Data Gathering: Non Destructive

Testing and Destructive Testing

procedures for Structural
Engineers

Engr. Gerald S. Gallardo

Phil. Society for Non-Destructive Testing – Past President
Phil. Welding Society – Board of Trustee
Welding Engineer – Japan Welding Engineer Society
CIFRA VP Sales And Operation
Greenleaf Hotel Gensan Jan.22.2016
Learning Objectives
Recognize available Test Method.
. Nondestructive Testing (NDT)
.Destructive Testing (DT)
For Data Gathering and sampling, Verification of
results.

Obtain familiarity with these methods and how

they are applied in practice.
What are the Challenges?
We have a need to evaluate existing structures
• Capacity of existing Structures when original plans
and specifications are not available.
• Understanding of future use, Change in building
use/occupancy
• The extent of deterioration and complaince to
current building code. (NSCP C101-10 and ASCE 41-
13)

Drawings are commonly not available

• Lost over time
• Changes in ownership
Typical Parameters to Determine
• Verification/identification of current geometry/member
sizes
• Location and spacing of embedded items
- Mild reinforcing steel, post-tensioning, conduit, etc.
• Damage assessment
- Corrosion, Spalling
• Locating hidden flaws and defects (voids, trapped
moisture, poor consolidation, etc.)
• Concrete properties
• Reinforcing steel properties
First Method to Verify Conditions
Non-Destructive Testing (NDT)
Test methods for detecting, locating, and characterizing
discontinuities that does not impair the intended
performance of the element or member under
investigation
VISUAL EXAMINATION INSPECTION
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Crack width gauge

Measuring magnifier

Deformation Meter

Visual
Binocular Crack Measuring Meter
 Rebound (Schmidt) Hammer

evaluates the surface hardness of concrete

Correlation of Rebound R and

Compressive Strength fc

Impact tests performed on

concrete cubes.
- Homogeneity of concrete at
surface Afterwards cubes crushed on
- Compressive strength compression testing machine.
 Electromagnetic Method - Covermeter
• locates reinforcing bars
• measures concrete cover
• determines the rebar diameter
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV)
PUNDIT
Measures the transit time of the ultrasound
traveling inside the material
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV)
Measuring Arrangement
 Estimating Crack Depth
Example
C=b*

For inclined cracks

Shape of time t

b b
 Half-Cell Potential
(CANIN)

detects the corrosion potential of reinforcing bars in concrete
 Permeability test
• Segregation, poor
compaction or curing will
lead to increased
permeability reducing the
resistance to the ingress of
aggressive media in the
gaseous or liquid state,
directly affecting the
durability of the structure.
• Used to measure the flow
of water through the
concrete
Thermography

-detects voids, delamination and other anomalies in

concrete and also detect water entry points in buildings
• Thermography utilizes an infrared camera that detects
infrared energy (heat) and converts it into an electronic
signal, which is then processed to produce a thermal
image on a video monitor
 Building Diagnostics
Air leakage energy
loss

Moisture
contamination You Can’t Correct
What You Don’t
Detect
Concrete integrity
Roofing systems
Heated Electrical
wires and pipes
 Radiographic Testing

Radiographic testing detect voids and the
position of stressing ducts
Tripod stand Gamma camera

Model 660 exposure

Extender device
source Model 693 control
guide tube unit

Source stop
Master source guide tube

Model 661 control cable X-ray machine

connector
 Advantages of Radiographic Testing
 Used to locate the position of reinforcement bar in
reinforced concrete.

 Estimates can be made for the bar diameter and

depth below the surface.

 Reveal the presence of voids, cracks and foreign

materials and density variations in the concrete.
 Radiographic Testing (X-Ray)
Only Radiography can give this level of detail about what is within a slab

X-ray showing the rebar and the

X-Ray showing Post-Tensioned
voids from the ping pong balls on
dead-end anchorages, rebar,
the 4 inch floor slab laboratory
and other Post-Tensioned
sample.
cables.
NDT in Structural Steel Buildings
 Common Structural Steel
A36 Structural Steel
Mechanical Properties
Tensile Yield Modulus of
Elongation at break
Strength Strength elasticity
400 – 650 20% in
250 Mpa 23% in 200m 200 GPa
Mpa 50mm

Chemical Properties
Carbon Copper Iron Manganese Phosporous Silicon Sulfur
(C) (Cu) (Fe) (Mn)
Mn) (P) (Si) (S)
0.25 – 0.29 0.20 98.00 1.03 0.040 0.280 0.050
 Positive Material Identification
X-ray Fluorescence (XRF)

XRF works by exposing a sample
to be measured to a beam of x—
rays.

The atoms of the sample absorb
energy from the x-rays, become
temporarily excited and then emit
secondary x-rays.

By measuring the intensity and
characteristic energy of the
emitted x-rays, an XRF analyzer
can provide qualitative and
quantitative analysis.
 What is Positive Material
Identification (PMI)

PMI is a non-destructive testing
(NDT) technique to accept or reject
the material used- not to adjust its
properties in the process

Result will be compared on actual
Mill Test Certificate

Standards allow +/- 10 percent of
the limit as specified
 STANDARDS

ASME MATERIALS
 Section 2 Part A – Ferrous Material Specifications
 Part B – Non-Ferrous Materials
Specifications
 Part C – Specifications for Welding Rods,
Electrodes and Filler Metals
AWS MATERIALS
 ASTM based as follows:
 A36 – Standard Specification for Carbon Structural Steel
 A53 – Standard Specification for Pipe, Steel Black and
Hot Dipped, Zinc Coated, Welded and Seamless
Positive
Material
Identification

A practically unlimited number of
PMI Cannot be Easier grades can be stored in the analyzer

Recording of results can be automated
1) Name your sample if required
2) Measure it
Results can be read by a PC
3) Produce the PMI report
An unlimited number of results can be
stored for further processing
 Penetrant Testing

Liquid penetrant inspection is a

method that is used to reveal
surface breaking flaws by
bleedout of a colored or
fluorescent dye from the
flaw. The technique is based on
the ability of a liquid to be
drawn into a "clean" surface
breaking flaw by capillary
action. After a period of time
called the "dwell," excess
surface penetrant is removed
and a developer applied. This
acts as a blotter. It draws the
penetrant from the flaw to
reveal its presence.
 Ultrasonic Testing
Ultrasonic Testing (UT) uses high frequency
sound energy to conduct examinations and
make measurements. Ultrasonic inspection
can be used for flaw detection/evaluation,
dimensional measurements, material
characterization, and more. To illustrate the
general inspection principle, a typical
pulse/echo inspection configuration as
illustrated below will be used.
 Advantages of NDT
• Possible to make 100%Inspection
• Can use more than one method
• Inspection may be repeated
• Faster than than destructive testing
• Minimum or no specimen
preparation
• Allows in-service inspection
• Most equipment are portable
• Tested parts reusable
 Limitations of NDT
• Results are qualitative
• Requiring qualified and
competent personnel
• Use of Radiographic Testing is
dangerous to perform for
untrained and non-qualified
NDT personnel, full knowledge
of radiation safety is required.
other situations requiring NDT
• Determining the concrete uniformity prior to core cutting,
load testing or other more expensive destructive test.
• Increasing the confidence level over smaller number of
destructive testing.
• Monitoring long term changes in concrete properties.
• Confirming suspected deterioration of concrete due to
overloading, Fatigue, external or internal chemical attack
or fire and explosion attack and other environmental
effects.
• Providing information for any change of use of a structure
for insurance or change in ownership.
Second Method to verify condition
Destructive Testing Method
Material Properties
• Concrete
– Compressive strength
– Durability
– Air content
– Chloride concentrations
– Carbonation
• Reinforcing steel
– Yield strength
– Corrosion damage
Destructive test methods
–Coring
–Cutting
–Drilling
BASICS OF CORE DRILLING
• Core drilling is a type of service in which a drill is used to
remove a cylinder of material, called a core. Penhall utilizes
diamond core drills in order to best cut through the concrete
and additional material and ensure that the customer’s
upmost satisfaction is met. This type of technique of concrete
cutting is used in many cases such as but not limited to:
– Walls, floor slabs, and ceilings for electrical and
communication services, cabling, plumbing, or HVAC
– Slab and roadway holes for doweling drilling, rebar tie-ins,
or drainage
– Recessed lighting and fixtures
– Sample and analysis of material
Compression Test
The compressive strength of
cylinder concrete specimens was
determined by destructive
testing with a compression test
machine. This test method
covers determination of
compressive strength of
cylindrical concrete specimens
such as molded cylinders and
drilled cores.
 Carbonation depth
Measurement test to
determine whether moisture
has reached the reinforcing
bars and hence corrosion
may be occuring.
Penetration Resistance or Windsor Probe
Measure the surface hardness
and hence the strength of the
surface and near surface.
Welding Procedure Specifications (WPS)
Structural steel
• Document describe how welding is to be carried.
• Its purpose is to aid the planning & quality
control of welding operation.
• Conforms according to existing Code AWS D1.1
Structural welding code Steel
 Procedure Qualification Record (PQR)

• Ability to produced
welds possessing
the concrete
mechanical &
metallurgical
properties by
Destructive testing
Strength
-Is defined as the ability of the material to
withstand applied load .
Stress – Force per unit area
Strain – Amount of deformation per unit length
 Mechanical Properties of Some Metals

UTS – Ultimate Tensile Stress or Tensile Yield Strength – Metal behaves elasticity,
Strength deformation under load but no permanent
– Maximum load carrying capacity charge in length and diameter
Ductility

- Is a term which relates to the ability of a material

to deform, or stretch, under load without failing
Typical Tension Test Specimens for Evaluation of
Welded Joints
 Bend Testing

Bend Test may be carried out on a universal tensile testing machine with
the help of certain attachments. A bend test is an easy and inexpensive test
to apply. The method is fast and shows most weld faults quite accurately.

Bend tests may be used to find a number of weld properties such as:
1. Ductility of the welded zone
2. Weld penetration
3. Fusion
4. Crystalline structure (of the fractured surface)
5. Strength.
Typical Transverse Weld Bend Specimens
 Nick Break Specimen

Nick break – to determine if weld metal has any internal defects

Micro-hardness Indentations

Portable Hardness Tester

(Ultrasonic Contact Impedance Method)
Typical Hardness Traverses for a Double-V Groove
Welded Joint
Conclusion

• Testing of RC Structures is important during

planning, construction, as well as when the
structure is in service.
• Data gathered using Destructive and Non
destructive will give valuable information on
material properties, deterioration and other
structural information for a more accurate
investigation and engineering evaluation
with high confident level.
END!