History Of Architecture:
Pre-Historic, Ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia,
Classical Roman and Greek
PRE-HISTORY: Early Cultures, Paleolithic, Old
Stone Age
Timeline:
 40,000 BCE – Paintings in Ubbir
 30,000 BCE – Animal carvings paintings
(France)
 13,000 BCE – Humans
 12,000 BCE – Humans have scattered and
travelled
 Land bridges
 10,000-5,000 BCE – Neolithic Stone Age
EARLY STRUCTURES:
 Gobekli Tepe, Turkey (9,000 BCE)
 3-meter monolithic pillars
 Stone relief done without metal tools
 Bas relief – Carving on a stone relief
 Nomadic to settled shift of society
 Nabta Playa (6,000 BCE), Egypt
 Place named by the Egyptians
 4500 years earlier than the Stonehenge
 4 meters in diameter
 Used to organize seasons
 Niuheliang Ritual Center, Mongolia
 14 burial mounds and altars over several
mill ridges
 40x60m key building which had a
goddess temple
 Stonehenge, England
 Modified by the Beaker people
 Built and modified in phases, built during
the time of pyramids
 1st – 100m
 2nd – 4.9m high pointed heel stone
 Henge – embankment with a circular plan
 2 alignments
 NE Entrance to northernmost rising
of the moon
 Charge to lunar to solar movement
 Corners coincide with the rising and
setting of winter and summer
solstice
 Also made the bluestone
 Added the sarsen rings and thickthons
 Sarsen – name of local
 Final phase – Bluestone
 Megalith – large stone, combination of menhir,
dolmen and tumulus
 Tumulus – pre-historic burial mound
 Menhir – Upright monolith marking a
burial mound
 Dolmen – arrangement of 2 or more
stones
 Cromlech – enclosed burial ground
 The circle marker of Stonehenge
HOUSES
 The Rock Cave
 Tent-like Structures
 Teepee – animal skin enclosure
 Hogan – mud home
 Wigwam – tree bark, wood framing
 Trullo – stone house
 Yurts – Mongolian house
RISE OF CIVILIZATIONS
 Civilization – process of being civilized
 Showing refinement or restraint, laws, and
rules
MESOPOTAMIA
 Pre-history ended here
 Mesos – middle
 Pothas - river
 Crescent shape Agri region
 Central trade region
 Tigris and Euphrates River
 2 economic orientations
 Downhill
 Uphill – farming
CATAL HUYK
 One of the earliest towns recorded
 Center of the metal trade
 Rectangular flat roofed houses
 No streets/passageways – single attached,
no setback
 One large room with smaller storage
 Large room and lower burial
chamber
 Plastered walls
 Tell – a hillock, enormous mounds
accumulated from the remains of
mud brick
MESOPOTAMIA KEY PLAYERS
Evolved around:  2 residential districts:
 Sumerians – Mesopotamia-based economy  Palace Compound
 First to develop societal systems called  Ziggurat Compound – Etemenanki
Ubaids  Dedicated to Murduk
 Akkadians – under the rule of Sargon  Literal candidate for the tower of
 Wide use of metal Babel
 Loyalty to the rules concept (Kings,  Corners face the cardinal points
rulers)  Fire altar found at top
 Assyrians  Summer Palace
 Built bridges, tunnels, moat and even  Located between the Ishtar Gate and
weapons Euphrates River
 Control over Egypt, Nile River valley  Probably contained the Hanging Gardens
 Whole city as a palace  Irrigation by chain pumps
 Seraglio – palace proper  Plants placed above grade line
 Harem – private family  Ishtar Gate
room/apartment  Icon of Mesopotamian architecture
 Khan – service chamber  The end of a processional way from the
 Building Materials: palace to the temple of Ishtar of Agade
 Mud and Timber
 First Writing system: Cuneiform INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
 Built the Ziggurats  Did not develop ritual sites or practical burial
sites
ZIGGURAT AT UR  First to develop proto-urban environments
 Most impressive at the time  Grain cultivation
 Vestibule – transitory space  Multi-room granaries with no doors, grain
 Made of square flat bricks, mortared bitumen was fed from the top (silo)
 Painted Terraces:  First Civilization
 Lowest: White (Apsy)  Defensive walls, interconnected drainage,
 Middle: Black (Fen) dams, holding tanks, shallow man-made
 Top: Red (Sun-burnt air) lakes, road networks, uptown and
 Topmost: Blue (heavens) downtown
 Dholavira Region
ASSYRIANS  Reverse hydro-engineering problem
 Dur Sharruukin
 Massiveness, monumentality, grandeur MOHENJO-DARO
 Building materials:  Dominant city of the southern Indus
 Kiln dried mud  Prone to huge flash floods
 Arch and Vault  Longest area where raised bricks are
 City Palace platforms, having series of culverts
 Chiseled alabaster  Inward looking neighborhood
 Battlement and Crestings  Streets are lined with blank wall houses
 Built by Sargon II
 Symbols: THE GREAT BATH
