SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY
SUMERIANS WIGS- THEY WERE WORN FOR
AND SOCIETY
SCIENCE=SCIENTIA
KNOWLEDGE
MESOPOTAMIA-EARLIEST
REGION
SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION-
EARLIEST CIVILIZATION
NOTABLE INVENTIONS
SUMER CIVILIZATION
CUNEIFORM- THE FIRST
WRITING SYSTEM
URUK CITY IS THE FIRST TRUE
CITY IN THE WORLD
THE GREAT ZIGGURAT OF UR-
ALSO CALLED THE MOUNTAIN
OF GOD.
SAILBOAT -WAS PRIMARILY
INVENTED BE ABLE TO MAKE
TRADE AND TRAVEL
LARGEOVER DISTANCES MORE
EFFICIENT.
WHEEL -FIRST USED FOR
POTTERY 300 YEARS LATER:
TRANSPORTATION
IRRIGATION AND DIKES TO
BRING WATER TO THE SAME
TIME FARMLANDS AND AT
CONTROL OF FLOODING OF
THE RIVERS.
LUNAR CALENDAR- DEVISED BY
SUMER
PLOW- It IS USED TO DIG THE
GROUND WHERE SEEDS
WOULD BE PLANTED.
INDUS CIVILIZATION- their cities
are well known for
having well- organized and
baked brick houses
ROADS- IT MADE THE FLOW OF
TRAFFIC BECOME FASTER AND
MORE ORGANIZED
BRONZE TOOLS.
TOOLS ARE MADE BY TO MAKE
WEAPONS MUCH STRONGER.
BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION
THE HANGING GARDENS-
LEGEND HAS IT THAT KING
NEBUCHADNEZZAR OF
BABYLON HAD THE GARDENS
BUILT AS A GIFT TO HIS WIFE
SEMIRAMIS.
FIRST MAP- created the world's
IN
first map on a clay tablet the
map covers a small region of
Babylonia during the Akkadian
Empire.
ACCORDING TO OSSENDRIJVER,
THE BABYLONIANS VIEWED THE
STARS AND THE CELESTIAL
PHENOMENA AS DIVINE SIGNS
CONVEYED TO PEOPLE
BABYLON- The name is derived
from bav-il or bav- ilim, which
in Akkadian meant “Gate of
God" (or "Gate of the Gods").
given as Babylon in Greek.
SUNDIAL- The earliest type of
timekeeping device
AFRICAN
METALLURGY- IS THE SCIENCE
AND TECHNOLOGY OF METALS
AND ALLOYS
ANCIENT EGYPT
THE LAND OF EGYPT WAS
KNOWN AS KEMET, MEANING
“BLACK LAND” BECAUSE OF
THE RICH DARK SOIL ALONG
THE RIVER.
INK -BLACK AND RED INKS
WERE MADE FROM ORGANIC
AND INORGANIC MATERIAL.
HIEROGLYPHICS- HIEROGLYPH,
A CHARACTER USED IN A
SYSTEM OF PICTORIAL WRITING
COSMETICS- THESE WERE
USED FOR BOTH HEALTH AND
AESTHETIC REASONS.
HEALTH AND WELLNESS
RATHER THAN FOR AESTHETIC
PURPOSES.
SHADOOF- POLE WITH A
BUCKET AND COUNTERWEIGHT
GREAT SPHINX OF GIZA-is A
MYTHICAL CREATURE WITH THE
HEAD OF A HUMAN AND THE
BODY OF A LION.
MUMMIFICATION THE
METHODS OF EMBALMING, OR
TREATING THE DEAD BODY.
EGYPTIANS BELIEVED THAT THE
BODY SHOULD BE PRESERVED
IN ORDER TO BE RECOGNIZED
BY THE SOUL
PAPYRUS A MATERIAL MADE
FROM THE PITH OF THE
PAPYRUS PLANT THAT IS
SIMILAR TO PAPER.
