1b Ce131-01 - Loads On Structures

LOADS ON STRUCTURES
2.1 LOADS ON STRUCTURES
Once the structural form has been

determined, the actual design begins with
those elements that are subjected to the
primary loads the structure is intended to
carry, and proceeds in sequence to the various
supporting members until the foundation is
reached. Thus, a building floor slab would be
designed first, followed by the supporting
beams, columns, and last, the foundation
footings. In order to design a structure, it is
therefore necessary to first specify the loads
that act on it.
MAPUA UNIVERSITY – School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering

National Structural Code of the
Philippines 2015
Design codes provide detailed technical standards
and are used to establish the requirements for the
actual structural design. It should be realized,
however, that codes provide only a general guide
for design. The ultimate responsibility for the
design lies with the structural engineer.
*Refer to CHAPTER 2 – Minimum Design Loads of

NSCP 2015 for the parameters and Specifications
used by Structural Engineers in the Philippines

Gravity Loads The vertical loads, due mainly to the occupancy, self-weight
and snow or rain, are commonly referred to as gravity loads.
Dead Loads. Dead loads consist of the weights of the various structural members
and the weights of any objects that are permanently attached to the structure. The
values for dead loads are shown in NSCP Section 204, Tables 204-1 and 204-2 for
common material densities and minimum design dead loads for common
components.
Live Loads. Live Loads can vary both in their magnitude and location. They may be
caused by the weights of objects temporarily placed on a structure, moving vehicles,
or natural forces. NSCP Section 204, Table 205-1 provides recommended design live
loads depending on the use of the space




WHAT ABOUT THIS?
Is it a Dead Load or a Live Load?
Gravity Loads
Snow and Rain Loads. In some parts of the country, roof loading due to snow or rain
can be quite severe, and therefore protection against possible failure is of primary
concern.
Hydrostatic and Soil Pressure. When structures are used to retain water, soil, or
granular materials, the pressure developed by these loadings becomes an important
criterion for their design.
Impact Loads. When live loads are applied rapidly to a structure, they cause larger
stresses than those that would be produced if the same loads would have been
applied gradually. The dynamic effect of the load that causes this increase in stress
in the structure is referred to as impact.

Lateral Loads The horizontal loads, induced mainly by wind and earthquake
are called lateral loads.
Wind Loads. When structures block the flow of wind, the wind’s kinetic energy is
converted into potential energy of pressure, which causes a wind loading. The effect
of wind on a structure depends upon the density and velocity of the air, the angle of
incidence of the wind, the shape and stiffness of the structure, and the roughness of
its surface.
Earthquake Loads. Earthquakes produce loadings on a structure through its
interaction with the ground and its response characteristics. These loadings result
from the structure’s distortion caused by the ground’s motion and the lateral
resistance of the structure.

CHAPTER 2 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Example No. 1 The W8x15 steel floor beam (self weight = 15 lb/ft) in the
figure is used to support the 6-ft width of a reinforced
concrete slab having a thickness of 4 in. The slab serves as a
portion of the ceiling for the floor below, and therefore its
bottom is coated with plaster. Furthermore, an 8-ft-high, 12-
in.-thick clay brick wall is directly over the top flange of the
steel beam. Determine the loading on the steel beam
measured per foot of length of the beam.

The W8x15 steel floor beam (self weight = 15 lb/ft) in the figure is used to
Example No. 1 support the 6-ft width of a reinforced concrete slab having a thickness of 4 in.
The slab serves as a portion of the ceiling for the floor below, and therefore its
bottom is coated with plaster. Furthermore, an 8-ft-high, 12-in.-thick clay brick
wall is directly over the top flange of the steel beam. Determine the loading on
the steel beam measured per foot of length of the beam.
THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles

Example No. 1

2.2 WIND LOAD CALCULATION
Three (3) Methods for Wind Load Calculations

• Method 1 : Simplified Procedure
• Method 2 : Analytical Procedure
• Method 3 : Wind Tunnel Procedure
qz= 0.613 Kz Kzt Kd V 2
Pz = qz G Cp Ph = qh G Cp

• Main Wind-Force Resisting System (MWFRS) – An assemblage of structural
elements assigned to provide support and stability for the overall structure. The
system generally receives wind loading from more than one loading.
• Components and Cladding (C&C) – Elements of the structure that do not qualify as
part of the MWFRS
• Building, Low-Rise – a structure whose mean roof height is less than or equal to
18m or it does not exceed least horizontal dimension or simply B ≥ h ≤ 18 𝑚
• Eave Height, – Distance from ground to the roof eave line.
• Mean Roof Height, h – Average distance of the roof eave height and the highest
point the roof surface.
* For roof with 𝝧 ≤10°, h = ℎ𝑒

ridge
eave
Wind
h
B ℎ𝑒

𝑃ℎ 𝑃ℎ
𝑃ℎ
𝑃ℎ
𝑃𝑧
𝑃𝑍
𝑃ℎ 𝑃𝑍
Roof
Sidewalls
Windward Leeward
Wall Wall 𝑃ℎ
Pressure
Suction

