wastes, a cart for storage of cleaning materials, carte and
hampers to receive soiled articles, and a waste receptacle. Germicidal solutions and
utensils used in cleaning should be stored here. If placentae are saved, a domestic-
type deep freeze will be required.
Acoustic and lighting
Sound should reach each member of the audience with equal amplitude without any
echo. Suspended ceiling for reflection and absorption. Rear walls lined with sound-
absorbent material, other walls smooth.

Buil di ng Setba cks

Provide adequate light, air, and privacy for residential units in the project, as well as for
residential units on adjoining properties.

 Provide distance between buildings on the same project site that is

adequate to ensure light, air and privacy for adjacent residential units
and to minimize shadows on open space.
 Use design strategies to protect privacy, such as: offsetting windows of
adjacent units.
 Locating minor windows above eye level, and using opaque glass for
minor windows.
II -B uil ding He ig ht and Ma ss ing
From a design perspective, it is important to ensure that height and massing are
considered together to arrive at a high quality, well-proportioned building form.

Building Height

The height of a building in relation to its overall configuration or massing is one of

the more significant factors in determining the impact a building will have on its
surrounding environment.

When deciding on building height consider: the permitted maximum height the local
area character and the building's position within the town or city context the
immediate streetscape character,

Fig: Height consideration for buildings

Building massing

Building massing refers to the overall configuration of the building. The way a
building is arranged on its site is particularly important for larger buildings. The
following should be considered in relation to building massing:

a) Site size c) Geometry

b) Topography and d) Configuration in relation to adjacent streets or open space
Fig: Building massing

I II- Bui ldi ng en tra nces

Large apartments often have two entrances/exits, perhaps a door in the front and
another in the back. Depending on the building design, the entrance/exit doors may be
directly to the outside or to a common area inside, such as a hallway. Depending on
location, apartments may be available for rent furnished with furniture or unfurnished
into which a tenant usually moves in with their own furniture.

Some garden apartment buildings place a one-car garage under each apartment, with
pedestrian entrances from a common courtyard open at one end. The grounds are
more landscaped than for other modestly scaled apartments. (Alternately, "garden
apartment" can refer to a unit built half below grade, putting its windows at garden
level

I V-Bu ildin g Fa ca d es
The façade design will arise, in part, from the building massing. To achieve visual
richness and help viewers ‘read’ the building and the activity within.

35
The apartment building will usually comprise a principal façade that addresses the
adjacent street. That façade should be visible and attractive and should be made on a
street context. However, when a building is exposed to public view on all sides, or is
conspicuously taller than its neighbors, all visible parts of its facades should be
carefully designed.

Balconies are one of the most interesting elements of an apartment façade and have
the potential to enhance its overall design.

Consider articulating a base, middle and top where the overall building form is
predominantly vertical. Horizontal elements can be emphasised through different
horizontal bands of colour or materials. Techniques such as positive or negative
details can be used to express different uses and storey heights.

Fig: Building Façade design

Material Selection

For purposes of economy and efficiency, building shape should be such that
expensive exterior walls are minored in ratio to area enclosed and that breaks and
direction changes in the perimeter are minimized.

Concrete
 Reinforced concrete with randomly placed columns, thereby eliminating the
need for a hung ceiling and allowing the flat underside of the slab to serve as
the finished ceiling of the space below.
 The possibility of placing columns randomly adapts well to the inherently
irregular module generated by a typical apartment floor layout. Columns may
thus be "buried" in convenient locations within an efficient layout.
  As a rule, openings for vertical services may be located at will in this type of
structure ;however, large openings near columns should be handled with care
so as to assure continuity of vertical and horizontal reinforcing

Fig: use of concrete as a material

Steel
It’s less common when compared to concrete, and mainly used for;

 Steel structural frames

 Handrails
 Column
 Stair, etc.

Glass
Glass viewing panels is suggested for this function. A work counter with storage for
syringes and accessories and a sink with gooseneck-type spout and foot or wrist
controls for hand washing are recommended.

Fig: Glass used as a material and as a facade

Use of Colors
Select a coordinated palette of complimentary colors, rather than a patchwork
of competing colors.
Use bright colors only as accent colors.
Do not use fluorescent or neon colors.
Use exterior paint schemes for that are compatible or harmonious with other
colors within any particular business district.

37
Use a consistent color scheme for a building’s entire facade and all visible sides.
Use a color scheme that is compatible with the colors of adjacent buildings,
unless the colors of adjacent buildings strongly diverge from these Design
Guidelines. In such a case, the Guidelines shall prevail.
Wherever possible, limit the number of colors appearing on the building
exterior to no more than three colors or tones of the same color, including trim
and accent colors.
Use architectural detailing, including the use of color, that complements and
embellishes principal design features, materials and colors of a building
facade.
CONCLUSION
The literature review contains so many things that should be considered for the good
design success. Many of the points that contained in the literature talk about the
design of sustainable and profitable mixed-use buildings toward the inhabitants by
considering different circumstances.
CA SE STU D Y
INTERNATIONAL CASE STUDY

KOHI NOORSQUE
Architect: SSA Architects, Mumbai
Client: The Kohinoor Group
Program: Mixed-Use
Plot Area: 255,000 sq.m
Floor Area: 50,000 sq.m for commercial
Height: 203 meters Main building, 142 meters Residence Building
Floor counts: 52 stories
Cost US$: 0.33 billion
Lifts: 28

Design concept

The concept is taken from an iconic structure drawing inspiration from the diamond.

Visual element

The tactile quality of the surface gives beauty to the house. It has good value.
The building has asymmetry balance, good repetition and rhythmical window order.
Good similarity & contrast defined by the texture.

Fig: the Kohinoor Square found in Dadar, Mumbai.

SITE ANALYS IS
Mumbai's climate can be best described as moderately hot with high level of
humidity.
 Its coastal nature and tropical location ensures temperatures won't fluctuate
much throughout the year.
The mean average is 27.2 °C.

Fig: Location Map

S ite & S ur roun di ng

In India, Aquaria Grande is located Borivali, a suburb of Mumbai. The site is
surrounded by a dense Low-Rise residential area hence its Tallest structure in the
vicinity. There are many parks and schools as well near to the site. Kohinoor Square
is located in the heart of the city Dadar, Greater Mumbai. Site is in commercial hub.
Surrounded by various high end national and international office and luxurious
apartments. The famous Shivaji Park is a 5 min walk from the site.

Fig: Site analysis

Floor Pla n An alysi s

The Central Core is surrounded by the office spaces and refuge areas (at 24
meter of height).
There are segregated office spaces from 2nd to 24th floor with toilets to each
office and a common toilet also provided on all these floors.
Central core consists of

3 Lobbies of 6 Lifts serving levels 25th to 39th

Spaces between the lifts where a lift lobby is not provided are used as toilets
with dust at either side: 2 lifts from this pack of 6 are assessable to lower
floors as well.
1 lobby of 4 lifts serving levels 1th to 24th.
There is a lift bank at 24th floor.
2 services lifts travelling Throughout the building
2 Stair cases are also placed in the core

Residential Tower

132 units from 14th to 26th floor, 13 Stories of Parking below PARKING3500
(brought from BMC) Central core serves 3 lifts and 1 services lifts
There are 8 units on each floor 6 on 17th floor which is refuge floor UNITS-
2.5 bhk 3bhk 3.5 bhk

Fig: Typical floor plans

 Fig: Typical residential floor plan

Fig: Typical hotel floor plan

SOI L TYPE

Dadar is situated in the heart of Mumbai; soil is loamy and sandy, due to proximity to
sea. Similar to soil types in northwestern also similar because of occurrence of basalt
rock.

ORIE NTA TI ON

The homes and Offices offer unrivalled and unrestricted views of the Northern
Suburbs, South Mumbai, Eastern Port and the Arabian Sea.

ZONI NG & PA RK ING

Local case st udy
SOFO NIAS BUILDI NG
Area - about 830 m2
Function – Mixed /shops + Apartments
Ownership - Government ( kiray Betoch)
Location – piassa, habte Gorgis deldeye (Arada Sub City)

BUILDING SIT UAT ION & BUI LDING ORIENTATION

The main road that takes us from Piassa (Ethiopia Cinima) to Arat Kilo (Habte
Giorgiss Deldey) defines the building informally named “Sofonias Pastry”. This
building is located between the Ethio Enterprise building and the Ethiopian
Commercial bank building. One of the oldest apartments owned by the Government
are located around this area.

Facing the slightly slanted northwest orientation the curved building is also prone to
noise disturbance due to the nearness to the ever active road of Piassa. There seems to
be no Green infrastructure located near the building that could account for any
beneficial purpose in aesthetic or sustainability.

Fig: Sofonias Building Arada sub city, Addis Ababa

BUILDING FUNCTIO N & DESCRI PTIO N
It looks like for the past five or six decades, this building stood at its current location
giving function and defining Piassa along the way.

Though the naming of the building is not yet found out it is nonetheless a well-known
building. The famous ice cream cartoon sign hanging on the building makes it unique
and recognizable.

The building is multi-functional and used as a cafeteria on the ground, as an office on

the first floor and on the second and third floor apartments.

Fig: Rough representation of floor plans and there are two stair cases that lead to 3 apartments each.

TEMPREATURE OF THE BUIL DING

There seems to be a divided condition when it comes to temperature. The respondents
that occupy the frontal space of the building say that they experience mild and cool air
temperature that is found to be very good for performance. Those that occupy the flats
at the rear building face the harsh sun that is too warm for performing any type of
activity.

WINDOWS & LIGHT

The stairs and corridors of this building are ventilated and lighted mechanically.
Though the public spaces like corridors and stairs may lack natural light the most of
the interior rooms of the apartments are rich in it. But still some rooms lack windows
and sun light.
MI CROBI AL G ROWTH, VENTIL ATION AND DAMPNESS
Due to lack of ventilation and the respondents were able to identify the following
problems:

Smell of food from the cafeteria’s kitchen

Smell of unclogged toilet

WATE R RESO URCE M ANAGEM ENT

Water usage management is a concept that eludes most of the building systems. They
do not recycle or care how much water we spend on secondary activities that do not
particularly need pure water to be completed.

WASTE MANAG EME NT

The system of garbage disposing they is quiet informal and unsanitary. It is unhealthy
because the waste mater that is collected from every house hold and office is damped
on a space that is near the parking area unclosed and unmaintained. This helps
pathogens to pick any type of disease causing maters and transmit it to people that
live nearby

BUILDING MA TERIALS
The building materials, as most of the building material in the case of Addis Ababa’s
buildings are HCB and mortar.

DURABIL ITY
This building has offered everything that it could offer in its years. It’s been a long
journey, and it’s obvious that during that journey damage has been done to it. Be it
due to low maintenance or damages in utilities causing dampness, the buildings
durability is compromised.

VISU AL EL EME NT

It has good quality color arrangement & it have good futures like rhythm …

ORDERING PRINCIP LE & O RGANIZATI ON OF ELEMEN T

The building has asymmetry balance, good repetition and rhythmical window order.
Good similarity & contrast defined by the texture & glass arrangement it have
dynamic flow but the entry doesn’t have unique character or emphasis.

REACHA BI LIT Y & PA RKI NG FACILI TIE S

Actually site of the building located around near to every social service area like
school, supermarket, banks, and commercial places & to the stadium. The building
have good car parking facilities for users.
ACCES SIBI LITY
When we come to accessibility the building entry is accessible but doesn’t concern
disabled's. After the main entry the stair is assessable & the court yard, the corridor
has good circulation.

CI RCULATION PATT ERN & TRAFFIC

When we come to traffic & circulation the building has good circulation especially on
the ground floor and as we see in the picture. On the office part the space arrangement
god for circulation, the meeting hall also has good arrangement. Generally, it has
good circulation.

Fig: Meeting Hall

O RI E NT AI T O N
The orientation of the house is well designed. The front part of the building gets good
morning light & the sun lightt cover and The master bed room perfectly so it has
good positon.

LI GHTI NG & VENTI LATION

As we see in the orientation the building has many openings so the building has good
ventilation and lighting that come from the outside of the building.

S TRENG HT & WEAK NES S

The entry of the building isn’t emphasized
As we look from outside its looking as bed and tower building this makes the
building as mixed use.
It has good circulation, have good light and ventilation.
It also has good parking facilities.
The main character of this building is described retail and office.
It is accessible for the main street.

47
Findings
The entrance of any building should be emphasized because it’s the first thing
that the visitors look over before they come in to the building.
Stairs must be easily accessible for everyone.
Landscape of a site could be used for the benefit of the project.
There should be good relation to the surrounding with building in designing
such a building.
It is preferable to use locally available and recyclable materials throughout
designing the building.
Disabled persons should be considered.
Design guidelines should be taken when design such a building
REFER ENCES

 Ernst and Peter Neufert Third English language edition

 Time-Saver Standards for Building Types Second Edition
 Caleb Sackey, Mixed use development: Urban design approach, May
2009
 https://www.scribd.mixeduse/design.com
 https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/mixed-usedevelopment.com