Đại Học Bách Khoa TP.

HCM
Bộ Môn Viễn Thông

Môn học – THÔNG TIN VÔ TUYẾN

Chapter 2 – Cellular Concepts and Analysis
(3G)

Presenter: Dr. Nguyễn Đình Long 1

Email: dinhlonghcmut@gmail.com
Phone: 0947 229599
Website: https://sites.google.com/site/dnhlongnguyen/
22 Mar. 2021
Dr. Long D. Nguyen
References of the Presentation

This Chapter slides are modified from WC02-Cellular Concepts

from HCMUT, HCMUTE and other sources.

Tài liệu tham khảo:

▪ T.S. Rappaport, Wireless Communications, Prentice Hall PTR, 2002.
▪ A. Goldsmith, Wireless Communications, Cambridge University Press, 2005.

2
Cấu trúc môn học
Introduction to Wireless Communication

Cellular networks and Analysis (GSM, 3G, 4G, …)

Wireless Propagation Channels (Large-scale & Small-scale fading)

Multiple Access Techniques

Introduction to Optimization for Wireless Communication Systems

Channel capacity, Equalization, Diversity

Emerging Wireless Networks

3
▪ One of the biggest challenges in providing multimedia wireless services is to
maximize efficient use of the limited available bandwidth.

▪ Cellular systems exploit the power falloff with distance of signal propagation to
reuse the same frequency channel at spatially- separated locations.
▪ Different frequencies, timeslots, or codes are assigned to different cells.

▪ For time and frequency division, cells

operating on the same frequency or
timeslot are spaced just far enough
apart so that their mutual interference
is tolerable.

4
Content

1. Introduction to Cellular Network 2G-GSM

2. Cellular Frequency and Frequency reuse

3. Trunking technology and Grade of Service

4. Handoff Strategies

5. Introduction to 3G-UMTS/WCDMA, 4G-LTE, 5G …

6. Analysis of Coverage & Capacity in Cellular Systems

5
Handoffs
▪ Signal strength measurements are sent to the BS from the mobile.

▪ The MSC decides when to do a handoff and it informs the new BS and the mobile.

▪ When a mobile switches to a new BS it sends a series of shortened bursts to adjust its timing and
allow the new BS to synchronize its receiver to the arrival time of the messages

6
4 types of handover Handover decision

1
2 3 4
receive level receive level
MS MS MS MS BTSold BTSnew

BTS BTS BTS BTS

BSC BSC BSC HO_MARGIN

MSC MSC MS MS
BTSold BTSnew

7
Handover procedure

MS BTSold BSCold MSC BSCnew BTSnew

measurement measurement
report result

HO decision
HO required HO request
resource allocation
ch. activation
ch. activation ack
HO command HO command HO request ack
HO command
HO access
Link establishment

HO complete HO complete
clear command clear command
clear complete clear complete

8
GSM Channel structure
25 MHz ▪ Logical channels are build on
124 carriers physical channels (time slots):
▪ Traffic Channels TCHs)
▪ Paging Channel (PCH)
Burst period Time slot 1 577 s
Time slot 2 =Physical
▪ Dedicated channels..
…..
channel
▪ Common channels..
▪ etc. ..

TDMA frame
= 4.615 ms

Time slot 8

9
Traffic frames & control frames

10
Traffic channels
▪ A traffic channel (TCH) is used to carry speech and data traffic.
▪ TCHs are defined using a 26-frame multiframe (a group of 26 TDMA frames)
▪ The length of a 26-frame traffic multiframe is 120 ms
▪ Out of the 26 frames, 24 are used for traffic as

11
Control channels
▪ Common channels can be accessed both by idle mode and dedicated mode mobiles.

▪ The common channels are used by idle mode mobiles to exchange signaling information required to
change to dedicated mode.

▪ Mobiles already in dedicated mode monitor the surrounding base stations for handover and other
information.

▪ The common channels are defined within a 51-frame multiframe, so that dedicated mobiles using the
26-frame multiframe TCH structure can still monitor control channels.

12
GSM control channels categories

13
Power control
▪ GSM uses power control, adjusting transmit power level in accordance with path
loss.
▪ Advantages:
o Reduces interference
o Reduces power consumption
▪ Can also be used on downlink
▪ Manner of operation, GSM:
o The system (BSC) measures bit error rate (BER)
o Transmit power adjusted up or down according to target value.
o Step size 2 dB
o Maximum update interval: 60 ms

14
Power control - Example

15
 CELLULAR NETWORKS AND ANALYSIS

3G UMTS/WCDMA –
Third generation of wireless mobile telecommunications
What is 3G?

https://www.qualcomm.com/invention/5g/3g

17
Evolution of Mobile standards

EDGE

WCDMA HSDPA/
FDD HSUPA
GSM
HSCSD GPRS
LTE

TD-CDMA HSDPA/
TDD HCR HSUPA

TD-SCDMA
TDD LCR

cdma2000
1XEV - DO
cdmaOne cdma2000
(IS-95)
cdma2000
1XEV - DV

18
3G & Future Wireless Vs. Bandwidth

10,000,000,000

1,000,000,000 4G

100,000,000
3.5G
10,000,000
bps 3G
1,000,000
GPRS
100,000 2G
10,000

1,000

100
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
19
WCDMA System (1/3)

▪ WCDMA is the most common radio interface for UMTS systems.

