2.

GOL GUMBAZ

1. GOLCONDA FORT
TIMELINE

BADAMI CAVES 540 AD- 757 AD

INDIA
INDIA

3. BADAMI CAVES
TRADITIONAL
HOUSES

1.HYDERABAD
2. BIJAPUR
3. BELGAUM VITTHALA TEMPLE 1422 AD- 1446 AD
ANDHRA PRADESH

4. HAMPI
GOLCONDA FORT 1487 AD–1543 AD
KARNATAKA

KE
RA
L A

TAMIL NADU

4. VITTHALA TEMPLE CHAR MINAR 1591 AD

5.ERNAKULAM

GOL GMBAZ 1626- 1656

5. TRADITIONAL HOUSES
GROUP MEMBERS
ARCHIE BHANAWAT MUKUL CHAUDHARY

JUNUBAFSANA
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
AVINASH GARG ROHAN KHEDKAR
SUBMITTED TO: SMRITI SARASWAT
MEDHAVI JAIN N.V. SHIVANI SNIGDHA
 VERNACULAR HOUSES, KERALA 1. BedRoom:
The house is divided into zones. Within
the private zone are the bedrooms
2. Rice and Coconut storage:
Surrounded within the Western Ghats and Arabian sea, Kerela was not influenced much from
Two leveled storage, lower floor for coconut and
the historical events taking place within the subcontinent.
upper for rice, rice to be kept away from insects and
protected from moisture.
Further, the architecture of Kerela was highly influenced by its peculiar climatic conditions.
It experiences warm and humid climate with heavy rains. Also it lies next to the sea so it gets
the favourable cool breeze. 1 4

CLIMATE RESPONSIVE
Climatic challenge
APPROACH
Warm and humid climate
with no winters
Very heavy south-west and
north-east rains
High humidity
MATERIAL PALLET
Response technique
2
Maximum shading, covered
verandha around the house,
3. Utensil store
wooden jaalis
3 4. Bathroom:
Sloping roofs to protect interiors The bathroom was generally detached from the
from rain and drain of the water. main house. It was a separate structure.
Courtyard and windows for cross 5. Dining hall
ventilatation 6. Kitchen

Tiles for roof surface:

Clay or ceremic tiles 8
Laterite for walls: 5
Grows strongerand durable
7
when exposed to sunlight.
Used with lime mortar.
Walls of wood also.
Timber for structure 7. Nalukettu/Nadumuttom
and roof:
9 There is an open courtyard around which the other
6 rooms are arranged. It works as a passive
Teak, rosewood and
bamboo cooling technique.
Earthwork for flooring:
beaten earth with
cow dung
Stone for plinth

ROOF LINE
the projecting overhang
ROOF
8. Living space
The roofs are the most peculier feature of the housed in Kerela. These are sloping roofs, either hipped or TIMBER POSTS The space where they spend most of their times,
gabled, to slide off the rainwater. support to the roof the area around the Nalukettu or the courtyard
The roofs over hang the house envelope to form a covered verandah. This overhang is supported by
wooden posts. STONE POSTS 9. Chuttu Verandah
main support of The roof extends to create a semi-open space
the roof which surrounds the building. It has pillars that support
the roof overhang.
LEGAND
Doors
The doors were also made of wood.
Sometimes highly ornate.

The structure of the roof is supp-
orted by wooden ridges and
rafters.
The space bellow the pitched
roof is used as an attic.
Roof also has openings for ventilation
and gable windows for the attic.
Windows
Thewindows were also made of wood.
Sometimes very small in size to allow
minimum light and ventilation. Some also
had jaaliwork to avoid sun.

SOURCES: www.academia.edu
en.m.wikipedia.org
GOLCONDA FORT, HYDERABAD Baradari darbar hall is teh highest point on the fort.

There were 8 entrances to the fort including one

Introduction
main entrance.
In the 16th century, Golkonda was the capital and fortress city of the QutbShahi kingdom,
near Hyderabad.
The city was home to one of the most powerful Muslim sultanates in the region and was
the center of a flourishing diamond trade. The fort derives its name
from GollaKonda, which is a Telugu word for Shepherd's Hill. It is believed that a shepherd
boy came across an idol on the hill. This led to the construction of a mud fort by the then
Kakatiya dynasty ruler of the kingdom around the site. The city and fortress are built on a
granite hill that is 120 meters (400 ft) high and is surrounded by massive crenelated
ramparts.