 Lamassu/Apsasu – female with 5  Pioneered the public baths
legs  A city social center
 Shedu – male with 5 legs
 12 x 7 x 3 meters pool can be accessed by
stairs, of the north and south
BABYLONIANS
 Drawn to the lowlands
 During the decline of Assyrian power under
 Materials: brunt bricks with Bitumen for
Nebuchadnezzar
waterproofing
 Last great Mesopotamian city
HARAPPA  Pyramid of the Sun
 Built over 7 times due to flash floods  Largest area
 Central drain at the entrance gate  Pyramid of the Moon
 2nd largest area
MESO-AMERICAN CIVILIZATION
 Agricultural productivity AZTEC
 Village farming  Land of white Herons
 Early formative years:  Built the city of Technotitlan
 Temple-pyramid building, pottery  Technotitlan
 Evolved around the ff places:  Capital of Aztec empire
 Olmec  13 sq. m
 Maya  Largest residential concentration
 Teotihuacan  Destroyed by Herman Cortez
 Aztec

OLMEC
 The original people, first meso-American
civilization
 Known for extraordinary stone heads
 Extracted latex, “rubber people”
 Thlacti – court or ring
 Allama game
 Middle formative years:
 Rise of la venta urban complex
 Late formative years:
 Mayan, Aztec, Zapotec, Teotihuacan
Civilization

PLACES
 Tikal
 Tapered design style (ziggurat-like) THE RISE OF EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
 Ceremonial center  Hieroglyphs
 Largest of the Mayan principal cities  Rosetta stone – key to deciphering the
 Comprised of plazas Egyptian hieroglyphs
 Palenque  A granodionte stele
 Buildings are plastered to have a smooth  Stele – marker
finish  Decree by Ptolemy V in 3 different
 Temple of versions
 Inserptions  Top: Hieroglyph script
 Teotihuacan  Middle: Demotic Script
 City of gods, most important largest city,  Bottom: Greek Spirit
origin are unknown  Periods
 Old Kingdom
AVENUE/PROCESSION  Stability during the 3rd___ of Zoser
 Avenue of the Ahead  Middle Kingdom
 2.4 km x 40 m road that connects all the  New Empire
buildings
 Citadel (Ciudadela) MORTUARY TEMPLE ZOSER
 Southside  Buildings = accomplishments
 “Lion Face”  Mansion of Ptah (Hykuptah)
  Greek – aguptas
 Enclosed by walks with 1.5m gateway MIDDLE KINGDOM
 Column site height imposes divinity  Shift from Pyramids to tomb temples
 Rock-cut Temple Types:
PARTS OF A MASTABA  Mortuary – pharaohs
 Burial chamber with option of stele  Cult – Gods
 Offering chapel  Rock-cut – Nobles
 Serdab  Transition period Middle Kingdom and New
 Sarcophagus Chamber Empire
 Development of Mastaba  Mentuhitep II
 Stepped Pyramid built by  First to develop rock-cute tombs
Imhotep  Senusrets
 Erected the last Obelisk
SNEFRU (15th Dynasty)
 Built step-faced pyramid at medium which was MORTUARY TEMPLE OF HATSHEPSUT
unfinished and abandoned (Der-el Bahan)
 Bent Pyramid – planned to be 150m  Most impressive rock-cut temple
 Step-faced Pyramid  Built by Senmut (djeseru-djeseru)
 Failed, came back for 2nd time  Dedicated to Hatnor
 Used a less durable material
 Red Pyramid GREAT TEMPLE OF AMMON, KARNAK
 "First true pyramid”  Grandest of all Egyptian temples
 Burial place of Snefru  Regardless of rock-cut or other material
 Harmonious proportions
 Perfect system of tomb chambers  Rulers:
 Amenemhat I – first build
 Thotmes I – first additions
PYRAMIDS OF GIZA  Ramses I – Hypostyle Hall
 Thi – royal architect and supervisor of the  Parts:
pyramid complex  Entry Pylon
 The sides (not corners) face the cardinal points  Hypostyle Hall
 Hypaethral Court
 3 Pyramids:  Sanctuary
 Pyramid of Khufu – biggest area
 Pyramid of Khafre - tallest TEMPLE OF LUXOR, KARNAK
 Pyramid of Menkaure – smallest  Contains the avenue of the Sphinx
 Androsphinx – man
 Parts of the Pyramid Complex:  Heiraosphinx - hawk
 Valley Building – embalmment  Criosphinx – ram
 Elevated Causeway – parade
 Mortuary Temple – mourning TEMPLE OF ABU-SIMBEL
 Pyramid – burial  Built by Rameses II
 Valley Temple of Khafre  Pinnacle of Egyptian rock-cut temples
 Most stupendous rock-cut temple
 Shape and Orientation:  Very delicate, almost impossible
 To not cast shadows  4 Colossal Figures depicting Rameses II
 Place where one ascends  22 meters
 Cardinal points represents heaven  Children are at his legs area
 Method of Construction
 System of ramps from the inside out EGYPTIAN COLUMNS AND CAPITALS
 First to develop the column as more than a load  Looted and burned by Alexander the
bearing Great
 Lotus
 Papyrus  Other Developments:
 Palm Leaf  European developments
 Javase  Barrow Tombs
 A chamber-built throne stone slab
STRUCTURES AND ARCHITECTS GREEK
 Pharos – Lighthouse  Democracy, theatres
 Aegean Civilization
THE GREAT SERAPUM  Bronze age civilization of Greece, around
