NON DESTRUCTIVE TEST OF

CONCRETE
CONTENT 2
• Introduction

• Brief of NDT Test

• Rebound Hammer Test

• Upv Test

• Electromagnetic cover measurement

• Radiography

• Latest Technology in NDT

• References
 3
TESTING

Non- Destructiv
destructive Concrete e
Testing
Test Test

 Concrete is not required to

damage to find its properties  Concrete is require to break to
 Simple and easy to conduct determine its strength characteristics
which give quick results  Test includes mixing , curing and
 hence requires more time
Results are approximates and
difficult to interpret  Results are exact and easy to analyze
 Expensive  Economical
 No such Repairing is required  Broken concrete is required to repair
 after test
Example-Rebound hammer,
Ultrasonic pulse velocity, Pull off-  Example—Compressive strength-
Pull out test..etc CTM, Split cylinder test,Flexural
Strength Test
 WHY NDT? 4

 Assessment of Existing Structures in the Absence of Drawings

 Quick assessment of the structure

 Quality control of Construction , in situ

 Determining position of reinforcement

 Location of Cracks/Joints/Honeycombing

 In some cases, it required to assess of concrete damaged due

to fire or any other natural calamity due judge the condition of
structure
 5
SCOPE
 Suggest the methodology to be followed &
applicability of non destructive testing.

 Automatic interpretation of data from NDT, with

the goal of detecting flaws accurately and
efficiently.

 To propose retrofitting techniques for structures

failing in this kind of testing.
 7
NDT ADVANTAGES

► Access to hidden items – “see through walls”

► Better investigations with NDT

► Rapid & on site accumulation of data

► Generally less expensive than destructive testing.

► Gives result without structural damage

 8
NDT DISADVANTAGES

► More than one test method may be required

► Environmental conditions may effect or distort results

► Construction details & building components may effect results

► Some conditions cannot be determined with a reasonable degree of

accuracy without destructive testing

 BRI EF OF NDT
TEST 9
1)Strength evaluation of
Concrete
Measurement Application Equipment
No.

Surface strength
Surface Zone Strength Rebound Hammer
(rebound number)
1 Assessment

Homogeneity of
Quality of Concrete Ultrasonic pulse
2 Concrete
velocity meter

Combined
Uniformity/homogeneity,
ultrasonic and
Location of internal defects Ultrasonic Pulse
3 rebound number
velocity tester
determination

Pull-off strength Surface Zone Strength

Pull off Tester
4 (bond strength Assessment
 10

No. Measurement Application Equipment

5 Pull out force Surface zone strength Pull out “Lock” Test
assessment (Construction Stage)
Pull Out “Capo” Test (after
construction

6 Break off test The break off test at Break off tester
failure can be related to
compressive or flexural
strength

7 Penetration Surface Zone Strength Windsor Probe

resistance Assessment

Guidebook of NDT of Bridge ,

Railway
 11
2)CORROSION ASSESSMENT, LOCATION AND DIA. OF
REBAR AND COVER

No Measurement Application Equipment

1 Corrosion Status of Corrosion Half Cell

potential (half-cell) activity Potential Meter

2 Resistivity Rate of probable Resistivity Meter

corrosion

3 Carbonation depth Corrosion risk and Carbonation Test

cause Kit

4 Chloride content Corrosion risk and Chloride Field

cause Test System
 12

No. Measurement Application Equipment

5 Voids and Corrosion Viewing interior of Endoscopy
concrete

6 Scanning Of dia. of It is used for locating Profometer

rebar and cover rebars , diameter of
rebars and
concrete cover
7 Cover and re-bar Corrosion risk and Micro Cover
measurement cause Meter
 13
3) Crack measurement in buildings and
structures
No. Measurement Application Equipment

1 Length changes Strain measurement digital strain gauges

2 Radiographic Cracks, location of Radiographic source

Images rebars and detector

3 Acoustic Emission To measure the SPARTAN & MISTRAS

technique location and activity of System
cracks
4 Infra Red Images Cracks, delamination Infra Red Thermal
Imaging Systems
 REBOUND HAMMER TEST 14

 Object
► To find the compressive strength of
concrete with the help of suitable
correlation between rebound index
and compressive strength

► Assessing the uniformity of concrete

► Assessing the quality of concrete

in relation to standard
requirement
IS 13311(Part2):1992
Principl 15
e

 It works on the principle that the rebound of

an

elastic mass depends on the hardness of the

surface

against which the mass impinges

 16
APPARATUS

Rebound Hammer
 IMPACT ENERGY FOR DIFFERENT
17
Application
No Application Impact energy
(Nm)

1 For testing normal weight concrete 2.25

2 For light-weight concrete or small and 0.75

impact sensitive Parts of Concrete

3 For testing mass concrete for example in 30.0

roads airfields pavements and hydraulic
structures

IS 13311(Part2):1992
PROCEDURE 18
 IMPORTANT POINTS 19

 For testing smooth clean and dry surface is to be selected

 Rough surface resulting from incomplete compaction, loss of grout,

spalled surface do not give reliable result and should be avoided

 The point of impact should be at least 20 mm away from any edge or shape
discontinuity

 For taking measurement the rebound hammer should be held at right angle to
the surface of concrete member

 Around each point of observation, six average of these reading of rebound

indices are taken and average of these reading after deleting outliers becomes
the rebound index for the point of observation

IS 13311(Part2):1992
 FACTORS AFFECTING TEST 20
RESULT
► Type of cement
Concrete made with high alumina
cement can give strength 100%
higher than that with OPC cement.
concrete made with super
sulphate cement can give
lower
50% strength
 Type of Coarse
aggregate
Gravels and crushed rock
aggregates give similar correlation
,but concrete made with light
weight aggregates require special
calibration

C
o
m
 FACTORS AFFECTING TEST
RESULT 21

► Surface condition and Moisture

content of Concrete
Test is suitable only for close texture
concrete. Open texture concrete,
honeycombed concrete are
unsuitable
A wet surface will give 20% lower
strength in an equivalent dry
concrete

I
n
f
l
u Tcs, John h. Bungey
FACTORS AFFECTING TEST 22
RESULT
► Age of concrete
Age can generally be ignored for concrete between 3 days and
months old
3
► Carbonation of concrete surface
The influence of carbonation of concrete surface on rebound number is
very significant. Carbonated concrete gives an 50% higher strength
than normal concrete
INTERPRETATIONS OF 23
RESULTS

www.spec
tro.in
 24
NEW TECHNOLOGY

 Digital test hammers are an advanced, completely

automated system for estimating concrete compressive
strength.

 Its calculation memory and recording functions allow for

quick easy and accurate test result.

 Discard values for multiple test result can be set the mean
median and compressive strength can also calculated.

 The addition of modern microprocessor technology allows

the data to be stored , printed and transferred to a
personal computer for further analysis or inclusion in your
reports
Guidebook of NDT of Bridge ,
 ULTRASONIC PULSE 25
 OBJECT
VELOCITY TEST
► The homogeneity of the concrete

► The presence of cracks, voids and other

imperfections

► Changes in the structure of the concrete

which may occur with time

► The quality of the concrete in relation to

standard requirements

► The values of dynamic elastic modulus of the

concrete
IS 13311(Part1):1992
 UPV TEST 26

 Principle

 The method is based on the principle that the velocity

of an ultrasonic pulse through any material depends

upon the density, modulus of elasticity of material

 27
APPARATUS

The UPV equipment includes a transducer, a receiver and an

indicator for showing the time of travel from the transducer to
the receiver
 28
HOW IT WORKS?

 Ultrasonic waves are very similar to light

waves in that they can be reflected,
refracted, and focused.

 Reflection and refraction occurs when

sound waves interact with interfaces of
differing acoustic properties.

 Ultrasonic reflections from the presence

of discontinuities or geometric features
enables detection and location
 29

 A pulse of longitudinal vibration is produced by

an electro-acoustical transducer, which is held in
contact with one surface of the concrete
member under test. After traversing a known
V= 𝐿/𝑇
path length(L) in the concrete, the pulse of
vibration is converted into an electrical signal by
a second electro-acoustical transducer, and where
electronic timing circuit enable the transit time V = pulse velocity
(km/s),
(T) of the pulse to be measured. The
L = path length(cm) ,
pulse velocity (V) is given by T = transit time(µs).

Guidebook of NDT of Bridge ,

Railway
 30

 THE VELOCITY OF PULSE IN A CONCRETE IS

RELATED TO THE CONCRETE MODULUS OF
ELASTICITY.
𝐸
 𝑉= 𝜌

where,

E = modulus of elasticity,

p =density of the
 TRANSDUCER
31
ARRANGEMENT

Direct Transmission Semi-direct Transmission Indirect or surface

Transmission

Guidebook of NDT of Bridge ,

Railway
 NATURAL FREQUENCY OF TRANSDUCER FOR
DIFFERENT PATH LENGTH
32

Frequency range of 20 to 150

KHz
IS 13311(Part1):1992
 INTERPRETATIONS OF RESULTS 33

No Pulse velocity Concrete Quality

(km/s)

1 Above 4.5 Excellent

2 3.5 to 4.5 Good

3 3.0 to 3.5 Medium

4 Below 3.0 Doubtful

Is 1311(part1):1992
 FACTORS AFFECTING 34

► Smoothness of contact surface under test

The pulse velocity of saturated concrete may be up to 2% higher
th
than at of similar dry concrete
► Path length, Shape and Size of the Concrete Member
► Temperature of concrete
5º-30º Ideal
30º -60º Reduction in UPV up to 5%
Below 5º increase up to 7.5%
► Stress of
concrete
► Moisture condition of concrete
► Presence of reinforcing steel
pulse velocity in steel 1.2 to 1.9 times the velocity in plain concrete
 ELECTROMAGNETIC COVER 35
MEASUREMENT
 The basic principle is that the presence of steel affects
the field of an electromagnet
 It is used to measure the concrete cover and bar
diameter in existing RCC structures. It can also
identify the bar locations and their spacing. The
scanning area permissible by the instrument is
0.5X0.5m / 1.0x1.0m / 2.0x2.0m.

Profometer

Guidebook of NDT of Bridge ,

Railway
 APPLICATI
ONS 36

 quality control to ensure correct location and cover to

reinforcing bars after concrete placement

 investigation of concrete members for which records

are
not available or need to be checked

 location of buried ferromagnetic objects other than

reinforcement, e.g. water pipes, steel joists, lighting
conduits.

Guidebook of NDT,IAEA
 37

Covermeter image of
reinforcement in a
The scanning direction should be perpendicular to rebars structure

Tcs, john h. bungey

 HALF-CELL ELECTRICAL
POTENTIAL 38
METHOD

 Corrosion analyzer is based

on electro chemical process
to
detect corrosion in the reinforcement bar of the structure. The
instrument measures the potential and the electrical resistance between
the reinforcement and the surface to evaluate the corrosion activity
APPARATUS FOR HALF-CELL POTENTIAL
MEASUREMENT
39
 HOW IT
WORKS? 40

If there is no corrosion on rebars, If there is corrosion on rebars,

potential difference does not potential difference occurs.
occurs
EVALUATI
41
ON

Guidebook of NDT,IAEA
 RADIOGRA
PHY 42
Principle

► When radiographic rays are directed into an object, some of the

photons interact with the particles of the matter and their
energy can be absorbed or scattered. This absorption and
scattering is called “Attenuation”.
 The relationship between the intensity of photons incident and transmitted
is:
where
I is transmitted photon intensity,
I0is incident photon intensity,
µ is attenuation coefficient, x
is thickness of object

RILEM STAR -207

 EFFECT OF
43
ATTENUATION

 As the radiation passes through the member

its intensity is reduced according to the
thickness, density and absorption
characteristics of the materials within the
member.

 The quantity of radiation passing through the

member is recorded on a film.
SETUP FOR CONCRETE
TEST 44

www.novo-dr.com
SOURCE
S 45

Source of Iridium192

Source Radioactive Weight of Maximum thickness of

life source(kg) concrete element (cm)

Iridium 74 days 25 30
192

Cobalt 5.3 yr 120 40

60

Cobalt 5.3 yr 350 65

60
RILEM STAR -207
 APPLICATION IN STRUCTURAL
ENGINEER4I6NG

 Moisture Content

 Detection of reinforcement location

 Detection of Voids and Cracks

 Detection of quality of grouted post-tensioned

tendons

 Measurement of bar depth and flaw depth

 The failure of cables

 Discontinuities of the ducts

 Broken wires or cables in some cases

 DETECTION OF
REINFORCEMENT 47

 Reinforcing bars absorb more energy than the surrounding

concrete and show up as light areas on the exposed film.
 DETERMINATION OF
CRACKS 48

 Cracks and voids, on the other hand, absorb less radiation and
show up as dark zones on the film.
 Crack planes parallel to the radiation direction are detected
more readily than cracks perpendicular to the radiation
direction.

www.aeromarineinterior.com
 GENERAL CAUTIONS IN
RADIOGRAPHY49

 Specifically trained and accredited persons for implementing the

technique

 Define a protection area around structure

 Move away all the persons during the entire test

 ADVANTAG
50
ES
 Both surface and internal discontinuities can be detected.

 Significant variations in composition can be detected.

 It has a very few material limitations.

 Can be used for inspecting hidden areas (direct access to surface is

not required)

 Very minimal or no part preparation is required.

 Permanent test record is obtained.

 Good portability.
DISADVANTAG
51
ES

 Forapplication in Bridges with long span, thepower

required will be very high

 Several hundred meters of area will need to be cleared so that

no possibility of accidental exposure.

 Not feasible in densely populated area

 LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN
NDT 52
 Automation and
Scanning

Small lightweight scanner with

vacuum attachment
 Scanning
Area
Speed:
 Ultrasonic Echo/Impact
Echo 1m2/h, 0.02 m point
grid
 53

CRA
CK
documentation
on
Metropolitan
(1995)
Highways
Tokyo

(View
area 2 x
2 m2)
SELF NAVIGATING ROBOT FOR HORIZONTAL
SURFACES 54
 REFEREN
CES 55
 IS 13311:1992 (PART 1) , NDT of Concrete-UPV Test
 IS 13311:1992 (PART 2) , NDT of Concrete-Rebound Hammer Test
 Guidelines on NDT of Bridges , Ministry of Railway
 Guidebook on NDT of concrete structures, INTERNATIONAL
ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, VIENNA,
 State-of-the-Art Report of the RILEM Technical Committee
207-INR
 BAM- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing ,
Berlin, Germany
 Testing of Concrete in Structures,4th edition, John H
Bungey , Stephen G Millard & Michael G Grantham
 56
THANK

you