Acoustics
Baradari darbar hall
At Fateh Darwaza can be experienced a fantastic acoustic effect.
A hand clap at a certain point below the dome at the entrance The outer boundry measures 6 km.
reverberates and can be heard clearly at the 'Bala Hisar' pavilion, Devi maa temple
the highest point almost a kilometre away. This worked as a warning
note to the royals in case of an attack.

Taramathi Mosque Materials

Zanana Mosque Lime stone

Granite
Ibrahim Mosque
Mortar and
Rani mahal Powered stone

Ornamentation
Construction Technique
Bala Hissar Gate is the main entrance to the fort located on the eastern side.
It has a pointed arch bordered by rows of scroll work. The spandrels have yalis
and decorated roundels. The area above the door has peacocks with ornate
tails flanking an ornamental arched niche. The granite block lintel below has
sculpted yalis flanking a disc. The design of peacocks and lions is a blend of
Hindu - Muslim architecture.
Fateh Darwaza
( MAIN ENTRANCE )

It is 25 feet high and 13 feet wide.

Long span arcades each
It is built with steel spikes to of thickness 60cm.
protect it from elephants.

SOURCES: www.tutorialspoint.com
www.sankalpindia.net
 GOL GUMBAZ, BIJAPUR

Type Mausoleum
Built by Muhammad Adil Shah
Location Vijayapura (Bijapur), Karnataka
Construction time 1626 - 1656

Built form and Spatial Organisation

-Single chamber structure (18,225 square feet) bigger

than Pantheon in Rome Material and construction
-Part of a complex that includes a mosque, a dharmshala -Dark grey basalt and decorated plaster
(inn for travelers) and other buildings related to the
sovereign's mausoleum. -Interior measures 135 feet on each side.
-3 great blind arches on each facade with cen-
-The real tombs are located below in the basement and tral arch dressed with wooden panels and three
are accessed by a staircase under the western en- rows of arched windows punched through.
trance.

Dome
Internal Arches
-Exterior diameter 133 feet
Arches -Height of 90 feet
-Eight high pointed arches intersect in -Rests on a pendentive
interior of the cube at regular intervals system
-Supports the high circular platform -Built of horizontal cours-
with an opening of 96 feet es of brick with a flat sec-
-Blind arches on Entrance tion at crown.
-Cornice and parapet of the cube is the most
articulated feature of the façade. The cornice
rests on highly carved stone corbels that
project about ten feet (three meters) from the Planning Pattern
Corner Towers wall.
-Incongruous with mausoleum composition
-Seven floors with a projecting cornice
-Row of arched openings marking each level Interesting Facts
-Towers resemble Chinese pagodas more -Above the main entrance, hanging from a chain is a 'bijli patthar'
than minarets (meteorite) that is said to have fallen during Muhammad Adil's
reign believed to guard the tomb from lighting.
-Gallery around the base of the dome which hangs out about 11
feet (3.54 meters) is accessed through the winding staircase in
the four towers is known as the whispering gallery because the
sound reflections from the dome allow the slightest of whisper
to be heard even when standing cross the dome.

SOURCES: www.culturalindia.net
www.archnet.org
VITTHALA TEMPLE, HAMPI 1 2 3

VITTHALA TEMPLE is the most extravagant showpiece of hampi.

BUILT IN: 15th century AD.
HIGHLIGHT: the pillared hall and stone chariot.
ARCHITECTURAL STYLE: Dravidian style
RECTILINEAR PLAN with dimensions of 163m x 94m.

STONE CHARIOT (RATHA) PITHA

GOPURAM Base of the temple (plinth)
SPATIAL ORGANISATION Shrine- designed in the shape of an orna-
(Three towering gateways) Highly ornate
mental chariot dedicated to Garuda.
ARDHA In north, south and east Have 2 parts: Adisthana and Pada
N As per Hindu mythology, Garuda is the car-
MANDAPA directions.
rier of Lord Vishnu.