 Largest the Aegean Seam
 Serapis  Mainland Greece, Cyclades
 Dedicated to all of Alexandria
AEGEAN: MINOAN PERIOD
SUMMARY  Centered in Crete
 Massiveness, monumental, God-like, grandeur,  Famous for the Palace Knossos
simplicity
 Mud, brick, stones – main material PALACE COMPLEX AT KNOSSOS
 Columnar and trabeated construction  3 acres
 Gorge and Turus moldings  Baths, toilets
 Hieroglyphics  Civic, religious, economic
 16 Storage rooms (Magazines)
THE PERSIAN EMPIRE  Roughness, massiveness, frescoes
 Major player in western and centra asia  A place of extensive high color just as the
 Expanded after the collapse of the Egyptian, Greek Buildings
Assyrian, and Babylonian empire  Uses cypress columns that tapered down
 Black – Shale
 Persepolis  White – Hydrated Lime
 City of Persians  Red - Hematite
 300 x 450 m with complex drainage  Yellow – Ochre
 Cistern, water channels on its foundation  Blue – Silicate
 Palace Complex at Persepolis
 The biggest palace in Mesopotamia TYPES OF WALL CONSTRUCTION
 Apadana  Cyclopean (blocks)
 Built by King Darius, finished by Xerxes  Polygonal
 Largest and most magnificent building  Rectangular (doweled)
used by King as a reception place
 Throne Hall PALACE OF KING MINOS
 Started by Xerxes  Had a labyrinth constructed to retain his son,
the Minotaur
 2nd longest building and known as the hall
and known as the “Gate of All Nations”  Built by Architect Daedalus (Father of Icarus)
 Treasury  Destroyed by a volcanic eruption
 Served as armory and royal  Mycenean Sea Trade
 Palace of Darius
MYCENEAN PERIOD
 Palace of Xerxes
 Megaron – Hall
 Council Hall
 Citadel – fortified portion of a city, cyclopen
 3 entrances to the royal apartments one of
walls consisting of boulders
which lend into the harem
 Lion’s Gate
 Also, a dynastic burial site
 Tholos – treasury
  Finely built beehive tomb  Curvature who carried and applied on
 Made from finely at ashlar blocks nearly every horizontal line
 Entrance has 2 ½  Entasis – slight bulge in the column (20mm)
 Green porphyry
 Erechtheum
HELLENIC PERIOD/CLASSICAL GREECE  Named after Erectheus
 Emergence of the 3 Orders:  Mystical founder of Africa
 Doric – made by the Dorians  Celebration of the founding myth of
 Ionic Athens
 Corinthian  Typical Structure:
 Notable Spaces:  Stadium
 Agora - marketplace  Hippodrome
 Stoa – Long colonnaded building  Parts of a Theatre
 Prytaneion – Senate House GREEK ARCH
 Bouleuterion – Council House  Simplicity and beauty, pure lines, perfection
 Odion – Theatre and perspective
 Marble (temples)
FAMOUS GREEK TEMPLE  Columnar and trabeated
 Mud brock, thatched roof  Temple construction
 Parts:
 Pediment ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
 Entablature  Etruscan
 Frieze, architrave  Masonry, arcuated system, introduced
 Column concrete
 Shaft and Capital  Tuscan order
 Crepidoma  Oriented south – temples
 Classical Roman
IONIC ORDER  Expanded under Hadrian
 City of Ionia  Cities had streets, squares, foundations,
 Capital gates, public buildings
 Caput  Based from Castrum
 Kranion – Greek, skull  Forum – marketplace
 Column Shaft and used to be monolithic
 Triglyph  Places
 Metopes  Temples
 Chepis/Crepidoma  Thermae – public bath
 Aqueduct
CORINTHIAN ORDER  Pons – bridge
 City State of Corinth  Amphitheater
 Slender/fluted  Supercolumnation
 Acropolis  All columns on display (Doric, Ionic,
 Propylaea – entrance Corinthian)
 Pinacotheca – gallery of paintings
 Parthenon  Dwellings
 Ictinus  Domus
 Hekatomredos (100 ft.)  Villa
 Phidias  Insula
 Restoration drawing by Jacques Carrey
 Stylobate – section of a large sphere ROMAN BATH
 Thermae
  Named after the temperature of water  Central fire heating
 Tepidarium  Lost for the great fire in London
 Lukewarm water (most common –  Uses thatch roofing in slate
aqueducts)  Motte and Bailey
 Frigidarium  Motte – hill where the wooden keep is
 Cold weather (most common - aqueducts)  Bailey – the fortified keeping area
 Sudatorium  Palisade - wood round
 Sweat reinforcement (Pale is 1 wood
 Caldarium plank)
 Hot  Stone Keep
 1 entrance and 1 exit
SUMMARY:  Covered with a fortified wall
 Vastness, ostentation, ornateness  Has a moat, drawbridge, keep
 Concrete  Castle
 Arches, vaults, columns beam construction  Commoners are included in the area
 Statues, mosaics, frescoes  For defense, prove supremacy
 Parts:
LECTURE 2:  Enciente – curtain wall
Early Christian, Byzantine, Romanesque, Gothic,  Talus – slope
Renaissance  Battlements – merlon and crenel
 Moat – body of water surrounding
FALL ROME the castle
 Hun Invasion – indirect invasion, Mongolia  Drawbridge - to cross the moat
