Final 10-4-21 Presentaion Strengthen Steel Jacketing

REINFORCED CONCRETE
STRUCTURAL STRENGTHING
USING STEEL PLATES
Dr. Abdelwahab Tahsin
Engineerstalk, Webinar 41 10-4-2021

TABLE OF CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Assessment and Evaluation
 Techniques For Strengthening
 Key Aspects
 Strengthening Using Steel Plates
 Beams
 Slabs
 Column Jacketing
 Applications and Case Studies
Engineerstalk, Webinar 41 2
INTRODUCTION
 Challenges Associated with Repair and Strengthening
 Uncertainty, most of the times the reasons which
lead to the damage of concrete are vague. That is why choice of the
 No obligatory Code or integrated guidelines for
appropriate repair or
design repair works, so it is mainly subject to the strengthening technique is
accountable engineer (experience, inspection, and Crucial and subject to:
judgement).  Proper inspection and
 No precise material characterization. diagnoses
 How to account for the ageing phenomenon ?  Recent technologies and
advanced materials.
 Time and cost represent additional constraints to
repair works.  State- of- the- ART,
 lesson learned
 In many cases the damaged structures have to be
 Continuous Scientific
repaired while they are in service.
experimental research
 Performance and lifetime of the repaired or
strengthened structure is mainly dependent on the
repair process.
INTRODUCTION
 Causes of Deterioration
 Underestimated design.
 Construction error
 Out of tolerance (more staring actions)
 Construction accidents
 Poor quality concrete.
 Lack of maintenance
 Spalling of concrete
 Corrosion of reinforcement
 Carbonation
 Freeze-thaw damage
 Environmentally related problems.
INTRODUCTION
 Causes of Deficiencies
 Structural system changes:
 Additional loading ( vertical or horizontal
extension)
 Change building function.
 Architectural & facade rehabilitation.
 Withdraw of supporting element
 New large openings.
 MEP reservation
 Increased traffic volumes, blasts and
explosions.
 Ageing.
 Design code updates, (Seismic zone)
 Damages of accidental overloading, fires,
or earthquakes
INTRODUCTION
 Key Definitions
 Repair: Increasing the structure
performance after a damage to the
performance that the element would
exhibit with ageing.
 Restoration: Recover the original
performance of the element to the initial
performance.
 Strengthening (Retrofitting): Increase
performance and load capacity of the
element more than its initial capacity.
 Maintenance: Systematic simple repair
process that carried out at periodic times
to raise performance of the element but
not to the original point.
Figure: Relationship between different definitions
INTRODUCTION
 References and Guidelines
ACI 562-19: Code ACI 563-18: Specifications ACI 546.3R-14: Guide to BS EN 1504: Products and
Requirements for Assessment, for Repair of Concrete in Materials Selection for systems for the protection and
Repair, and Rehabilitation of Buildings Concrete Repair repair of concrete structures.
Existing Concrete Structures Definitions, requirements,
quality control and evaluation
of conformity
INTRODUCTION
 References and Guidelines
ACI 440.2R-17: Guide for FIB Bulletin 90: Externally ECP 208-2005: Egyptian
the Design and Construction of applied FRP reinforcement for Code of Practice for The Use of
Externally Bonded FRP concrete structures, Technical Fiber Reinforced Polymer
Systems for Strengthening Report. Guideline byTask Group (FRP) in The Construction
Concrete Structures of Eurocode2 Fields
ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION
 Assessment Report Philosophy
Existing condition survey:
1. Preliminary inspection
2. Basic Information gathering and As built
study
3. Photographic survey report
4. Data interpretation
5. Diagnose analysis and List of defect
6. Check compatibility between As-Built
and actual site condition.
7. Initial Report
8. Material Testing for concrete, steel and
soil
9. Structural Analysis and modeling before
and after strengthening works
10. Final findings and proposed actions
(corrective, Preventive or advisory).
 Non-Destructive Test (NDT):
Types Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity
 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity test
 Schmidt Rebound Hammer test
 Surface hardness tests
 Penetration and pull out tests
 Dynamic or vibration tests Table; Guideline for Quality of concrete
 Radioactive and nuclear methods Case Ultrasonic pulse
velocity(km/sec)
Quality of
concrete
 Magnetic and electrical methods A Above 4.5 km/sec Excellent
 Acoustic emission techniques

B
C
3.5-4.5 km/sec
3-3.5 km/sec
Good
Medium
D Below 3 km/sec Uncertain
 Higher value of pulse velocity reveal higher
quality and durability of (sound) concrete.
Schmidt Rebound Hammer  Destructive Test Core Test:
Apparatus
• Corrections of (1) sample aspect ratio , and (2)

Calibration Chart cutting of RFT bar
• Acceptance to reach 75% of the design strength
STRENGTHENING TECHNIQUES
 Types
1. Reinforced Concrete Jacketing
(Section Enlargement).
2. Steel Jacketing (Externally Bonded
Steel Elements).
3. Externally Bonded Fiber-
Reinforced Polymer (FRP)
Jacketing.
4. Near-Surface Mounted FRP Or
Steel Reinforcement Jacketing
5. Shape Memory Alloy (SMA)
Figure: Experimental studies for column jacketing
Jacketing. State-of-the-Art Review, in the last two decades, included 99
6. Hybrid Jacketing. studies conducted on strengthening of RC columns, where,
Externally Bonded FRP is the most popular with 59 studies.
 Principally , Strengthening technique be tailored to serve the intended use for
the designed service life of the structure without interfering with its functionality
 Reinforced Concrete Jacketing (Section Enlargement)
Processes:
1. Removing concrete
cover, weak points and
roughening the surface;
2. Installation connecting
dowels (drilling) of
transverse RFT using
epoxy resin.
3. Installation of main RFT
cage as per design and
shape configuration.
4. Provide bonding agent
at the interface of the
exiting concrete.
5. Use concrete of higher
Grade ˃ 35 MPa
6. Pouring height max. of
2.5m to avoid
segregation @ columns.
 Steel Jacketing (Externally Bonded Steel Elements)
Processes:
1. Removing the concrete cover.
2. Cleaning exposed steel bars using
wire brush or sand compressor.
3. Coating the steel bars with an epoxy
that would prevent corrosion.
4. Installing steel jacket by epoxy resin
and inserts (HILTI).
5. Filling the space between the
concrete and steel jacket with an
appropriate Cement material.
6. Caution:
 Proper surface preparation of the
deteriorated RC column with high
strength cement mortar.
 Round-off (chamfer) RC column
corner.
 Follow minimum sizes of angles and
batten for better confinement.
 Advantages and Disadvantages of Various Strengthening Techniques
Technique Advantages Disadvantages
1-RC Jacketing  Usually used with the local available materials  Labor intensive
(Section  Common awareness among most of engineers  Time consuming due to formwork installation
(MENA region)  Increase of section size leads to change in stiffness
Enlargement)
 Ability of RC to take any shape which attract more seismic forces (Reanalysis).
 Increases significantly strength and slightly ductility.  Increase in ductility is small due to brittle nature of
 Mandatory for repair works (Mortar Jacketing) concrete
 Disturbance of occupancy and architectural
function.
 Ductile and commonly used/ available material  Labor intensive.
2-Steel  Excellent confinement leading to considerable  Rusting and corrosion
increase in both strength and ductility  Fire protection.
Jacketing
 incompatibility of the deformation between steel
(thick plates) and reinforced concrete
3-Externally  Ease and speed of installation  Costly material (but overall cost is moderate due to
Bonded FRP  Corrosion resistance small cost of transportation and installation)
 Minimum modification to geometry.  Low efficiency (30–35%) due to de-bonding
Jacketing
 Minimum disturbance of occupancy  Poor properties on exposure to high temperature,
 High durability, absolute slight increase of strength fire and wet environment.
(relatively high -to-weight ratio).  Increase in strength is relatively small
 Better work safety and minimum risk hazard
 Advantages and Disadvantages of Various Strengthening Techniques
Technique Advantages Disadvantages
4-Near-  Less prone to de-bonding  Costly material (but overall cost is low due to small
Surface  Minimum modification to geometry cost of transportation and installation)
 Less prone to mechanical impact and accidental  Relatively more labor intensive in comparison to
Mounted
damage due to protection by concrete cover externally bonded FRP, but lesser than RC or steel
FRP or Steel
 Geometry of the structure remain unchanged jacketing
RFT  Enhances strength moderately.  Not much increase in ductility.
5-Shape  Fast installation  Costly material

Memory Alloy  No need for adhesive  Ineffective composite action with concrete
 No danger of peel off  Enhancement in strength is relatively small
(SMA) Wire
 Super elastic and durable
Jacketing
 Increases ductility and slightly strength.
(Nickel–
Titanium Alloy)
6-Hybrid  Fast installation  Costly material
Jacketing  Minimum modification to geometry  Relatively labor intensive as it combines two
 High durability different strengthen techniques.
 Significant enhancement in both strength and
ductility.
KEY ASPECTS
 Composite Phenomenon
 Introduction  Composite Structure
 Conceptually, the merits of a material are based use different materials arranged in an
on: availability, structural strength, durability, and optimum geometric configuration,
workability. correspond to the best material utilization
 Improving material utilization (cost-effective) can
be achieved via two main approaches:
1. Composite Material.
2. Composite Structure.
 Composite Material
Use appropriate materials to form a new product
with desired properties such as:
 Fiber Reinforced Polymers FRP, to enhance
Tensile Strength.
 Special Cement to enhance Compressive
Strength.
 New Additives to enhance Durability.
KEY ASPECTS
 Composite Action:  Elastic Stress Analysis (Symmetrical Steel
 When different components act as a single unit. Sections):
 Advantages: The composite action can be classified according to
1. Greater stiffness, higher load capacity, and
ability of Shear Connector to:
higher collapse capacity
2. Material/ weight saving, and shallow sections. 1. No Interaction: horizontal slip is not prevented
3. Reduce live load deflection & vibration 2. Partial Interaction: horizontal slip is partially
 Disadvantages: prevented
1. The need to provide Shear Connectors, 3. Complete Interaction: horizontal slip is
2. Higher labor cost completely prevented
Shear Connectors Non-Composite Action

Simple Composite Beam Analogy
KEY ASPECTS
 Case of No Interaction:  Case of Complete Interaction:
SEnd SMid
 For Symmetric Case of Loading:

 Slip at Mid-Span SMid = Zero
 Send is an upper-bound for slip in case of partial
interaction
 Neither resultant compression force in Slab,
nor interface shear.
Steel to support Own-weight alone Composite section supports both DL + LL. Effective
intermediate Shoring system shall no be removed
Engineerstalk, Webinar 41 until concrete attained 75% of Fcu 19
KEY ASPECTS
 Confinement
Stress-strain Relation of Confined And Unconfined

Concrete (Monotonic Loading)
fcc= Compressive strength of confined concrete
KEY ASPECTS
 Punching Shear for Slabs
STEEL JACKETING OF RC COLUMNS
 Formulas for Capacity of Steel Jacketed (Composite) Columns
 Based on interpretation of experimental test records;
1. Eurocode No. 4 (1994).
2. Regalado (1999).
3. Calderon et al. (2009).
4. Giuseppe Campione (2012).
5. Tarabia A. M. and Albakry H. F. (2014).
 Main Objectives of column jacketing

1. Increase the Load Carrying capacity.
2. Ensure the compatibility of strain between
the steel jacket and RC column to increase
the conferment and compressive strength.
3. Enhance the ductility.
 Formulas for Ultimate Capacity Of Composite Columns
Eurocode No. 4 (1994). Regalado (1999).
PEC4 = 0.85 x Ac x fc + As x fys + AL x fyL PReg = 0.60 (0.85 x Ac x fc + As x fys + AL x fyL)
where;
Promoting 40% reducing the ultimate load of EC4 to
 Ac = cross-section area of RC column
account for the slippage between steel cage and
 fc = concrete compressive strength
mortar, that column does not behave as an entire
 As = area of the longitudinal column RFT
composite section (Very Conservative, not applicable)
 fys = yield strength of longitudinal RFT
 AL = area of the angles forming the jacket
 fyl = yield strength of steel used in the angles
 EC no.4 assumes that section acts as a combined not
composite section ignoring the associated increase of
concrete compressive strength due to confinement.
 From a practical stand point, assumption is somewhat
non-conservative due to incompatibility of the
deformation between steel and reinforced concrete.
Components of Steel Jacketing using angles and battens
 Formulas for Ultimate Capacity Of Composite Columns Axial force
Calderon et al. (2009) Resultant Thrust

(Horizontal plane)
NL/4
Pcal = 0.85.b.d. fc + As . fys + 2.5. fl .b.d + NL
Unsupported height of angle

where; Resultant
 fl= Confinement Pressure; Horizontal
 NL= Axial Force Carried by Angles. force qh
Lang
 Parameters fl and NL are calculated by
considering two possible types of Failure Modes:
1. Failure by yielding of angles (Governing).
2. Failure due to yielding of strips (not critical)
 Failure by Yielding of Angles is criteria in which angles are

buckled in the middle portion of two strips (batten).
 When it happens it is obvious that the angles are no
longer able to confine the concrete.
 The Mechanism is that Three Plastic Hinges are formed as
Engineerstalk, Webinar 41 indicated in the angles (Fixed ended beams). 24
Giuseppe Campione (2012) Tarabia A. M. and Albakry H. F.
(2014)*
Pcampione = b.d. fcc + As . Fys + na .8.t1.L1. fyL
 Tarabia and Albakry proposed an equation for
where;
predicting the load carrying of a column
 fcc= Compressive strength of confined concrete
strengthened by steel jacketing, similar to that
 na= Ratio of maximum axial force in angles ≤ 1
presented by Calderon only with different
approaches for determining confining pressure
and axial load carried by steel angles.
*Reference: Tarabia Ahmed and Albakry
Hazem , “Strengthening of RC columns by steel
angles and strips”, September 2014 , AEJ -
Alexandria Engineering Journal 53(3).
Design Example (Tentative)
 Concrete Column  Steel jacketing Setup
 RC concrete column of 300 mm × 300 mm  First trail to reach Minimum Angles And Strips
cross section (a x b). (Batten) Sizes as recommended by Cirtek *
 height of 3000 mm.  Assume angle size = 60 × 60 × 6 mm;
 Area of longitudinal reinforcement is 1609  Yield strength of angle and strip = 210 MPa;
mm2 (As=8-16 mm),  Thickness of angle tang ≥ 0.1 L1 = 0.1*60 =6 mm (ok)
 with a yield strength of 260 MPa.  Leg length L1 ≥ 0.2β ;
 Compressive strength of concrete is 13 MPa.  where β = 0.5(a+ b) = 0.5(300+300) =300 mm ;
 L1= 0.2*300 = 60 mm (ok)
 Strip Thickness tstr ≤ tang ; tstrip = 6 mm (ok)
Reference  Area of strip to satisfy the condition; Astr ≥ 0.004β 2
* Cirtek L., (2001). “RC columns strengthened
= 0.004* (300)2= 360 mm2,
with bandage experimental program and design
recommendations” Construction and Building
 Hence, width of strip =360/6= 60 mm (ok)
Materials 15(2001). Pp.341-349
Design Example; Findings
 Carrying Capacity before using steel jacketing = 1394 kN.
APPROACH ULTIMATE COLUMN PERCENTAGE REMARKS

CAPACITY AFTER INCREASED %
STRENGTHENING (kN)
Eurocode No.4 1987 42 %
Regalado 1192 not increased Not applicable
Calderon et al. 2327 66 %
Giuseppe Campione 1875 34 %
Tarabia A. M. and Albakry H. F. 2414 73 % Less conservative
 Average percentage increased due to steel jacketing compared to case before = 53.75%
 Percentage increase due to consideration of confinement = 11.75%
 Batten plates and Lacing bar of steel compression members
Egyptian Code of Practice (ECP 205-2001) for Steel Construction (Allowable Stress Design)
 Clause (9.1.5.1): Lacing of Compression members
 Clause (9.1.5.2): Battening of Compression members
 Objective: To reach an effective setup that initiates the

desired confinement pressure necessary to enhance the
compressive strength of the jacketed column.
 Code Provisions
 Lz : maximum unsupported length of compression member
 Slenderness ratio λ for lacing & batten ≤ 140
 Ratio (Lz/iz) ≤ 50
 Ratio (Lz/iz) ≤ 2/3 of the member as a whole.
 Batten and connections to be designed for transverse shear
force = 2% of the normal force in the member under study.
 Parameters Affecting Load Carrying Capacity of Jacketed Column
Main Parameters
1. Size and thickness steel angles,
2. Size and thickness steel strips,
3. Spacing of strips,
4. Confining pressure
5. Concrete strength.
 Effect of strip spacing Effect of angle area Effect of strip area

 Closely spaced strips can confine the
 Steel angles carry a part of the load  Changes in axial capacity of three
concrete greatly therefore resist the columns strengthened with
carrying capacity of strengthened
concrete to expand laterally when continuous angles and varying strip
columns.
subjected to compressive loading.
 load carrying capacity is increased sizes of 50 mm ×6 mm, 55 mm ×6
 The load carrying capacity is decreased mm and 60 mm ×6 mm.
with increasing angles size
with increasing the spacing of strips.  Larger width of the strip provides
larger area of confined concrete.
 Literature Review of Experimental Investigations (Sample)
Belal et al. (2014)*
 Investigation on behavior& failure load for 5
configurations of steel jacketed columns
compared to the base model (without).
 All columns were 200 × 200 × 1200 mm.
 RFT: 4 T 12 mm @ corners, links 6 R 8/m‘
 concrete mix used for grade 34 Mpa
 Results were justified by FEM (ANSYS 12.0)
Specimen Failure Load Pu/ PuRef
Pu (kN)
Col.00 (Ref.) 1255 1.00
Col.01.L.3P 1821 1.45
Col.02.L.6P 1649 1.31
Col.03.C.3P 1545 1.23
Col.04.C.6P 1841 1.47
Col.05.Pl 1489 1.19
*Reference: Mahmoud Belal, Hatem M., Sherif Morad; “Behavior of reinforced
concrete columns strengthened by steel jacket”; July 2014 HBRC Journal 33(2)
Specimen Dimensions and Steel Jacket Configuration
 CONCLUSIONS
 Using steel jacketing technique for strengthening  Using C-sections with batten plates or plates
RC columns has been proven to be effective since it only in strengthening concrete columns needs
increases column capacity to a minimum of 20%. cautions due to the buckling consideration of
 The failure mode of the base model reinforced their thin thicknesses.
concrete column was brittle while changed to a  4L series with batten plates encountered
more ductile failure mode when strengthening less deformation than other specimens which
with steel jacket. is an Appropriate Setup.
 Specimen strengthened with angles or channel  For enhanced composite performance and to
sections with batten plates recorded a higher increase the confinement; Minimum angles
failure load than that strengthened with plates. and strips (batten of lacing) sizes as
 Increasing number of batten plates in 4L series did recommended by Cirtek L., (2001) or ECP 205-
not help increasing failure load, while it increased 2001 to be followed.
failure load for 2C series.
CASE STUDY for Strengthen Work
 Slabs and Beams
 Slabs and Beams
 Slabs and Beams
 Column
 Column
 Column

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REINFORCED CONCRETE

Dr. Abdelwahab Tahsin

Engineerstalk, Webinar 41 10-4-2021

 Acoustic emission techniques

• Corrections of (1) sample aspect ratio , and (2)

5-Shape  Fast installation  Costly material

Shear Connectors Non-Composite Action

 For Symmetric Case of Loading:

Stress-strain Relation of Confined And Unconfined

 Main Objectives of column jacketing

Calderon et al. (2009) Resultant Thrust

Pcal = 0.85.b.d. fc + As . fys + 2.5. fl .b.d + NL

Unsupported height of angle

 Failure by Yielding of Angles is criteria in which angles are

APPROACH ULTIMATE COLUMN PERCENTAGE REMARKS

 Objective: To reach an effective setup that initiates the

 Effect of strip spacing Effect of angle area Effect of strip area

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