RANGA-MANDAPA ORNAMENTATION 4
GARBHA GRIHA
GARBHA- MAHAMANDAPA
GRIHA MAHAMANDAPA The sanctum initially
4 1 INTERIORS consisted of an idol of
EXTERIOR
lord Vitthala, now the
temple is devoid of any
MAIN
ANTARALA 2 ENTRANCE idol.
CHARIOT
W E There is a PRADAKSHINA
PATH with pierced wind-
KALYANA ows (jalandhras) to
MANDAPA allow sufficient light and
air.

MATERIALS
S
High compound walls Sixteen intricately decorated pillars with: GRANITE stone.
PLAN: VITTHALA TEMPLE Highly ornate base.
Decorated with carvings of warriors, Beautiful sculptures of Narasimha and Yali,
horses, swans and several other orna- forming a rectangular court.
CLOISTERS mental designs. CEILING is decorated with- LOTUS MOTIFS

Elephant balustrade on the east-

ern steps.

GOPURAM Number of pillars - 40 pillars lines the facad of the temple.

TEMPLE In total there are 56 pillars, 16 in the inn-
er hall.

GOPURAM ACOUSTICS CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES

RANGA MANDAPA: 56 musical pillars

There are a set of main pillars(-
supports the ceiling) and several
Outermost pillars are called musical sets of minor pillars inside the
pillars and produce musical sounds Mantapa.
GOP
URA when tapped.
M
Every main pillar is surrounded by
MATERIAL: carved out of huge single 7 minor pillars, which emit 7 dif-
pieces of resonant stone. ferent musical notes from the
The longer axis is in E-W direction representative musical instru-
with the main entrance in the east. ments.

SOURCES: www.talkativeman.com
en.m.wikipedia.org
BADAMI CAVES
Badami is acknowledged for being the ancient
kingdom of Chalukyas.
In the 6th century, established by Pulakesin I.
Made out of Sandstone hills, Badami Cave Tem-
ples boast of rock-cut architecture.
Featuring a style that blends the Nagara style
from the north with Dravidian elements, the
temples stand on the precipice of a hill and
watch over the surrounding valley like auspi-
cious spiritual windows.
The first three caves feature sculptures of
Hindu icons and legends focusing on Shiva and
Vishnu, while Cave 4 features Jain icons and
themes.
Cave 1
Built around 578 AD, this is believed to be the
earliest of the four temples.
This cave depicts Shiva in his dancing form – as
Nataraja depicted with eighteen arms.
Cave 4
It is dedicated to revered figures of
Jainism and was constructed last
among all the caves.
Smallest among the cave temples.
Cave 2
Dedicated primarily to Lord Vishnu.
The largest relief in Cave 2
depicting the legend of Vishnu
in his Trivikrama form, taking
one of the three steps.
Many Jaina Tirthankara images have been
engraved in the inner pillars and walls.
Cave 3
The largest and most renowned cave
temple in Badami, aso earliest dated
Hindu temple in the Deccan region. Garbagriha
The plan of each of the four caves (1 to 4) Mandapa
includes
-An entrance with a verandah (mukha
mandapa) supported by stone columns
and brackets Mukha mandapa
-Columned mandapa, or main hall
-Square shrine (garbha griha) cut deep
Entrance
inside the cave.
Below the columns is a
frieze consisting of 30
small reliefs of ganas.
-North-south oriented temple.
-Facade of the temple is 21 m wide and is adorned
with a row of six massive columns.
-The main hall toget`her with verandah goes up to
14.5 m deep into the mountain,
-Shrine(garba griha) makes the cave for 4 m deeper.
-The height of the main hall is 4.5 m.
Whole cave is covered with magnificent
adornments, including paintings on the
ceiling.
The centerpiece of these murals is
four-armed Brahma on his swan.
Cave 3 also shows fresco paintings on the
ceiling, some of which are faded and
broken. These are among the earliest
known surviving evidence of fresco paint-
ing in Indian art.
Art in cave 3 provides important infor-
mation about the culture and clothing in
this region in the 6th century.
Brahma on Hamsa vahana carved on ceiling.
SOURCES: www.mysteryofindia.com
en.wikipedia.org