raided the surrounding Roman empire  Gate House (Barbican) – portcullis
 Political instability/corruption gate, murder holes
 Attack of Barbarians and Germanic Tribes  Loopholes – snipers
 Visigoths, Vandals, Saxons  Machicolations
 Fortified Towers
 Financial crisis – labor of tax problems,
fortified kingdom  Forts
 Rise of the east (Roman) Empire – Byzantium  Fortis – very strong
 Rise of Christianity – edict of Milan  Hillforts – fort on a hill
Constantine  Become absolute with the
introduction of cannons
 Weakened army
 Starforts
 Summary – no money, many attacks, armies
 Allows enemies to be concentrated
are weakened
in pockets
 Less damage to forts
DARK AGE/MEDIEVAL AGE:
 Explosive shells, reverted back to trench
 Between fall of Rome and Renaissance 5th t 15th
building
century
 Demographic cultural, economic, deterioration
EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE
in Western Europe
 Before Christianity was practiced in catacombs
CHIEF STRUCTURES:  Edict of Milan – rise of Christianity
 Houses
CHURCHES
 Building used whatever material was
available  Were converted Roman basilica, entry
moved to side
 Walls are Daub and Wattle
 Still roman in characters but simpler
 A-frame that carries the house, open
executed and coarsely
timber ceiling
 Built over the burial place of its dedicated
 Chucked Frame House
saint
 2 rooms, people, and animals
  Confession – marker  Eastern side of Rome
 Baldacchino – canopy over the dead  Byzantium (Constantinople) was made capital
saint in a cathedral of eastern roman empire
 Basilican Churches  Flourished because of Justinian I
 Belfry – campanile  Defensive walls – 12m high
 Baptisteries – building for baptism  Churches
 Widely spaced columns, semi-circular  Roman System – mosaics
arches  Have mosaics or frescoes following the
 Archivolt - lower curve of an arch from social order of Victorian decoration
impost to impost of the columns  Greek Cross plan – equal horizontal and
 Atrium – forecourt with fountain of vertical axis
ablution  Victorian Decoration
 Parts  Pendentive – pictures of the 4 evangelists
 Atrium (Matthew, Mark, Luke, John)
 Stoup – fountain of ablution  Apse – virgin and child mosaic
 Narthex – covered area between the  Transept – intersecting the nave at right
atrium and the church angles
 Nave – central aisle  Domes - Made from stone bricks and
 Aisle – ½ the nave concrete
 Choir – partially enclosed by a cancelli or  Dome
low screen  Simple Dome – dome and pendentive as
 Ambo – pulpit or gospel and epistle one
reading  Compound Dome – dome and pendentive
 Confessio – high altar marking the saint are separate or drum dome
 Bema – stage for clergy  Melon Shaped Dome
 Apse – facing east, entrance to the west,  Byzantine Capital
sanctuary, bishop’s area  Arch
 Dosseret Block
MONASTERIES  Column Capital
 Refuge for persecuted Christians  Column Shaft
 Parts:  Byzantine Column Types
 Cloister – open courtyard that connects  Cushion capital
the various buildings of the monastery by  Bird and basket
means of a covered walkway of a
 Wind Swept Acanthus
Monastic church
 Column symbols:
 Scriptorium – for reading scripture
 Peacock: Eternal life
 Refectory – dining area
 Endless Knot: Eternity
 Hostelry – discussion space for business
 Chapter house – house of monastery ICONOCLAST MOVEMENT
leader
 Defacement movement
 Accession of Emperor Leo III
SUMMARY:
 Defended the empire from Arabs
 Simplicity in design, coarseness, in execution
 Cleansed the church and images, exiled
 Built from ruins of roman buildings
iconophiles
 Arcuated and trabeated – post and lintel, and
arches
STRUCTURES
 Coarse variation of Roman molding and
 Hagia Irene
mosaics
 Constructed by Constantine
 Timber trusses for roof
Reconstructed by Justinian I
 Not converted to a mosque
BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE
  1 of 3 shrines (Holy Peace)  Qibla – wall
 Model church o Hagia Sophia  Mihrab – Prayer niche
 Hagia Sophia Holy Grand Mosque  Mimbar – Pulpit
 Rebuilt by Justinian I  Surface Ornaments:
 2 of 3 shrines (Holy Wisdom)  Mnemonics Inscription
 Designed by Anthemius of Tralles,  Superimposed ornaments – plants
Isidores of Miletus  Mugarnas – stalactite ornaments
 Sultan Ahbed Mosque
 Blue Mosque STRUCTURES:
 Same design principle of Hagia Sophia  Al-Ahram Mosque (Mecca)
 Built by Ahmed I  Kaaba
 Where all mosques point at
 5 main domes, 6 minarets
 Gate of heaven
 Iznic Style Ceramic Styles
 Cardinal stone
 Byzantine Bath of the upper town, Thessaloniki
 Contains the black stone
 Kuse Hamman  Covered by the Kiswah – cloth
 St. Basil’s Cathedral  Dome of the Rock
 Barma and Pornik  Patterned after the Byzantine style
 Other areas:
SUMMARY
 Mughal – Muslim architecture of India
 Grand exterior, richness in interior
 Moorish - Muslim architecture of Spain
 First used at domes, and pendentives
 Ottoman - Muslim architecture of Turkey
 Arcuated and trabeated construction
 Roman moldings, frescoes, mosaics MUGHAL
 Amalgam of Islamic, Persian, Turkic, Indian
architecture
 Shah Jahan
 Bulbous domes, slender minarets, delicate
ornamentation
 Marble inlay – Parchinkari
 Places:
 Lahore Fort
 Built by Akbar
 Elephant shapes
 Taj Mahal
 Shah Hajan, Parchinka
 Sali – decoration, perforated stone,
screen
MOORISH
 The Moors, located in Spain
 Horseshoe arch, polylobed, lambrequin arches
 Decorative tilework – Zellij or Dzuelo
ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE  Arches:
 Decorated with abstract pattern, foliage, motifs,  Polylobed Arch – circles
and calligraphy  Lambrequin Arch – cutouts/organic
 Bulbous dome, horeshoe arch, ogee arch carving
 Mosque  Horseshoe Arch – curved
 Minaret – tower  The Mezquita
 Iwan – portal to atrium  Great Mosque of Cardoba
 Sahn – atrium or arch courtyard  Cathedral Our Lady of Assumption
 Fawwara – fountain
  Higher influential or subsequently  St. Mary Magdalene Cathedral
Moorish Architecture  Vezelay Abbey
 Hypostyle Hall  Notre Dame du Port
 Notre Dame la Grande
OTTOMAN  Aix la Chapelle Cathedral
 Camlica Mosque  Tombhouse of Charlemagne
 Largest mosque in Turkey  Worms Cathedral
 Other structures:  2 apses
 Khan (Caravanserai) – inns for travelers
 Hammams – public baths SUMMARY:
 Sober and dignified
ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE  Stones and bricks
 Ottoman-like architecture  Arcuated rib, 55 panel constellation
 Uses round arches, simple vaults, and  Vegetable origin
Corinthian capitals  Rose window
 Uses Latin Cross Plan
 Basilican type planning with transept GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
 Blind arches – imposed on a wall  Crockets
 Pilasters – column as décor, not load bearing  a small, independent, sharply projecting
 Moldings – vegetable form medieval ornament, usually occurring in
 Portal Design – rows, and decorated with foliage
 Tympanum – upper design  Steeples –
 Trumeau – center column at entrance  tall ornamental tower, sometimes a belfry,
doorway usually attached to an ecclesiastical or
 Order – offset portal lining public building
 Timber/Barrelt Vaults  Pinnacles
 Principle of Equilibirum  Glass Window
 Rib and Panel Vaulting  Lancet arch
 Latin Cross Plan
VAULTING  Lady Chapel – Virgin mary
 Types  Spires
 Fan Vault  Towers
 Quadripartite Vault – 4 panels  Gargoyles
 Sexpartite Vault – 6 panels  Flying Buttress
 Intersection of Vaults  Triforium
 Boss – decorative pendant is the center  an interior gallery, opening onto the tall
central space of a building at an upper
WINDOWS level. In a church, it opens onto the nave
 Wheel Window – mullions like the spokes of from above the side aisles
the weel  Respond area
 Rose Window – circular window, stained glass  Traceries
filled with tracery  architectural device by which windows
are divided into sections of various
SPACES proportions by stone bars or ribs of
 Pisa Complex (Buscheto) molding
 Pisa cathedral
 Bapitstery by Diotisalvi ENGLISH GOTHIC
 Campanile – Leaning Tower of Pisa  Tracery
(Bonnano Pisano)  Geometric tracery – 3 circles
 Campo Santo – cemetery  Intersecting tracery
  Reticulated tracery  Largest medieval cathedral
 Flowing tracery – leaf shaped elements
 Perpendicular tracery SUMMARY
 Black death  Lofty and aspiring
 Grid-like  Stones and timber
 Westminster Abbey  Arcuated, lancet arches, and flying buttresses
 York Cathedral construction
 East windows are medieval stained glass  Stained glass décor
 Canterbury Cathedral  Arcaded windows
 Fan vault
 Central pendant is called Lozenge RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
 Durham Cathedral  Rebirth, revival of the classical arts
 Rib vault  Human proportions
 Different arts and sciences flourished
FRENCH GOTHIC  Standardization of the 5 Classical Orders
 Abbey of St. Denis  Glacomo Barozzi da Vignola
 Notre Dame de Paris  Proportions derived from actual
 Chartres Cathedral – 160 stained windows measurements of Kolman monuments
 Rheims Cathedral – Coronation of Kings  Dome on a drum – 2nd celebration of domes
 Amiens Cathedra
 Most ornate wood cathedral CHURCHES
 Not symmetrical  St. Peter’s Basilica
 Robert Luzarenes  Donatello Bramonte - 1st renaissance
 Portal Angels architect
 Beauvais Cathedral  Michelangelo Buonarotti – Dome