IMHOTEP- PHYSICIAN,
DEVELOPED MEDICINES TO
TREAT DIFFERENT KINDS OF
ILLNESSES.
INDUS VALLEY- it is an ancient
civilization located in present-
day pakistan and northwest
india.
MOHENJO DARO- it proved
that mesopotamia, babylon,
and egypt were not the only
ancient civilizations.
ANCIENT CHINA- It is known to
be one of the oldest and
longest lasting civilizations of
the world.
SERES-The land where the silk
comes from
ABACUS- a counting device
ACUPUNCTURE -It is the
practice of relieving pain,
healing illnesses
CAI LUN- A worker who
invented paper
PORCELAIN- A type of ceramic
clay pottery used to craft vases,
plates, cups, and decorative
furniture
SILK - It is produced by
silkworms that feed on
mulberry leaves and create the
cocoon where they will later
develop.
SERICULTURE – the cultivation
and production of silk was
refined and mastered
GUNPOWDER- Initially used for
fireworks
SILK ROAD- a network of trade
routes that connected different
countries.
ANCIENT GREECE
TWO MAJOR CIVILIZATIONS
MINOANS- occupied the Greek
islands mainly living on Crete.
-The Minoans were mainly
farmers and traders
A MINOAN FRESCO PAINTING
FOUND IN THE MINOAN
PALACE OF KNOSSOS, CRETE.
The capital city of the Minoans
was called KNOSSOS and was
located on THE ISLAND OF
CRETE.
One king named MINOS built a
large maze beneath the palace
to house a beast called
MINOTAUR.
MYCENAEANS -lived on
mainland Greece and the
Peloponnesia.
- the Mycenaeans
were a warlike society.
BEEHIVE TOMBS- also known as
Tholos tombs
It was named such after the
vaulted dome shape of the
main burial chamber that
resembles the shape of a
beehive.
MYCENAEAN WRITING The
Linear B script
MINOANS WRITING- The Linear
A
MINOS was a King of Crete, son
of Zeus and Europa.
LABYRINTH was an ingenious
maze commissioned by King
Minos and designed by the
architect Daedalus.
GREEK GODS
CRONUS- was the ruling Titan
who came to power by
castrating his father Uranus
ZEUS- King of the gods.
Husband and brother of Hera
Symbols include; thunderbolt,
eagle, oak tree, scepter, and
scales
POSEIDON -God of the seas,
earthquakes, and tidal wave.
HADES- God of the underworld,
dead and the riches. His sacred
symbol is his helmet.
DIONYSUS- God of wine,
celebrations, and ecstasy.
Patron god of the art of
theater. Symbols include the
grapevine, ivy, cup, tiger,
panther, leopard.
APOLLO- God of light,
knowledge, healing, plague and
darkness, the arts, music,
poetry, prophecy, archery, the
sun, manly youth, and beauty.
ARES- God of war, violence, and
bloodshed. His symbol is his
spear. His sacred animal is a
dog.
HEPHAESTUS- Master
blacksmith and craftsman of
the gods. God of fire and the
forge.
EROS- God of sexual love and
Beauty. He was also worshiped
as a fertility deity. He was
depicted often carrying a lyre or
bow and arrow.
GREEK GODESS
RHEA- was a Titan goddess of
fertility and motherhood.
HERA- Queen of the gods.
Goddess of marriage and
family. Symbols include the
peacock, pomegranate, crown,
cuckoo, lion, and COW.
DEMETER- Goddess of fertility,
agriculture, nature, and the
seasons. Symbols include the
poppy, wheat, torch, and pig.
ARTEMIS- Goddess of hunt,
virginity, childbirth, archery, the
moon, and all animals.
ATHENA- Virgin goddess of
wisdom, handicrafts, defense,
and strategic warfare. Symbols
include the owl and the olive
tree.