1. Determine the Occupancy Category Table 103 - 1

2. Determine the Basic Wind Speed (V) Figures 207A.5-1A, B or C
3. Determine Wind Directionality Factor (𝐾𝑑 ) Table 207.6-1
4. Topographic Factor (𝐾𝑧𝑡 ) Section 207A.8 and Table 207 A.8-1
5. Exposure Category (A, B or C) Section 207A.2 and 207A.3
6. Velocity Pressure Coefficient (𝐾𝑧 𝑜𝑟 𝐾ℎ ) Section 207B.3.1
7. Gust Effect Factor (G) Section 207A.1 and Section 207A.9.2
8. Enclosure Classification (Open, Partially Enclosed or Enclosed) Section 207A.10
9. External Pressure Coefficient, Cp Figure 207B.4-1
10. Velocity Pressure, (𝑞𝑧 𝑜𝑟 𝑞ℎ ) Section 207B.3.2
11. Design Wind Pressure or Load, p or F

Example : Determine the uniform load acting on the most heavily loaded
gable frame due to wind load acting on the structure shown
below.
Project Information:
Location : Makati City

Structure : Industrial Warehouse
Enclosure : Type: Enclosed Bldg
Wind
Material : Reinforced Concrete
Roof angle : 30º
6m
6m
6m
8m

Occupancy Category

Basic Wind Speed, V
Occupancy Category III, IV and V Occupancy Category II Occupancy Category I

Buildings and Other Structures Buildings and Other Structures Buildings and Other Structures

Wind Directionality Factor, Kd

Topographic Factor, Kzt



Exposure Categories

Velocity pressure exposure coefficient, Kz

Gust Effect Factor, Gt

Gust Effect Factor, Gt

External Pressure Coefficient, Cp



2.3 EARTHQUAKE LOAD CALCULATION


1. Importance Factor (I) Section 208.4.2 (Table 208‐1)

2. Soil Profile Type (S) Section 208.4.3 (Table 208‐2)
3. Seismic Zone Factor (𝑍) Section 208.4.4.1 (Table 208‐3)
4. Seismic Source Type (A, B or C) Section 208.4.4.2 (Table 208‐4)
5. Near Source Factor (𝑁𝑎 ) Section 208.4.4.3 (Table 208‐5)
6. Near Source Factor (𝑁𝑣 ) Section 208.4.4.3 (Table 208‐6)
7. Seismic Coefficient (𝐶𝑎 ) Section 208.4.4.4 (Table 208‐7)
8. Seismic Coefficient (𝐶𝑣 ) Section 208.4.4.4 (Table 208‐8)
9. Seismic Response Modification Factor (R) Table 208‐11A to 208‐11D
10. Design Base Shear Computation (V) Section 208.5.2
11. Vertical Force Distribution of Base Shear (Fx) Section 208.5.2.3

Seismic Importance Factor, I

Seismic Source Type

Seismic Zone Factor, Z
The Philippine archipelago is divided

into two seismic zones only. Zone 2
covers the provinces of Palawan
(except Busuanga), Sulu and Tawi-
Tawi whilethe rest of the country is
under Zone 4.

Soil Profile Types

Near Source Factors

Seismic Coefficients

Structural System, R

Structural System, R
* Note: Refer Table 11B of NSCP 2015 for

complete list of Structural Systems

208.5.2.1 Design Base Shear
The total Design Base Shear in a given direction shall be 𝑪𝒗 𝑰
𝑽= 𝑾
determined from the following equation: 𝑹𝑻
The total Design Base Shear should not exceed the 𝟐. 𝟓𝑪𝒂 𝑰
following: 𝑽= 𝑾
𝑹
The total Design Base Shear shall not be less than the
𝑽 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝑪𝒂 𝑰𝑾
following:
In addition, for Seismic Zone 4, the total base shear shall 𝟎. 𝟖𝒁𝑵𝒗 𝑰
also not be less than the following: 𝑽= 𝑾
𝑹

208.5.2.1 Design Base Shear
Minimum Actual Maximum
𝑽 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝑪𝒂 𝑰𝑾 𝑪𝒗 𝑰𝑾 𝟐. 𝟓𝑪𝒂 𝑰𝑾
𝑽= 𝑽=
or 𝑹𝑻 𝑹
𝟎. 𝟖𝒁𝑵𝒗 𝑰𝑾
𝑽=
𝑹 For Zone 4 only

208.5.2.2 Structure Period, T
Through Method A , the value of T for all buildings, may be approximated by the
following equation:
𝑻 = 𝑪𝒕 (𝒉𝒏 ) 𝟑/𝟒
where :
Ct = 0.0853 for steel moment-resisting frames

Ct = 0.0731 for reinforced concrete moment – resisting frames
Ct = 0.0488 for all other buildings
hn is the total height of the building above the ground.