 Notre Dame d’ Epine construction, and Greek Cross Plan
 Flamboyant  Raphael – introduced the Latin Cross plan
 Carlo Maderna – lengthened the nave,
BELGIAN GOTHIC longer entrance
 Antwerp Cathedral – 400 ft spire  Domenico Fontana- obelisk and piazza
added
GERMAN GOTHIC  Pernini – designed the entrance piazza,
 General use of bricks added the colonnade
 Cologne Cathedral – tower is higher than spire  284 Tuscan columns
 Baldacchino twisted columns
 Vim Cathedral – tallest spire in Europe (162m)
 Florence Cathedral
ITALIAN GOTHIC  Arnolfo di Cambrio
 Flatness of roof, Colored mande stripes,  Dome; Filippo Brunelleschi
abundance of pinnacles  Tempietto
 Milan Cathedral  Donatello Bramante
 3rd lagest church in Europe  Church to St. Peter (dedication)
 Sienna Cathedral  Santa Maria Novella
 Striped marble design  Scroll-like design
 Doge’s Palace
 Doge of Venice PALACES
 Palazzo
SPANISH GOTHIC  Have cistylar face (without pilaster)
 French and Moorish influences  Always has a garden
 Single span  Rusticated masonry
 Seville Cathedral  Use of quoins
  Alternating round and triangular  Symmetry on dome
pediments
 Palazzo Piti
 Filippo Brunelleschi

ARCHITECTS
 Donatello Bramante
 Filippo Brunelleschi
 Arnulf di Cambrio
 Domenico Fontana
 Michaelangelo
 Lorenzo Ghilberti
 Andrea Palladio

PALLADIAN ARCHITECTURE
LECTURE 2:
 Piano Nobile Industrial Age, Revivalism, Post Modernism,
 Ground floor of renaissance palazzo Modern Building Types
 the main reception rooms were in an
upper story, usually the story immediately INDUSTRIAL AGE
above the basement or ground floor  Iron and Steel
 Temple and Portico façade  Shift from agricultural to industrial
 Villa Rotunda economy
 Model for most civic buildings today  Migration to cities – utilitarian
architecture
FRENCH RENAISSANCE
 Gothic, savare plan PLACES
 Chateau – French palazzo  Crystal palace
 Chateau de Bois – famous for its staircase  Joseph Paxton
 Chateau de Chenonceaux – palace/bridge  3,300 iron columns in 22 weeks
 Great exhibition 1851
ENGLISH RENAISSANCE  Eiffel Tower
 Large windows, ornate façade, stronger use of  Gustave Eiffel
classical details  Iron Bridge
 St. Paul’s Cathedral  Abraham Darby
 Sir Christopher Wren  Bliss Mills
 Model for U.S. Capitol Dome  Cast iron skeleton with brick walls
 Miag-ao Church, Philippines  Brick vaulted ceiling
 Stature on top of a scroll  Decline in aesthetics

OTHERS REVIVALISM
 Diocese of Rome Italy, major basilicas:  18th – 19th century
 Saint Mary Major  Classical revival, temple-like
 St. Peter’s Basilica  Use of Greek and Roman Classical elements
 Basilica of St. Paul, outside the walls
 Basilica of St. John Lateran SPACES
 The Pantheon in Paris
SUMMARY  Mausoleum for distinguishing for French
 Dignity and Formality Citizens
 Column, beam, arch construction  Jacques Germaine Scoufflot
 Frescoes, wood carving, scrolls as decors  Arc de Triomphe
  Edifice  Red house
 Show roman temples used to look like  Philip Webb
 Château de Bénouville  Finest example
 Presented by Claude Nicolas Ledoux  California Bungalow
 Ideal city of Chaux  American craftsmanship
 La Madeleine, Paris  The Prairie School
 For Napoleon’s army  Based the ideal of the movement
 Mary Magdalene named after  Frank Lloyd Wright

Finland SPACES:
 Helsinki Cathedral  Harold Bradley House
 Greek Cross plan, Ludwig Engel  Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright
Greece  Robie House
 Academy of Athens  Frank Lloyd Wright
 Theophil Hansen
 1 of 3 triology ART NOVEAU
 Athens University (2)  Founded by Victor Horta
 National Library of Greece (3)  New art, Style Noville (Noodle style)
USA  Organic, dynamic forms, whiplash lines,
 US Capitol Building experiment with ellipsoidal forms
 William Thornton
 Terms
 Dome: Thomas Walter
London  France – Le Moderne Style
 Palace of Westminster  Germany – Jugendstil
 Charles Barry, Augustus Purin  Austria – Sezessione
Germany  Italy – Stile Liberty
 Altes Museum  Spain – Modernismo
 Netherlands – Nieuwe Kunst / Stijl
MODERN ARCHITECTURE
 19TH century Belgium
 Modernism  Hotel Tassel – first appearance of Art Noveau
 Desire to create new forms of art or architecture
philosophy reflecting the newly emerging  Horta House
industrial world France
 Pioneers  Castel Beranger
 Louis Sullivan – Wainwright Building  Hector Guimara
 Otto Wagner - Kansplatz  Art Noveau apartments in Paris
 Peter Behrens - AG  Lazirotte Building
 Auguste Perret – Town Hall  Jules Lazirotte
 Hendrick Berlage  Must be flamboyant
Germany
ARTS AND CRAFTS  Hackesche Hole
 Art Noveau – craftsmanship, detail furniture  Auguse Endell
