PACHA, JON KENNETH

INFLUENCES TERMS DEFINITION

HISTORY evolved in africa from 2.3M years ago-

Homo habilis, erectus, sapiens. And homo sapiens sapiens
before 9000 BC, farming & agriculture was practiced
1st villages in the middle east, south and central america, india & china
pot-making, metal working, art & architecture
RELIGION no organized religion
MATERIALS animal skin, wooden frames, animal bones
existing or excavated caves
CHARAC

CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM
megalithic, most evident in france, england & ireland
DECORATION sculpture, caves painting in africa, france & spain
single, large upright monolith, serves a religious purpose
MENHIR
consisting of thousands of stones
DOLMEN tomb of standing stones
PRE-HISTORIC

formed by huge stones planted on the ground in circular form

largest stones wight 45 to 50 tons
CROMLECH
stonehenge, england 2800-1500 BC
stones transported by sea or river
GENUINE ARCHITECTURE exterior space
SOLAR OBSERVATORY designed to mark the sun's path during sunrise on midsummer day
passage grave in other term
EXAMPLES

TUMULUS dominant tomb type

corridor inside leading to an underground chamber
mostly had one room
PRIMATIVE DWELLINGS
the room divided into smaller ones for eating, sleeping & socializing
TRULLO dry walled rough stone shelter
conical tent w/ wooden poles
WIGWAM/TEPEE
covered w/ rush mats and an animal skin door
HOGAN primative indian structure of joined logs
innuit (eskimo)
IGLOO
house constructed of hard-snow blocks
NIGERIAN HUT w/ mud walls and roof of palm leaves
IRAQI MUDHIF covered w/ split reed mats, built on a reed platform
SUMATRAN HOUSE built of timber & palm leaves
started as villages on the flat land between tigris & euphrates rivers
"mesopotamia"
HISTORY
city-stated w/ thousands of populations
society of kings, craftsmen, soldiers, farmers, priest
city-states of UR, babbylon, agade, ashur & damascus
2334 BC, king sargon of agade formed the 1st major empire
MESOPOTAMIAN
next is king hammurabi in 1972 BC
invention of writing- pictograms or cuneiform
ASSYRIAN biggest empire conqured mesopotamia, syria, palestine & egypt
PACHA, JON KENNETH

ASSYRIAN king ashurbanipal

begun by Cyrsu the great from 559-529 BC
covered mesopotamia, anatolia, eastern mediterranean,
GEOGRPHY AND GEOLOGY

PERSIAN
bactria, indus & north america
provinces ruled by satrap
guards of the road, tax collectore and contolling the army
SATRAP traded raw materials, carpets and spices
ended w/ the defeat of Darius III to alexander the great of macedonia
RELIGION worship their own god for protection
FERTILE CRESCNET import material like hardwood & metals
ALSO deserts of the arabian peninsula
religious buildings built next to temples
ZIGGURATS
there was a small temple on top
DEVELPOMENT archaic ziggurat 2 or 3 - staged ziggurat
7-staged ziggurat during the assayrian period
EXAMPLES

ZIGGURAT AT UR 2000 BC
PALACES kings celebrated victories,wealth & power by building large palaces
PLATFORM AT PERSEPOLIS 50 years to build. Variety of architectural styles
PARTS audience halls, recept halls, store rooms, military quarters
NEAR EAST

APADANA tallest building w/ 36 columns of 20m height

DWELLINGS known as megaron
PORTICO colonnaded space forming an entrance w/ a roof
mediterranean & red seas
GEORAPHY & CLIMATE
beyond riverbanks, barren dessert & rugged cliffs
wealthy country despite the desert
HISTORY
INFLUENCES

nile river was a trade route, gold from nubia in the south
PHARAOHS gods dwelling on earth
divided into enior priests, officials, noblemen & army commanders
SOCIETY most egyptian were farmers
everything was written on papyrus & stone tablets
sun, moon, stars and animals
RELIGION
dead body had to be preserved to house the spirit
afterlife- life & house is temporary, the tomb is permanent
DESCRIPTION
religion is the dominnat element in egyptian architecture
stone, metals and tinber; mud bricks for houses
MATERIALS
used for monuments & religious buildings
CHARATER

FROOF & OPENINGS not an important consideration. No windows

9-24m thickness at temples
WALL
battery wall- diminishing in width towards the top for stability
mouldings such as "gorge", "hollow" & "roll" was inspired by reed
DECORATION
torus moulding
shaft represented bundle of stems
COMMON OMAMENTS
common capitals used were lotus, papyrus, palm
rectangular flat-topped
MASTABAS
EGYPTIAN

1st type of egyptian tomb

stairway w/ 2 doors one for ritual , second was a false dorodr for spirits
PARTS
column hall,serdab,sarcophagus,Offering chapel;room;table,
EXAMPLES
PACHA, JON KENNETH

EGYPTIAN

massive funerary structure of stone or brick

PYRAMIDS
EXAMPLES
offering chapel. Mortuary chapel, valley building
of zoser, saqqara designed by imhotep
STEP PYRAMID
worlds 1st large-scale monument in stone
most magnificent of pyramids
forms a world-famous building group
PYRAMID @ GIZEH pyramid of cheops (khufu)
pyramid of cheprhen (khafra or khafre)
pyramid of mykerinos (menkaura)
ROCK -CUT or rock-hewn tombs built along hillside for nobility not royalty
MORTUARY TEMPLES worship in honor of pharaohs
CULT TEMPLES worship in hono of god
TEMPLES OF KHONS avenue of shinxes & obelisks fronting pylons
GREAT TEMPLE grandest temple of ammon, kamak, thebes
MAMMISI TEMPLE prototype of the greek
TEMPLES

abu-simbel
GREAT TEMPLE
4 rock cut colossal statues of rameses
PYLONS monumental gateway to the temple
OBELISKS sacred symbol of sun-god heliopolis
OBELISKS PIAZZA of S. Giovanni originally from temple of ammon, kamak
FORTRESSES mostly found on west bank of nile or on islands
FORTRESSES OF BUHEN headquarters & largest fortified town
aegean period (minoan)
HISTORY
civilizations on crete & greek mainland from 1900-1100 BC
RELIGION INFLUENCES

or helladic 1550-1100 BC
AEANMYCENE
continuation of cretan ideas and craftmanship
800-323 BC
HELLENIC PERIOD
dif. Forms of government: oligarchic, tyrannic and democratic
HELLENISTIC PERIOD 323-30 BC. Helenisti empire established greek civilization extended
stage of nature worshi[
AEGEAN RELIGION
CHARACTER

highly develop form of nature worship

AEGEAN rough & massive
HELLENISTIC PERIOD not religious in character, but civic- for the people
EXAMPLES

MATERIALS timber, stone & terra cotta

on island: flat roffing
HOUSES
on mainland:single-storeyes house w/ deep plan
ROCK-CUT or chamber tombs"tholos" tomb Treasury of atreus mycanae
palace of king minos, knos sos
TOMBS

PALACES palace at tyrins

lion gate, mycanae
1 COLUMN hemostyle
2 COLUMN distyle
3 COLUMN tristyle
# OF COLUMNS

4 COLUMN tetrastyle
5 COLUMN pentasytle
6 COLUMN hexastyle
7 COLUMN heptastyle
GREEK
PACHA, JON KENNETH

# OF COLUMNS
GREEK

8 COLUMN
octastyle
9 COLUMN
enneastyle
10 COLUMN
decastyle
12 COLUMN
dodecastyle
GREEK ORDERS
shaft, capital & horizontal entablature
DORIC ORDERS
w/o base, directly on crepidoma
DORIC CAPITALS
the 2 parts are square abacus above & circular bulbous echinus below
DORIC ENTABLATURE
height is 1 & 3/4 times the lower diameter in height
IONIC ORDER
volute or scroll capital
IONIC COLUMN
more slender than DORIC
IONIC ENTABLATURE
height was 2 & 1/4 times the diameter of column
CORINTHIAN ORDER
decorative variant of ionic order
CORINTHIAN COLUMN
base & shaft resembled ionic
CORINTHIAN CAPITAL
much deeper than ionic, 1 & 1/6 diameters high
TEMENOS
enclosure designated as a sacred land
a world-famous building group
propylaea
pinacotheca
statue of athena promachos
erectheion
10 STRUCTURE FORM parthenon
temple of nike apteros
old temple of athena
stoa of eumeses
theater of dionysu
odeon of herodes atticus
THEATER/ODEION carved or hollowed out of the hillside
334-264 BC, rome conqured all of italy and on of the strongest empire
HISTORY
INFLUENCES

800-300 BC among all cities in italy rome bevame the most powerful
etuscan or etruscan 750-146 BC
2 PERIODS roman 146 BC-365 AD develop constitutional republic
provinces run by governors, latin language, roman system of laws
RELIGION polytheistic, several cults
CHARACTER DESCRIPTION etruscans were great builders
COLUMNS

TUSCAN ORDER simplified version of doric order. About 7 diamters high

COMPOSITE ORDER eveolved in 100 AD. Most decorative
TYPE OF VAULTS

CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM adopted columnar & trabeated of greeks

ROMAN

WAGON/BAARREL/TUNNEL sami-circular or wagon-headed, bome on two parallel walls

CROSS VAULT formed by the intersection of two semi-circular vaults of equal span
HEMISPHERICAL DOME or CUPOLA. used over circular structures
DECORATION mosaics
RECTANGULAR TEMPLES malson caree, nime
CIRCULAR TEMPLE the pantheon, rome
FORUM surrounded by a hall, offices, law courts & shops
EXAMPLES

BASILICAS
THERMAE built elaborate public baths throughout the empire
DOMUS prototype for the modern condominium
PACHA, JON KENNETH

EXAMPLES
THEATERS/AMPHITHEATERS for the entertainment of the townpeople
AQUEDUCTS carried water in pipes from the country to the heart of the city
INFLUENCES in 63 BC the romans conquered judea in the eastern mediterranean
HISTORY
EARLY CHRISTIAN

belief that jesus was the christ and the son of god christianity was born
CHARACTER DESCRIPTION highly-infuenced by roman art and aechitecture
ROOF & CEILING further development of trusses
EXAMPLES BASILICAN CHURCHES roman basilicas a models
BAPTISTERIES large separate building from church, sometimes adjoined atrium
TOMBS/CATACOMBS usually domed & enriched w/ lavish mosaic decorations
INFLUENCES HISTORY 285-293 AD the empire split into 2 " Eastern & Western Empire"
CHARACTER DESCRIPTION 1st building constructed were churches
DISTINCTION BASILICAN PLAN early christian
DOOMED,CENTRAL PLAN byzantine
DOMES
BYZANTINE

prevailing motif of byzantine architecture

3 TYPES Of DOMESSIMPLE pendentives & domes are of same sphere
COMPOUND dome of separate sphere
CHURCHES centralized typr of plan
INFLUENCESEXAMPLES

hagia sophian "divine or holy wisdom"

S. SOPHIA CONSTANTINOPLE built by justinian, designed by anthemius of tralles and isidorus
later converted into mosque
S. MARK, VENICE exterior enriched by fine entrance portals, mosaic and marble
charlemagne was barbarian europe's most effective king
HISTORY
art and civilization was restored over europe
RELIGION rise of religious orders
CHARACTER DESCRIPTION art, cathedrals and monastic buildings
CATHEDRALS mostly basilican in plan
BAPTISTERIES nile river was a trade route, gold from nubia in the south
CAMPANILES served as ciiivic monuments, symbols of power
milan, venice,ravenna, oavua, genoa
S. Ambrogio, milan
NORTHERN ITLAY s. zeno maggiore verona
s. fedele, como
ROMANESQUE

s. michelle, pavia
SOUTHERN ITALY richer in design and color
CAFALU CATHEDRAl most distinct romanesque church in sicily
EXAMPLES

MONREALE CATHEDRAL most splendid under norman rule in sicily

CENTRAL ITALY great stone and mineral wealth, brilliant atmosphere
PISA CATHEDRAL one of most famous building groups in the world
BAPTISTERY 39.3m circular plan by dioti salvi
CAMPANILE the learning tower of pisa
FRANCE timber-framed roofs os slate finish & steep to throw off snow
S.MADELAINE VEZELAY easliest pointed cross-vault in france
CENTRAL EUROPE worms cathedral
SPAIN use of horseshoe arch
SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA finest achievement of romanesque in spain
ENGLAND has 3 foundation "old, monastic and new foundation"
PETERBOROUGH CATHEDRAL original timber ceiling over nave
PACHA, JON KENNETH

DURHAM CATHEDRAL rib and panel vaulting w/ pointed arches