▪ Wide bandwidth, 3.84 Mcps (Megachips per second)

o Maps to 5 MHz due to pulse shaping and small guard bands between the carriers.

▪ Users share the same 5 MHz frequency band and time.

o UL and DL have separate 5 MHz frequency bands
o Users are separated from each other with codes.

▪ High bit rates

o With Release’99 theoretically: 2 Mbps

20
WCDMA System (2/3)
▪ Fast power control (PC)
o Reduces the impact of channel fading and minimizes the interference

▪ Soft handover
o Improves coverage, decreases interference

▪ Robust and low complexity RAKE receiver

o Introduces multipath diversity

▪ Support for flexible bit rates

21
WCDMA System (3/3)

❑Multiplexing of different services on a single physical connection.

▪ Simultaneous support of services with different QoS requirements:

o Real-time, (voice, video telephony)

o Streaming (video and audio)

o Interactive (web-browsing)

o Background (e-mail, download)

22
WCDMA Radio Access Modes

23
3G rel99 Architecture (UMTS) — 3G Radios
2G MS (voice only)
CN

BSS

E PSTN
Abis
A
PSTN
B
BSC C
MSC GMSC
Gb D
BTS VLR
Gs
SS7
H
2G+ MS (voice & data)
IuCS
RNS
Gr HLR
AuC
ATM Gc
Iub
IuPS
Gn Gi
PSDN
RNC IP
SGSN GGSN
Node B
3G UE (voice & data)
BSS — Base Station System CN — Core Network SGSN — Serving GPRS Support Node
BTS — Base Transceiver Station MSC — Mobile-service Switching Controller GGSN — Gateway GPRS Support Node
BSC — Base Station Controller VLR — Visitor Location Register
HLR — Home Location Register
RNS — Radio Network System AuC — Authentication Server
RNC — Radio Network Controller GMSC — Gateway MSC UMTS — Universal Mobile Telecommunication System
3G rel4 Architecture (UMTS) — Soft Switching
2G MS (voice only)
CN
CS-MGW
Nb
BSS
CS-MGW
A
Abis Nc PSTN PSTN
Mc
Mc
B
BSC C
MSC Server GMSC server
Gb D
BTS VLR
Gs SS7
H
2G+ MS (voice & data)
IuCS
RNS
Gr HLR IP/ATM
AuC
ATM Gc
Iub
IuPS
Gn Gi
PSDN
RNC
SGSN GGSN
Node B
3G UE (voice & data)
BSS — Base Station System CN — Core Network SGSN — Serving GPRS Support Node
BTS — Base Transceiver Station MSC — Mobile-service Switching Controller GGSN — Gateway GPRS Support Node
BSC — Base Station Controller VLR — Visitor Location Register
HLR — Home Location Register
RNS — Radio Network System AuC — Authentication Server
RNC — Radio Network Controller GMSC — Gateway MSC
3G rel5 Architecture (UMTS) — IP Multimedia
2G MS (voice only)
CN
CS-MGW
Nb
BSS
CS-MGW
A/IuCS
Abis Nc PSTN PSTN
Mc
Mc
B
BSC C
MSC Server GMSC server
Gb/IuPS D
BTS VLR
Gs SS7
H
2G+ MS (voice & data) ATM
IuCS
RNS
Gr HSS IP/ATM
AuC
Gc
Iub
IuPS
Gn Gi
IP Network
RNC
SGSN GGSN
Node B
3G UE (voice & data) IM-MGW
IM
IM — IP Multimedia sub-system Gs PSTN
MRF — Media Resource Function
CSCF — Call State Control Function
IP
MGCF — Media Gateway Control Function (Mc=H248,Mg=SIP) Mc
Mg
IM-MGW — IP Multimedia-MGW MRF
MGCF

CSCF
Codes in WCDMA (1/3)
• Channelization Codes (=short codes)
– Channelization codes in WCDMA are Orthogonal
Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) codes.
– Defines how many chips are used to spread a single
information bit and thus determines the end bit rate
• Length is referred as spreading factor

▪ Used for:
▪ Downlink: Separation of downlink connections to different users within one cell.
▪ Uplink: Separation of data and control channels from same terminal.
▪ Same channelization codes in every cell / mobiles
▪ additional scrambling code is needed

27
Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF)

bit

chip

Chip rate = chips / s Maximum chip rate = 3.84M chips/s

SF = chips / bit Maximum SF = 256 chips/bit

3.84M
R=
chip rate R= = 15kbits / s
SF 256
Codes in WCDMA (2/3)

▪ Scrambling codes (=long codes)

o The long code is a Gold code.
o Very long (38400 chips), many codes available.
o Does not spread the signal
o Used for

▪ Downlink: to separate different cells/sectors

▪ Uplink: to separate different mobiles.

29
Codes in WCDMA (3/3)

Channelization
Channelization codes separate
codes separate data/control
different channels
connection

Scrambling
codes separate
cells/sectors Scrambling
codes separate
different mobiles

Downlink Uplink
30
Codes
Channellization Code Scrambling Code
Usage UL: Separation of physical data UL: Separation of terminals
and control channels from same UE DL: Separation of
DL: Separation of different users cells/sectors
within one cell

Length UL:4-256 chips 38400 chips

DL:4-512 chips
No. of codes No. of codes under one scrambling code= SF UL: Several million
DL: 512
Code Family Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor Long 10ms code: Gold code
Short code: Extended S(2) code
Family
Increase YES NO
B.W?
31
Frequency Bands
▪ From 1,900 MHz to 2,025 MHz and from 2,110 MHz to 2,200 MHz.

▪ UMTS-FDD uses
o The band from 1,920 MHz to 1,980 MHz for the uplink
o The band from 2,110 MHz to 2,170 MHz for the downlink

32
Transport & Physical Channels
Transport Channel
(UL/DL) Dedicated Channel DCH
(UL) Random Access Channel RACH
(UL) Common packet channel CPCH
(DL) Broadcast channel BCH
(DL) Forward access channel FACH
(DL) Paging channel PCH
(DL) Downlink shared channel DSCH
Signaling physical channels
Physical Channel
Dedicated Physical Data Channel DPDCH
Dedicated Physical Control Channel DPCCH
Physical random access channel PRACH
Physical common packet channel PCPCH
Primary common control physical channel P-CCPCH
Secondary common control physical channel S-
CCPCH
Physical downlink shared channel PDSCH
Synchronization channel SCH
Common pilot channel CPICH
Acquisition indication channel AICH
Paging indication channel PICH
CPCH Status indication channel CSICH
Collision detection/Channel assignment indicator
channel CD/CA-ICH
CDMA
▪ Users are separated by codes (code channels), not by frequency or time (in some
capacity/hierarchical cell structure cases, also difference carrier frequencies may be used).
▪ Signals of other users are seen as noise-like interference
▪ CDMA system is an interference limited system which averages the interference (ref. to
GSM which is a frequency limited system)

34
Important Advantages of CDMA

❑ Many users of CDMA use the same frequency.

❑ Multipath fading may be substantially reduced because of large signal

bandwidth.

❑ There is no absolute limit on the number of users in CDMA.

Almost other system performance gradually degrades for all users as
the number of users is increased.

35
CDMA Operation
Receiver for User 1
d1(t)+
Transmitter for User 1 Wireless d2(t)sc1(t)sc2(t) d1(t)+e1(t)
Channel TSymbol d’1(t)
d1(t) d1(t)sc1(t)

0
d1(t)sc1(t)+ sc1(t)
sc1(t)
d2(t)sc2(t)

Transmitter for User 2 Receiver for User 2

d2(t) d2(t)sc2(t) d2(t)+
d1(t)sc1(t)sc2(t) d2(t)+e2(t)
TSymbol d’2(t)
sc2(t)

0

sc2(t)
Important Note:
The value of ei(t) depends on the cross correlation di(t): Information Message of User i
properties between sc1 & sc2 sci(t): Spreading code of user i
ei(t): Interference sensed at receiver of user I
ei(t)=0 if c1 & c2 are orthogonal d’i(t): Message detected at receiver 36
CDMA in Military Applications – WW II

The CDMA concept has been introduced as early as 1970s in military applications to elude
jamming signals
Spectral Spectral signal
density Jamming density
signal

signal

De-spreading

frequency frequency

▪ Anti-jamming (because of the spread signal, it is difficult to jam or interfere with a CDMA signal).
▪ Ranging (measuring the distance of the transmission to know when it will be received).
▪ Secure communications (the spread spectrum signal is very hard to detect). 37
CDMA Operation

38
Channel Coding

Source
Format Source Encrypt Channel Multi- Modu- Fre- Multiple Trans-
encode encode plex late quency access mitter
spread

Sink
Format Source Decrypt Channel Demulti Demodu Fre- Multiple Re-
decode decode -plex -late quency access ceiver
despread

39
Channel Coding

digital data 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0

signal

noise

singal
with noise

sampling
time
reconstruct 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
-ed data
bits in error
Figure-1. Effect of noise on a digital signal
40
Channel Coding
▪ Forward error correction (FEC): transmit enough redundant data to allow Receiver to
recover from error, no need retransmission required from Sender
▪ FEC categories: Block codes, Cyclic codes, Reed-Solomon codes, Convolutional
codes and Turbo codes

41
Convolutional Codes
▪ Generated by passing the information sequence to be transmitted through a linear
finite-state shift register.

42
Convolutional Codes

▪ Map information bits to code bits sequentially by convolving a sequence of

information bits with “generator” sequences
▪ Encodes K input bits to N>K output bits at one time step according to some rules ,
code rate=K/N
▪ Defined by the circuit, which consists of different number of shift registers (delay
elements) and clock.

43 43
Convolutional Codes
▪ Encoding circuit: Encoder: K=1, N=2, code rate =K/N= ½
xi
ui

(
The sequences 0x (1)
, x1
(1)
, ) (
, 0x ( 2)
, x1 , ) are generated as follows:
( 2)

xi(1) = ui and xi(2) = ui + ui−1

Multiplexing between xi(1) and xi(2) gives the code bit sequence

x = (( x0(1) x0( 2) ), ( x1(1) x1( 2) ),) = ( x 0 , x1 ,44

) 44
Turbo Codes

▪ A Turbo coder consists of one input being the data sequence, and three outputs
being the systematic output, output I from encoder I, and output II from decoder II. A
typical Turbo coder is shown below.

45
Coding comparison

▪ Convolutional codes: coding rate of 1/2 for common channels and 1/3 for dedicated
channels.

▪ Turbo codes: for high-data-rate (>32 kbit/s) applications. The code rate is 1/3.

▪ Convolution codes is easy to implement than turbo codes. Convolution code needs
only one decoder and one adaptive coding scheme.

▪ Turbo codes produces randomness in coding due to interleavers which is absent in

convolution codes. Turbo code performance close to the Shannon Limit → best code

46
Power Control in WCDMA (1/4)
▪ The purpose of power control (PC) is to ensure that each user receives and transmits just enough
energy to prevent:
o Blocking of distant users (near-far-effect)
o Exceeding reasonable interference levels

Without PC received power

UE1
UE2
levels would be unequal

UE3

UE1
UE2

UE1 UE2 UE3 In theory with PC received

power levels would be equal

UE3

47
Power Control in WCDMA (2/4)

❑Power control can be divided into two parts:

▪ Open loop power control (slow power control)
o Used to compensate e.g. free-space loss in the beginning of the call
o Based on distance attenuation estimation from the downlink pilot signal

▪ Closed loop power control (fast power control)

o Used to eliminate the effect of fast fading
o Applied 1500 times per second

48
Power Control in WCDMA (3/4)

❑ Closed loop power control can also be divided into two parts:
▪ Inner loop power control
o Measures the signal levels and compares this to the target value and if the value is higher than
target then power is lowered otherwise power is increased

▪ Outer loop power control

o Adjusts the target value for inner loop power control
o Can be used to control e.g. QoS.

49
Power Control in WCDMA (4/4)
▪ Example of inner loop power control behavior:

▪ With higher velocities, channel fading is more

rapid and 1500 Hz power control may not be
sufficient.

50
WCDMA Handovers (1/4)

❑ WCDMA handovers can be categorized into three different types which support
different handover modes
▪ Intra-frequency handover: Rely on the Ec/No measurement performed from the
CPICH
o WCDMA handover within the same frequency and system. Soft, softer and hard handover
supported
▪ Inter-frequency handover
o Handover between different frequencies but within the same system. Only hard handover
supported
▪ Inter-system handover
o Handover to the another system, e.g. from WCDMA to GSM. Only hard handover supported

51
WCDMA Handovers (2/4)

❑ Soft handover
▪ Handover between different base stations
▪ Connected simultaneously to multiple base stations
o The transition between them should be seamless
o Downlink: Several NodeBs transmit the same signal to the
UE which combines the transmissions
o Uplink: Several NodeBs receive the UE transmissions and it
is required that only one of them receives the transmission
correctly. UE1

BS 1 BS 2

52
WCDMA Handovers (3/4)

❑ Softer handover
▪ Handover within the coverage area of one
base station but between different sectors
▪ Procedure similar to soft handover

UE1

BS 1 BS 2

53
WCDMA Handovers (4/4)
▪ Hard handover
o The source is released first and then new one is added
o Short interruption time

▪ Terminology
o Active set (AS), represents the number of links that UE is connected to
o Neighbor set (NS), represents the links that UE monitors which are not already in active set

54
WCDMA Parameters

55