APHRODITE- Goddess of love,
beauty, and desire. Symbols
include the dove, bird, apple,
bee, swan, myrtle, and rose.
HESTIA- Goddess of the hearth
and of the right ordering of
domesticity and the family. One
of the three Virgin goddess.
PERSEPHONE- Queen of the
Underworld. Goddess of spring
time.
GREEK PHILOSOPHERS
One of the first Greek
philosophers to concentrate on
scientific thought was THALES
OF MILETUS.
PYTHAGORAS – The Father Of
Mathematic
He hypothesized that
everything in the universe was
governed by the principles of
mathematics.
SOCRATES- He is best known for
his association with the
Socratic method of question
and answer
PROTAGORAS- he believed that
everything was relative
depending on your individual
point of view
PLATO- argues that the soul is
really an entity distinct from
the body.
ARISTOTLE – The Greek
Philosopher Who Tutored
Alexander. A Student of Plato
The body and soul are not two
separate elements but are one
thing.
HIPPOCRATES-“ Father of the
Western Medicine”
NOTABLE INVENTIONS IN
ANCIENT GREECE
WATERMILLS- helped in the
process of milling and graining
whole grains.
AQUEDUCTS- used to conduct a
water stream across a hollow
or valley.
ODOMETER- was used to
measure the distance covered
by a vehicle
STONE AGES
LITHIC- - Relating to the
use of stone implements in a
specified cultural period.
THE STONE AGE began around
2.6 million years ago.
PALEOLITHIC-Early people
hunted and gathered in caves,
simple huts, or tepees
-paleo means old
EXAMPLES OF STONE & BONE
TOOLS
PEBBLE TOOLS (rock shaped By
the pounding of another stone
to produce tools with a
serrated crest that served as a
chopping blade).
HAND ADZES (tools shaped
From a block of stone to create
a rounded butt and a or curved
cutting edge).
MESOLITHIC- Humans used
small stone tools, now polished
and occasionally made with
points, to serve as spears and
arrows.
NEOLITHIC- Neo means New
also known as the New Stone
Age
MIDDLE AGES Also known as
“DARK AGES”
ALARIC 1 – King of the
Visigoths
VISIGOTHS- The ones who
invaded the Rome thrice
BYZANTINE EMPIRE
Was later renamed
CONSTANTINOPLE, when it was
captured by EMPEROR
CONSTANTINE in the early 4th
century
BYZANTIUM its Capital
EMPEROR JUSTINIAN- Fun fact:
his nose was cut off (later to be
replaced by a solid gold replica
of his original)
SOME NOTABLE WEAPONS
UTILIZED BY BYZANTINE
EMPIRE
 GREEK FIRE
 HANDHELD TREBUCHET
was also called
“CHEIROMANGANA” is a type
of catapult that uses a siege
engine in its mechanism to
throw a projectile. Used in
wars.
TIDAL MILL- like a water mill,
uses water to grind grains
ISLAMIC EMPIRE -Largest
empires in history
KORAN- The holy Book of the
Muslims
STARCH-use to improve their
paper-making Techniques
instead of mullberry bark.
THE HOUSE OF WISDOM- built
in Baghdad around the 8th
century
The first translated works was
PTOLEMY’S “AL-MAGEST”
which described earth-
centered universe
IBN HAYTHAM OR ALHAZEN –
Known as the “Father of
Modern Optics
Devised “Laws of Refraction”
ABU ALI AL-HUSSEIN IBN SINA-
Also known as Avicenna
Physician and Philosopher
wrote al-Qanum fial-Tibb or
The Canon of Medicine.
ABU QASIM KHALAF IBN ABBAS
AL ZAHRAWI- is recognized as
the “Father of Surgery and
considered the great Surgeon
of the middle ages.
MUHAMMAD IBN MUSA AL-
KHWARIZMI- Persian scholar
who developed Algebra.
AL BIRUNI- Proposed the theory
of the earth Rotating in its axis
JABIR IBN HAYYAN- “Father of
Chemistry”
MEDIEVAL EUROPE
CHARLES THE GREAT OR
CHARLEMAGNE- The first
emperor of the Holy Roman
VIKINGS – known to be cruel
warriors
DANE AXE - most commonly
used weapon and as a tool of
Vikings
MAGNETIC COMPASS- which
uses the Sun to help them
navigate the seas.
THE CRUSADE- series of
religious wars sanctioned by
the Latin Church.
CROSSBOW- key invention in
first crusade considered an
essential weapon in battle.
THREE-FIELD SYSTEM- division
of a single piece of land into
three smaller plots where
different seasonal crops would
be planted.
MOST KNOWN TRANSLATORS
OF ARISTOTLE’S WORKS:
AVERROES (1126-1198)
WILLIAM OF MOERBEKE (1215 -
1286)
FRANCISCANS- founded By St.
Francis of Assisi in 1209.
DOMINICANS- founded by St.
Dominic in 1215
ROGER BACON- contributed to
the development of one of
modern -day science greatest
tools .The Scientific method.
ALCHEMY- is an ancient branch
of natural Philosophy that
mainly seeks to convert base
metals into noble metals such
as gold.
ASTROLOGY- connection
between the position of
heavenly and celestial bodies to
the dispelling of human life and
the natural world.
NICHOLAS ORESME-
established the mean speed
Theorem or theorem on
uniform Acceleration.
JOHN BURIDAN- developed a
theorem which he called
impetus.
SCIENTIFIC AND
TECHNOLOGICAL
INNOVATIONS OF THE LATE
MIDDLE AGES
SPECTACLES- a precursor to
modern eyeglasses
MAGNETS- object that
produces a magnetic field
SPINNING WHEEL- Is a device
for spinning thread or yarn
from fibres.
ASTROLABES- It serves as a star
chart and physical model of
visible heavenly bodies.
CLOCKS- is a device used to
measure and indicate time
MODERN AGES
RENAISSANCE- french word
means “rebirth”
JOHANNES GUTENBERG’S -was
the creator of the first movable
printing press.
THE PRINTING PRESS- was used
to reproduce religious texts.
WRITERS AND ARTIST OF THE
RENAISSANCE
DANTE ALIGHIERI- known as
the “FATHER OF ITALIAN
POETRY”.
FRANCESCO PETRARCA- the
FATHER OF HUMANISM
LEONARDO DA VINCI- known
for his works MONALISA , LAST
SUPPER
MICHELANGELO -is famous for
painting the CEILING OF THE
SISTINE CHAPEL IN VATICAN.
RAPHAEL- was known for
embodying both the clear
arrangement of elements and
clarity of form.
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION- a
series of events that marked
the rise of modern science
during the early modern ages.
GALILEO GALILEI -proved
Copernicu’s theory to be
correct.
SIR ISAAC NEWTON- the motion
of the Earth and other celestial
bodies around the Sun.
FUEL- lessening the use of
animals and humans for
mechanical work
BLAST FURNACE- a type of
metallurgical furnace used to
produce industrial metals.
SHEEP FARMING -required less
human effort and provided
larger yields.
SCYTHE- used for cutting both
crops and grass
CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS- an
Italian explorer and navigator
INVENTIONS FOR MARITIME
TRANSPORT: MAST, SAIL AND
STERNPOST RUDDERS
INSTRUMENTS DEVELOPED FOR
NAVIGATION AND VOYAGES:
MARINERS COMPASS,
QUADRANT AND FORESTAFF
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION- a
period characterized by the
shift from agricultural processes
ARNOLD TOYNBEE -the one JAMES WATT- perfected and HENRI BECQUEREL – discovered
who popularized the term patented the STEAM ENGINE radioactivity
“Industrial Revolution.
MATTHEW BOULTON- An MARIE CURIE- discovered
IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY- use industrialist, became interested radioactive elements
of materials such as iron and in the invention and partnered
ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL-
steel with watt.