 William Morris, Augustus Pugin, John  Polychrome glazed brick
Kuskin Austria
 Craftsmanship  Museum der Wiener
 Popukanzea, “The Bungalow”  Joseph Maria Olbrich
 Variety of materials  Kansplatz
 Asymmetry  Otto Wagner (founder of modernism in
 Places Austria)
Italy  Round, streamlined edges
 Villirio Ruggeri  Sunbursts, metal inlay
 Giuseppes Brega  Encryption motifs
Spain  Chrome interiors
 Sagrada de Familia  Quarter circle windows
 Antonio Gaudi
 Church of the poor SPACES
 Casa Mila  Chrysler building
 Antonio Gaudi  William Van Alen
 Stone Quarry  Tallest art deco skyscraper
 Casa Batllo  Spire sunbursts
 Antonio Gaudi  Manila Metropolitan Theater
 Lance of St. George piercing the back of  Juan Arellano
the dragon
 Polychrome tiles POSTMODERNISM
Netherlands  Reaction to the lack of variety of the
 Beurs van Beriage international style, neo-futurism,
 Hendrik Petrus Beriage deconstructivism
 More on geometric style  Louis Sullivan
 American Hotel  Form follows function
 Hendrik Perlus Beriage  Robert Venturi
 Less is a bore
INTERNATIONAL STYLE  Ludwig Mies Van der Rohe
 Owed little to the past  Less is more
 Flat roofs, cantilevered decks, horizontal  Philip Johnson
windows  1st Pritzker Prize winner
 Waste of space
SPACES
 Bauhaus SPACES
 Walter Gropius  The Guild House
 Produce a new guild of craftsmen  Robert Venturi
 De Stijl  One of the earliest expression
 The style  Vanna Venturi House
 Neoplasticism, cubist, plain white walls,  Robert Venturi
colored tiles, arranged windows  Symbols of postmodern movement
 Riedver Schrocles House  Portland Building
 Michael Graves
EXPRESSIONIST  First postmodern tall office building
 Explored the sculptural qualities of concrete  AT & T Building
 Einstein Tower  Philip Johnson
 Geodesic Dome – made of triangles  Chippendale movement
 Buckminster Fuller
 Sanatorium SKYSCRAPERS
 Alvar Aalto  Einstein Otis – safety device
 Louis Sullivan – Dankmar Adler
ART DECO
 10 storeys and above
 Arts decoratifs
 CBUH – has authority on official height
 Represented luxury, glamour, exuberance, faith
in social and technological progress
 Wainwright Building
 Design style
 Louis Sullivan and Dankmar Adler
 Flat Iron Building  Baikoudousan Architects and Engineers
 Daniel Burnham  Bank of China Tower, HK
 6ft. wide corners, 8m, 22 storeys  Ieoh Ming Pei
 Seagram Building  Bahrain World Center
 Mies Van Der Rohe  Wind turbines design
 First all-glass cladded building  Atkins
 Mile High Tower  Torre Glories (Torres Agbar) Spain
 Frank Llyod Wright  Jean Nouvel
 Unbuilt and conceptual only  Phallic character
 Empire State Building  30 St. Mary Axe, The Gherkin
 Shreve, Lamb, Harmon  Norman Foster
 100 floors, 102 floors/381 meters  Only carved glass at the lens at the top
 Woolworth Building  Central Park Tower
 Cathedral like spire  Adrian Smith and Gordon Gill
 Cathedral of Commerce  Lakha Coates St. Petersburg
 General Electric Building (GEB)  RMJM
 John Walter Building  Tallest building in Europe
 World Trade Center  Lotte World Tower
 Minoru Yamasaki  Kohn Pederson Fox
 One World Trade Center  Abraj Al-Bait Clock Tower, KSA
 David Childs, SOM  SL Rasch GMBH
 Tallest building in the western hemisphere  Burj Khalifa
 Dewitt Chestnut Apartments, Chicago  Adrian Smith, SOM
 Framed tube structural system, seen as 1  Tallest building in the world
tube  Great Mosque of Samara
 Fazlar Kahman Khan, SOM  828 m
 120 m
 Willis Tower GREAT MODERN HOUSES
 Highest skyscraper, 1974  Concrete and glass, dramatic settings, unusual
 Petronas Twin Tower interior plans
 Cesar Pelli
 Tallest twin towers SPACES
 Jin Mao Tower  Villa Savoye, Poissy
 Adrian Smith, SOM  Le Corbusier
 88 floors, 1/8 additional floors, 16 storeys  Pilotis
 Shanghai World Financial Center  Free Plan
 Free Façade
 Bottle opener style
 Ribbon Window
 Shanghai Tower
 Roof Garden
 2nd tallest
 Falling Water/Kauffman House
 Tallest twisted building
 FLW
 Taipei 101
 From the earth like a natural organism
 C.Y. Lee, C.P. Wang
 Farnsworth House
 Highest of 2005
 Tuned mass damper CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE
 Tallest green building  20th-21st century
 The Shard  Used by the majority of the time, not fixed to a
 Renzo Piano current style
 Tallest building in the UK, 309m
 Ryongyong Hotel, North Korea SPACES
 Center Georges Pompidou  Contains a stupa at end
 Renzo Piano  Kudo – entrance arch
 Functionalist, exposed utility lines  Examples:
 AT&T Headquarters  Ajante Caves – 30 rock-cut buddhist
 Philip Johnson cave monuments, numerous
 TWA Airport paintings/sculpturesm monasteries
 Eero Saarinen  Vinara
 Post Modern airport  Monastery
 Sydney Opera House  Examples:
 Jorn Utzon  Ajanta – Cave 12
 Shell-like roots made from ribs covered  Mahabodhi Temple – location
with ceramic where Buddha attained
 Postmodern enlightenment, rebuilt and restored
 Turning Torso
HINDU ARCHITECTURE
 Santiago Calatrava
 Vedas – scriptures
 Notre Dame du Haut
 Mandala – represents to the cosmos, basis for
 Le Corbusier
floor plans
 Guggenheim, Spain
 Gopuram – gateway
 Frank Gehry
 Sikhara – tower, caste system
 Brasilia
 Yaksa – male
 Lucio Costa
 Yaksi – female
 Gimara
Others:
 Garbagriha – inlet shrine with a spire
 Glass House Versions
 Mandapa – religious music or dancing porch
 By LMVR – white and elevated
like hall
 By Philip Johnson – Black
SPACES:
THE FUTURE
 Khajuraho Temple
 Innovative technologists
 Kama Sutra
 Jeddah tower
 Orissan Temple
 Kingdom Tower
 Devoid of human figures, geometric ,
 Adrian Smith
plant-like motifs
 1km High
 Great Hall of India
 2nd longest continuous wall, 38m
ASIAN ARCHITECTURE (EAST)
 Raha Khumba
 India
 Buddhist architecture
CHINA
 Stupa
 Low stone platform foundation
 Sacred mound for veneration, relics of
 Timber columns, upturned corner with crests,
Buddha, circumambulation
thick outer walls light lattice
 Torana – gateway
 Heavy pantiles that are colored
 Dagoba – niche of relics/reliquary
 Feng Shui
 Prototype for later pagodas
 Major design consideration
 Examples:
 Tou-Kong System
 Great Stupa at Sanchi – cornerstone
 Hand-arm system, bracket system used to
of Buddhist architecture
transfer roof loads to supports
 Stupa II Sanchi – oldest extensive
stupa decoration in existence
SPACES
 Chaitya
 Pagodas (Tai’s)
 Prayer hall, sanctuary carved out of rock
  Odd numbered floors  Stone walls, moats
 Overhanging roof  Home of the Daimyos
 Sung Yeuh Ssuhonan  Feudal Landlords
 Oldest existing Chinese pagods
Great Wall of China DWELLINGS
 Protection from barbaric invasion  Tatami mats – proportioning space
 13,000 – 20,800 km  1.80 x 0.90 m size
 Started by Shih Huang Ti  30% total mats
 Qin dynasty built most of the wall
 Central government SOUTHEAST ASIAN ARCHITECTURE:
 Forbidden City  Khmer Architecture (Cambodia)
 Last and most important city  Angkor Wat
 Yellow foot tile – emperor  Largest religious structure in the world
 Red – The Mandarins  Lotus bud inspired towers
 Blue, Green, Purple – Common structures  Granite and sandstone
 Main Three Parts:  Built by Suryavarman II
 Vestibule  Parts:
 Audience Chamber  Central sanctuary,
 Family and friends’ area  Upper gallery (depicts dancers)
 Main Courtyard  Open Gallery (depicts Mahabharata)
 Angkor Thom
JAPAN  Built by Jabavarman
 Wood frames, sliding screens, thinner walls  216 faces of himself
 Gussho system – rigidity of a triangle
 Brackets – support the tiles roof JAVANESE ARCHITECTURE:
 Borobudur
 Pagodas  Largest Buddhist temple
 3-15 storeys, square plan  Mound when 9 terraces
 Complex Parts  Built in grey volcanic stone
 Kondo – Main mall
 Kondo – Hall Thailand
 Bell Tower  Wat – A holy structure
 Shrine  Creal – bell shaped structure
 Shinto religion  School: Wat Po
 Shimenawa – braided cord at the Torii
 Torii – Japanese gateway PHILIPPINES:
 Onsen – public bath  Pre-spanish area:
 Lean-to shelter
SPACES:  Pitched roof, tied fitted single room
 Ise Shrine – holiest shrine in Japan interior
 Izumo Shrine – oldest Shinto shrine in Japan SPACES:
 Toshogu Shrine – Tukogawa, last samurai  Bontoc House
 Kibitsu Shrine – largest shrine and gables  Afung
TEMPLES:  Ifugao house
 Buddhist religion  Pale
 Horyuju temple  Isneg House
 Oldest modern structures in the world  Binuron
 Kalinga House
CASTLES  Binayon/Finaryon
 Donjon  Kankanai House
  Binangiyan
 Tboli House
 Gunu Dong/Gunu
 Maranao House
 Torogan
 Follows the order of birth
 Tausug House
 Bay/Bay Sinag
 Bagobo House
 Bale
 Badjao House
 Lepa
 Ukkil – hull

 Bahay Kubo
 Cube house
 Dulang – low table
 Tampipi – closet

SPANISH PERIOD
 Bahay na Bato
 Made after the great fire in the 1580s

CHURCHES
 Barasoain Church
 First philippine congress space, malolos
constitution inauguration of first
philippine republic
 Miag-ao Church
 Coconut tee façade
 Manila Cathedral, Intramuros
 Restored to 2012 structural
 Quiapo Church, Manila
 Dome and 2nd belfry – Juan Nakpil
 Minor basilica of the Black Nazarene
 Paoay Church
 UNESCO, Baroque Church
 San Agustin, Intramuros
 Burned down twice in the 1500s, oldest
stone church in Manila
 Malate Church, Manila
 Lady of remedies
 San Sebastian Church
 All steel church in Asia
 Baclayan Church
 Oldest stone church
 Taal Basilica
 Largest catholic church in Asia
 Basilica of. St. Martin de Tours