Seismic Load, W
The Seismic Load, W is the total dead load and applicable portions of other loads
listed below:
1. In storage and werehouse occupancies, a minimum of 25 percent of the floor

live load shall be applicable
2. Where a partition load is used in the floor design, a load of not less than 0.5
kN/m2 shall be included.
3. Total Weight of the permanent equipment shall be included.

Vertical Distribution
n Fn Ft
Force Distribution Formula
4 F4
(𝑽 − 𝑭𝒕 )(𝒘𝒙 ∗ 𝒉𝒙 )
𝑭𝒙 = 𝒏
𝟏=𝟏 𝒘𝒊 ∗ 𝒉𝒊
3 F3
Whiplash Force 2 F2
Ft = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝑻𝑽 Level 1 F1
Ft ≤0.25V and; 𝑽
Ft = 0 if T ≤ 0.7s
V

Example
Given:
• Location : Metro Manila

• Seismic Source Type: A
• Special Reinforced Moment Frame
• Distance to Seismic Source 7.5 km 25 m
• Very dense soil and soft rock
• Residential
• W = 7300 kN

Example A four story, concrete special moment resisting frame with the
properties given below is located on a site in Zone 4 with an
undetermined soil profile type. The site is situated 7.5 km away from
potential seismic source type A. Calculate the seismic base shear. For
slabs, t = 100 mm. Wwall = 2.5 kPa (no interior walls). Parapet, 1m high
of roof deck.
BEAMS COLUMNS
LEVEL SDL (kPa)
(mmxmm) (mmxmm)
RD 200 x 350 300 x 300 1.27
3 250 x 350 350 x 350 1.6
2 250 x 400 350 x 350 1.6
1 250 x 400 400 x 400 1.6
Example A four story, concrete special moment resisting frame with the
properties given below is located on a site in Zone 4 with an
undetermined soil profile type. The site is situated 7.5 km away from
potential seismic source type A. Calculate the seismic base shear. For
slabs, t = 100 mm. Wwall = 2.5 kPa (no interior walls). Parapet, 1m high
of roof deck.
Roof Deck
7.5 m 7.5 m
3.5m
Level 3
2.5 m 3.5m
Level 2
3.5m
2.5 m
Level 1
2.5 m 4.2m

2.4 TRIBUTARY LOADINGS
When flat surfaces such as walls, floors, or

roofs are supported by a structural frame,
it is necessary to determine how the load
on these surfaces is transmitted to the
various structural elements used for their
support. There are generally two ways in
which this can be done. The choice
depends on the geometry of the structural
system, the material from which it is made,
and the method of its construction.

One-Way System A slab or deck that is supported such that it delivers its load
to the supporting members by one-way action, is often
referred to as a one-way slab. s / l < 0.50
* ”s” is for shorter span and “l” is for longer span
(in lbs/ft or kN/m)

ps
(in lbs/ft2 or kN/m2)

p
𝑠 l
2
𝑝𝑠𝑙 𝑝𝑠𝑙
p 𝑠
2
2 (c) 2
𝑝𝑠𝑙
l s p 𝑠 𝑝𝑠𝑙 2 𝑝𝑠𝑙
2 4 4
s 𝑠
2
(b)
s s
(d)
If the support ratio is s / l ≧ 0.50 , the load is assumed to be
Two-Way System delivered to the supporting beams and girders in two
directions. When this is the case the slab is referred to as a
two-way slab.
100 lb/ft2
* ”s” is for shorter span and “l” is for longer span THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles
If the support ratio is s / l ≧ 0.50 , the load is assumed to be
Two-Way System delivered to the supporting beams and girders in two
directions. When this is the case the slab is referred to as a
two-way slab.
Trapezoidal load Triangular load
W=100 lb/ft2 W=100 lb/ft2
How to transform it to Equivalent uniform load

W𝑠 3−𝑚2 W𝑠
W2= 3 ( 2 ) [lb/ft] W1= [lb/ft]
3
A B A C
m=s/l l = 15 ft s = 10 ft
* ”s” is for shorter span and “l” is for longer span THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles
2.5 LOAD COMBINATIONS
NSCP 2015
Load Combinations

2.6 LOAD COMBINATIONS
NSCP 2015
Minimum Densities
for Design Loads
from Materials
(KPa)

2.7 NSCP 2015 Minimum Design Dead Loads (KPa)
THEORY OF STRUCTURES
2.8 NSCP 2015 Minimum Design LIVE Loads (KPa)
Example No. 2 The flat roof of the steel-frame building shown in the photo is
intended to support a total load of 2kN/m2 over its surface.
Determine the roof load within region ABCD that is
transmitted to beam BC. The dimensions are shown in the
figure.
2m
2m

Example No. 3 The steel framework is used to support the reinforced stone
concrete slab that is used for an office. The slab is 200 mm
thick. Sketch the loading that acts along members BE and FED.
Take a = 2 m , b = 5 m . Neglect selfweight of beam and girder.
Use NSCP 2015 for load factors.

