GSM Fund. New Temp

Security Level:
GSM Fundamentals
www.huawei.com
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential

Contents
Basic Concepts of Cellular Mobile System

Channels on The Air Interface
Service Area and Number Planning
GSM Network Components

Radio Technologies
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 2

Objectives
On completion of this section

you will be able to:
 Name the two different cell types and

understand why and when each would
be used.
 Get the concept of frequency reuse.
 Name the frequency spectrum used in
GSM

CELL
Omni
Omni-Directional
Omni-Directional Cells
Cells
1
120
120 Degree
Degree Sectors
Sectors 1
120
degree 2
3
Cell concept Signal
strength
Rural
Highway
Suburb Town
distance
• Cell
Flexible
: basic
network
service
planning
area that
based
can be
on efficiently
location nature
managed by the
network
• Smooth Handover (no service degradation while subscriber
•moves)
One base station (equipment to switch, transmit and receive calls)
per cell for comm. between MS and the network
• Frequency reuse (same group of frequencies used in different
•cells)
Cell boundaries are defined by BS signal strength
Physical Spectrum
Frequency channels GSM 900
45 MHz duplex spacing
… S
200 KHz x 125 = 25 MHz ……
8T
… sx t
890 MHz
0. 57 7
m 915 MHz
…935 MHz 960 MHz f
e=
fra
m
200 KHz …
D MA
1T
25 MHz … 25 MHz
Uplink (MS to BS) Downlink (BS to MS)
f
890 MHz
… 915 MHz
200 KHz
For DCS1800: uplink from 1710 to 1785MHz, downlink is from 1805 to
1880MHz 75Mhz each / 374 RF carriers . 95MHz duplex spacing.
Contents

Radio Technologies

Objectives
On completion of this section

you will be able to:
Identify the types of physical channels

and logical channels
Name the 4 most commonly used channel

combinations
Understand the structure of multiframes

Logical traffic channels
Logical channels
LogicalChannels
Logical Channels
TCH
TCH
SPEECH
SPEECH DATA
CCH DATA
CCH
TCH/HR
TCH/HR TCH/FR
TCH/FR
7kbps
7kbps 13kbps
13kbps 2.4/4.8kbps((FR&HR)
2.4/4.8kbps FR&HR) 9.6kbpsFR
9.6kbps FR
logical channels consist of the information carried over the physical channel.

Logical control channels
CCH
CCH
DCH
DCH CCCH
CCCH BCH
BCH
SACCH SDCCH
SACCH SDCCH PCH AGCH
PCH AGCH RACH
RACH
FCCH
FCCH
Power & timing control
RSSI & link quality
BCCH
BCCH SCH
SCH
FACCH
FACCH •Power Control indicator
•cell ID , LAI , PLMN code
Auth. and HO. •List of neighboring cells
--Broadcast
Standalone
Slow/Fast
Random
Paging control
access
associated
channel channel,
- Frequency-correction
dedicated
:channel,
usedcontrolused
tochannel,
channel
for
page toused
channels
dedicatedsend
:(alert)
Supports
MS cell
:for MS
theinformation.
channels
carryingfrequency
transfer correction.
of data
assignment
information during connection
request
associated with the
- Synchronization
setup
-Access
process being
grantcarried channel,
channel, out
used used
on to
either for
assigntheMS frameor
dedicated
SDCCH synchronization
control channels and
the TCH. BS MS
for the
identification.
Timeslots and TDMA Frames
Low Capacity Cell / 1 RF carrier
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Combined Traffic
Higher Capacity Cell / more than 1 RF carrier
0 1 2 3 4 5 60 7
Broadcast Traffic
Dedicated
0 1 2 3 4 5 60 7
Traffic
GSM Logical Channel
Channel Combination
•Main BCH combination – BCCH + CCCH
•DCH combination – SDCCH8 + SACCH8
•Combined Channel Combination – BCCH + CCCH +SDCCH4 +

SACCH4
•TCH combination – TCH8/FACCH + SACCH

Structure of Logical Channel Combination
Frame-Main BCCH
1 multi-frame (51TDMA Frames) 235.38ms Downlink
Group3,4
Group Group1 Group2 (same as Grpup5
Group2)
Channel F S BX4 CX4 F S CX4 CX4 …… F S CX4 CX4 I
Frame
0 1 2-5 6-9 10 11 12-15 16-19 20-39 40 41 42-45 46-49 50
Number
1 multi-frame (51TDMA Frames) 235.38ms Uplink
Channel R R R R R R R R R R R R R R……R R R R R
Frame
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13-46 47 48 49 50
Number
F:FCCH; S:SCH; B:BCCH; C:CCCH; I:IDLE; R:RACH

Frame-Main SDCCH
Channel D0×4 D1×4 D2×4 D3×4 D4×4 D5×4 D6×4 D7×4 A0×4 A1×4 A2×4 A3×4 I I I
Channel D0×4 D1×4 D2×4 D3×4 D4×4 D5×4 D6×4 D7×4 A4×4 A5×4 A6×4 A7×4 I I I
Frame Number 0-3 4-7 8-11 12-15 16-19 20-23 24-27 28-31 32-35 36-39 40-43 44-47 48 49 50
D1×
Channel A5×4 A6×4 A7×4 I I I D0×4 D2×4 D3×4 D4×4 D5×4 D6×4 D7×4 A0×4
4
D1×
Channel A1×4 A2×4 A3×4 I I I D0×4 D2×4 D3×4 D4×4 D5×4 D6×4 D7×4 A4×4
4
Frame 19-
0-3 4-7 8-11 12 13 14 15-18 23-26 27-30 31-34 35-38 39-42 43-46 47-50
Number 22

Frame-Combined BCCH
Group Group1 Group2 Group3 Group4 Grpup5
B× C× C× C× D0 D1 D2 D3 A0 A1
Channel F S F S F S F S F S I
4 4 4 4 ×4 ×4 ×4 ×4 ×4 ×4
B× C× C× C× D0 D1 D2 D3 A2 A3
Channel F S F S F S F S F S I
4 4 4 4 ×4 ×4 ×4 ×4 ×4 ×4
Frame 12- 16- 22- 26- 32- 36- 42- 46-

0 1 2-5 6-9 10 11 20 21 30 31 40 41 50
Number 15 19 25 29 35 39 45 49
Channel D3×4 R R A2×4 A3×4 R……R D0×4 D1×4 R R D2×4
Channel D0×4 R R A0×4 A1×4 R……R D0×4 D1×4 R R D2×4
Frame Number 0-3 4 5 6-9 10-13 14-36 37-40 41-44 45 46 47-50

Frame-TCH
1 multi-frame (26TDMA Frames) 120ms
Channel T T T T T T T T T T T.A…T T T T T I
Frame Number 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10-12 － 20 21 22 23 24 25
T:TCH; I:IDLE ; A:SACCH
.The FACCH is not showed in the diagram as it does not receive its own
time allocation. The FACCH steals a time period from the TCH when
required.
.The 13th frame is used by the SACCH which carriers link control
information to and from the mobile and BTS.

Frames hierarchy
The hyper frame lasts for over 3 hours, after which ciphering and FH algorithms are restarted.

Contents

Radio Technologies

Service Area
System area
PLMN
PLMN service
service area
area PLMN service area
MSC service area... MSC service area...
Location area... Location area...

......
Base station area... Base station area...
Radio cell
Radio cell
...... ......

LAI
MCC MNC LAC
Location Area Identification
The LAI is the international code for a location area.
MCC ： Mobile Country Code ， It consists of 3 digits .

For example: The MCC of China is "460"
MNC ： Mobile Network Code ， It consists of 2 digits .
For example: The MNC of China Mobile is "00"
LAC ： Location Area Code ， It is a two bytes BCD
code(hex).
The value 0000 and FFFF is invalid.
For example: 460-00-0011
CGI
CGI: Cell Global Identification
The CGI is a unique international identification for a

cell
The format is LAI+CI
LAI: Location Area Identification
CI ： Cell Identity. This code uses two bytes BCD
code(hex) to identify the radio cells within an LAI.
For example : 460-00-0011-0001

MSISDN
CC NDC SN
National (significant)
Mobile number
Mobile station international
ISDN number
CC ： Country Code. For example: The CC of China is

"86".
NDC ： National Destination Code. For example: The NDC of
China Telecom is 139, 138, 137, 136, 135.
SN ： Subscriber Number. Format:H0 H1 H2 H3 ABCD
Example: 86-139-0666-1234
IMSI
Not more than 15 digits

3 digits 2 digits
MCC MNC MSIN

NMSI
IMSI
MCC ： Mobile Country Code ， It consists of 3 digits .

For example: The MCC of China is "460" 。
MNC ： Mobile Network Code ， It consists of 2 digits .
For example: The MNC of China Telecom is "00" 。
MSIN ： Mobile Subscriber Identification Number. H1H2H3 S
ABCDEF
For example: 666-9777001
NMSI ： National Mobile Subscriber Identification ， MNC and MSIN
form it together.
For Example of IMSI : 460-00-666-9777001
TMSI
TMSI: Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identification)
 The TMSI is assigned only after successful

subscriber authentication.
 TMSI is used to ensure that the identity of the
mobile subscriber on the air interface is kept
secret.
 The TMSI consists of 4 bytes( 8 HEX numbers)
and determined by the telecom operator.

IMEI
IMEI: International Mobile Station Equipment Identification
TAC FAC SNR SP
IMEI
TAC ： Type approval code. It is administered by the type

approval center.
FAC ： Final assembly code.It is administered by the
manufacturer.
SNR ： Serial number.It is issued by the manufacturer of the
MS.
SP ： Not used.
Contents

Radio Technologies

GSM network architecture
Permanent
White list : data:
Temporary data:
--copy
IMSIof
Valid most of data for
mobiles
active
- subscribers in
Suppl. service info . OMC
Black list :
VLR coverage
-Authentication key Other GSM
Stolen
-Mobileor forbidden
status
-Roaming & billing info
-LAI list :
Gray
-TMSI
-TMSI
Faulty mobiles
Temporary data:
-MSC/VLR address
PSTN
Base Transceiver Station : the first access point for mobile stations to access the
Mobile
Base
Mobile
Station
Switching
network.Station
TheController
: -Center
BTS Mobile : :controls
is a radioEquipment
controlsone
onecontains
equipment or
or more
moreIMEI
BTSs
BSCsfor
(transceivers and
&and
ME
interfaces
manages
identification
antennas) BSS
switching
needed totoNSS. It is
serve
a high
each capacity
cell switch
- Subscriber
in the network. that provides
Identityhandover,
module contains
cell configuration
IMSI,TMSI,LAI,Auth.
data. key
Subscriber Identity Module – SIM
Authentication Process
Air interface
NSS MS
SIM
HLR AUC
Authentication Authentication
Algorithms Algorithms
Authentication Authentication
Algorithms Algorithms
BSS
Transcoder and submultiplexer
30 x 64k voice channels = 120 x 16k compressed/combined = 2Mbps PCM link

Mobile to Landline call
MS BSS MSC VLR HLR PSTN
CHANNEL REQUEST <RACH>
DCCH ASSIGN <AGCH>
SIGNALING LINK
ESTABLISHED
<SDCCH> CR
REQ. FOR SERVICE
CC
AUTHENTICATION
SET Cipher MODE
<SDCCH> SFOC
SET-UP
Call Info services Auth.
EQUIP. ID REQ.
COMPLETE CALL
<SDCCH>
CALL PROCEEDING

Mobile to Landline call
MS BSS MSC VLR HLR PSTN

<SDCCH>
ASSIG. COMMAND
ASSIG. COMPLETE <TCH>
Initial and Final Address ISUP (IAM)

Message (IAM)
Address Complete(ACM)
<FACCH> (ACM)
Alerting + alerting
MS hears ring
tone from land
phone
Answer (ANS)Connect
ANS 
<FACCH> Conn.
Ring tone
stops
<FACCH> Conn. ack
Connect Acknowledge
TCH BILLING
connect

Contents

Radio Technologies

Objectives
On completion of this section you

will be able to know about the
following radio technologies :
VAD, DTX, DRX
Diversity
Frequency Hopping

Battery Life
Power Control
Voice Activity Detection – VAD
Discontinuous Transmission – DTX
Discontinuous Reception – DRX

VAD & DTX
Without DTX
Encoding the speech

silences at a rate of 500
bit/s rather than the full
13Kb/s.
If the mobile does not

transmit during ‘silence’ With DTX
there is a reduction in
the overall power output
requirement
Comfort
Noise
DRX
PCH is structured so that MS knows when it needs to check for a paging

signal. In the time between paging signals, the mobile can go into sleep
mode, when almost no power is used.
BCCH Multiframe P = Paging Channel
PPPPPP BCCH PP
MS Being MS in MS receive System MS in

paged listen mode listen mode
information
Diversity
Approx. 10
wavelengths
When diversity is implemented two
antennas are situated at the receiver.
These antennas are placed several
wavelengths apart to ensure
minimum correlation between the
two receive paths.
Compare or
The two signals are then add signals
combined, this ensures that a
low signal strength is less likely
to occur.
Resultant Signal

Frequency Hopping
Each time the BTS or mobile transmits a burst, it

does so on a different RF carrier frequency.
Synthesizer Hopping:each frequency

timeslot on a given transceiver
can transmit at a different
frequency
Baseband Hopping: each

transceiver stays at the same
frequency and the data is
switched to the appropriate
transceiver.
time
Subscriber Identity Module – SIM

GSM Fund. New Temp

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Security Level:

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential

Basic Concepts of Cellular Mobile System

GSM Network Components

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 2

On completion of this section

 Name the two different cell types and

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 3

Basic Concepts of Cellular Mobile System

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 7

On completion of this section

Identify the types of physical channels

Name the 4 most commonly used channel

Understand the structure of multiframes

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 8

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 9

Higher Capacity Cell / more than 1 RF carrier

•Main BCH combination – BCCH + CCCH

•DCH combination – SDCCH8 + SACCH8

•Combined Channel Combination – BCCH + CCCH +SDCCH4 +

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 12

Channel F S BX4 CX4 F S CX4 CX4 …… F S CX4 CX4 I

1 multi-frame (51TDMA Frames) 235.38ms Uplink

F:FCCH; S:SCH; B:BCCH; C:CCCH; I:IDLE; R:RACH

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 13

1 multi-frame (51TDMA Frames) 235.38ms Uplink

F:FCCH; S:SCH; B:BCCH; C:CCCH; I:IDLE; R:RACH

Group Group1 Group2 Group3 Group4 Grpup5

Frame 12- 16- 22- 26- 32- 36- 42- 46-

1 multi-frame (51TDMA Frames) 235.38ms Uplink

Channel D3×4 R R A2×4 A3×4 R……R D0×4 D1×4 R R D2×4

Channel D0×4 R R A0×4 A1×4 R……R D0×4 D1×4 R R D2×4

Frame Number 0-3 4 5 6-9 10-13 14-36 37-40 41-44 45 46 47-50

F:FCCH; S:SCH; B:BCCH; C:CCCH; I:IDLE; R:RACH

Frame Number 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10-12 － 20 21 22 23 24 25

T:TCH; I:IDLE ; A:SACCH

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 16

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 17

Basic Concepts of Cellular Mobile System

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 18

MSC service area... MSC service area...

Location area... Location area...

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 19

MCC MNC LAC

Location Area Identification

The LAI is the international code for a location area.

MCC ： Mobile Country Code ， It consists of 3 digits .

CGI: Cell Global Identification

The CGI is a unique international identification for a

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 21

CC ： Country Code. For example: The CC of China is

Not more than 15 digits

MCC MNC MSIN

MCC ： Mobile Country Code ， It consists of 3 digits .

TMSI: Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identification)

 The TMSI is assigned only after successful

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 24

IMEI: International Mobile Station Equipment Identification

TAC FAC SNR SP

TAC ： Type approval code. It is administered by the type

Basic Concepts of Cellular Mobile System

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 26

30 x 64k voice channels = 120 x 16k compressed/combined = 2Mbps PCM link