Telephone
TOBERN BERGMAN- Swedish RICHARD TREVITHICK- the FIRST
CAROLUS LINNAEUS- Father of
metallurgist LOCOMOTIVE
taxonomy
HENRY BESSEMER AND GEORGE STEPHENSON-
JAMES HUTTON- proposed
WILLIAM KELLY- improved the considered to be the FATHER
Gradual Earth mechanism
methods of manufacturing steel OF RAILWAYS
from iron. GEORGES CUVIER- Theory of
ROBERT FULTON- developed
Catastrophism
ROBERT MUSHET- discovered the NORTH RIVER STEAMBOAT
an alloy of iron combining CHARLES LYELL- proposed the
STS IN THE 18TH AND 19TH
carbon and manganese for steel principle of
CENTURY
production. UNIFORMITARIANISM
CHARLES-AUGUSTIN DE
TEXTILE INDUSTRY JEAN BAPTISTE DE LAMARK-
COULOMB- made noteworthy
THEORY OF ACQUIRED
JOHN KAY- invented the Flying progress in the field of physical
CHARACTERISTICS
Shuttle science
CHARLES DARWIN- posits that
SPINNING JENNY ALSO CALLED JOSEPH PRIESTLEY -Discovered
living organisms evolve through
SAXON WHEEL- developed by oxygen
natural selection over time
JAMES HARGREAVES
ANTOINE LAVOISIER- FATHER
GREGOR MENDEL – Father of
RICHARD ARKWRIGHT- WATER OF THE MODERNCHEMISTRY
Genetics
FRAME
- he named oxygen
MAX PLANCK- QUANTUM
SAMUEL CROMPTON- invented
JOHN DALTON- proposed the THEORY
SPINNING MULE
ATOMIC THEORY
ALBERT EINSTEIN- Theory of
HANS CHRISTIAN OERSTED- he Relativity- Photoelectric effect
EDMUND CARTWRIGHT- discovered that electric current
ERWIN SCHRODENGER-
created the POWER LOOM produces magnetic fields.
Quantum mechanics
ELI WHITNEY- invented the MICHAEL FARADAY- construct
ROBERT GODDARD- launched
COLLON GIN his first crude electric motor in
for first successful ROCKET
1821.
JAMES CHADWICK- discovered
JAMES CLERK MAXWELL-
THOMAS SAINT- A cabinet the Neutron
formulate a theory on
maker
electromagnetic radiation
BATHELEMY THIMONNIER-
GEORGE JOHNSTONE STONEY- OSWALD AVERY- discovered
invented the CHAIN STITCH
proposed the theory that that genes and chromosomes
MACHINE
electrons have fundamental are carried by DNA cells.
quantities of electricity.
FRANCIS CRICK AND JAMES
TRANSPORTATION INDUSTRY WATSON- proposed the double
helix model of the
THOMAS NEWCOMEN- WILLIAM ROENTGEN-
deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA
developed the STEAM ENGINE accidentally discovered X-RAYS
ALEXANDER FLEMING-
DENIS PAPIN- inventor of J.J THOMSON- discovered
Penicillin
PRESSURE COOKER electrons
HOWARD FLOREY AND ERNST
CHAIN- Developed the first
antibiotic
NEIL’S JERNE- expounded the
anti- Body formation process
JONAS SALK -developed the
first polio vaccine
ALBERT SABIN -improved on
Salk’s work and produced the
oral polio vaccine
LUC MONTAGNIER-human
Immuno deficiency virus (HIV)
ROBERT GALLO- acquired
immune deficiency syndrome
(AIDS)
DOLLY- first cloning in animals
ORVILLE AND WILBUR
WRIGHT- launched Engine-
powered aircraft
HENRY FORD- launched
AUTOMOBILE
SPUTNIK- first article satellite
APOLLO 11- landed on the
moon in 1969