Example No. 4 The steel framework is used to support the reinforced stone
concrete slab that is used for residential purposes. The slab is
150 mm thick. Sketch the loading that acts along members BE
and FED. Take a = 3 m , b = 4 m. Use W6x15 for beam BE and
W8x21 for girder FED. Use NSCP 2010 for load factors.

Example No. 5
Determine the ultimate load acting on
Beams DE and EF, Girders BEF and ABC. 6m 4.8m
Use NSCP 2015 for load factors. A B C
Monolithic Reinforced Concrete

2.5m
• slabs, t = 100 mm
• beams, b = 250 mm ; h = 500 mm D E
F
• columns, 300 mm x 300mm
Superimposed Loads
• Floor Finish 4.0m
• Ceramic tile ½ inch mortar
• Ceiling, wood furring
• Gypsum board ¼ inch thick
• Partition, wood, studs with gypsum G I
board CHB Walls (Masonry Walls) directly H
placed on top of beams and girders
Live Load: Office • thickness = 6 inches ; height = 3m THEORY OF STRUCTURES
DEAD LOAD AND LIVE LOAD CALCULATION BASED ON NSCP 2015 MAPUA UNIVERSITY – School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering
Determine the ultimate load acting on Girder AB and EI if the slab is 120 mm thick,
Example No. 6 beams are poured with a cross section of 250 mm x 300 mm, partition walls are
made of chb (full grout w/ density of 21.2 kN/𝑚3 ) plastered on both sides 150 mm
thick and 3 meters high.
7.5 m 7.5 m
I
A
Partition Wall E
4m
Slab Attachments J
B
F
• Ceiling: 9 mm Gypsum Board
• Mechanical Duct Allowance(MDA) 4m
• Utilities (Note: twice the weight of MDA) K
• Ceramic Tile Floor Finish (20mm thick on 25 C
mm mortar bed) G
4m
L
D
H 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles
DEAD LOAD AND LIVE LOAD CALCULATION BASED ON NSCP 2015 MAPUA UNIVERSITY – School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering

1b Ce131-01 - Loads On Structures

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

1b Ce131-01 - Loads On Structures

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

LOADS ON STRUCTURES

2.1 LOADS ON STRUCTURES

Once the structural form has been

MAPUA UNIVERSITY – School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering

*Refer to CHAPTER 2 – Minimum Design Loads of

MAPUA UNIVERSITY – School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering

MAPUA UNIVERSITY – School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering

MAPUA UNIVERSITY – School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering

MAPUA UNIVERSITY – School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering

MAPUA UNIVERSITY – School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering

MAPUA UNIVERSITY – School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering

MAPUA UNIVERSITY – School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering

MAPUA UNIVERSITY – School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering

THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles

MAPUA UNIVERSITY – School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering

Three (3) Methods for Wind Load Calculations

qz= 0.613 Kz Kzt Kd V 2

MAPUA UNIVERSITY – School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering

• Eave Height, – Distance from ground to the roof eave line.

MAPUA UNIVERSITY – School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering

MAPUA UNIVERSITY – School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering

MAPUA UNIVERSITY – School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering

1. Determine the Occupancy Category Table 103 - 1

MAPUA UNIVERSITY – School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering

Location : Makati City

MAPUA UNIVERSITY – School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering

MAPUA UNIVERSITY – School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering

Occupancy Category III, IV and V Occupancy Category II Occupancy Category I

MAPUA UNIVERSITY – School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering

THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles

THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles

THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles

THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles

THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles

THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles

THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles

THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles

THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles

THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles

THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles

THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles

THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles

1. Importance Factor (I) Section 208.4.2 (Table 208‐1)

THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles

THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles

THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles

The Philippine archipelago is divided

THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles

THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles

THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles

THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles

THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles

* Note: Refer Table 11B of NSCP 2015 for

THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles

THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles

Minimum Actual Maximum

MAPUA UNIVERSITY – School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering

Ct = 0.0853 for steel moment-resisting frames

hn is the total height of the building above the ground.

1. In storage and werehouse occupancies, a minimum of 25 percent of the floor

3. Total Weight of the permanent equipment shall be included.

THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles

THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles