Lighter – less absorption of heat BUILDING ENVELOPE Darker – more absorption Separate the interior from the exterior Exterior environment INSULATING MATERIALS: Heat and cold (thermal), air and water vapor, liquid water, noise, dust and insects Rigid insulation – flat roof Impacts the design the most: Flexible insulation – stud walls and attic spaces Air, vapor, and water Loose-fill insulation – useful when there’s a container Interrelated because the flow of air/vapor through the envelope impact the building Foamed-in-place thermally, all vapor and water Reflective Building design and Thermal Comfort Transfer of Heat: MOISTURE PROTECTION Conduction, convection, radiation Aluminum foil During the process of heat transfer Polyethylene sheet/vapor retarder through a building envelope, all Asphalt three modes usually come into play Sample: EPS Beads (not water resistant) EPS Bun EPS Board (like Styrofoam board) Insulating Concrete Forms XPS Boards ISO Boards – waterproof
LIMITS OF PLASTIC BOARDS
Sensitive to daylight R-VALUE OF A BUILDING COMPONENT Can be destroyed when used below ground in R is the thermal resistance heaving termite soils Measure of the ability of a component to Examples resist the flow of heat through it Polyurethane Raw R Value = 1” Polyisocyanurate Rate of heat conduction Polystyrene P x Thickness = R Example: Formed Concrete Fiberglass – 3.5 x 3.0 = 11 Cellular concrete XPS 5.0 x .5” = 2.5 = 3 Low Density: BASIC ROOF SHAPES Air Flat Roof Polystyrene Shed/Single Pitch Roof Density dictates how good a material is Cable Roof Hip roof SURFACE EMISSIVITY: Gamble Roof The importance of foil: Mansard Roof Lined foil emits less radiation Pavilion Unlined foil emits more radiation Butterfly Reflective insulation Insulation won’t work without air space ROOF CONSIDERATIONS DECKING Load concentrations Cold Deck Dead load Membrane, deck, insulation Live Load Warm Deck Wind Loads Membrane, insulation, deck Type of roofing Inverted (Protected membrane roof) Membrane Insulation, membrane, deck Sheet – any sloped roof Shingle – piece by piece installation TYPES OF ROOFING Drainage Membrane – for low-slope (flat) roof Gutter Sheet – any slope Drains Shingle – for steep roof Downspouts Protection Against: STRUCTURE TYPES Water Joists and sheathing Moisture Beams and decking Air Flat trusses Heat Concrete slabs Flashing Measurement Seal connection of water Membrane – resist water Ridge, Hips,Valleys Eaves, Rakes, Parapets Openings WATERPROOFING Interior Effects Sides Exterior effects Positive Side - waterproofing placed on outside wall Negative Side – waterproofing is placed FLAT ROOF after wall inside Minimum slope – ¼” to 12” ( or 2%) Blind Side – waterproofing placed in How to create slope between wall/wall opening Slope the structure Integral Taper the topping Brand: Sahara (waterproofing material) Draining Flat Roofs Cementitious Interior drains Thoroseal Scuppers Plexyboard Overflow Drains Flexible Uses of Flat roofs Aquashield Covering the building Capillary/Crystalline Outdoor space Tenex Structure Types Also called integral waterproofing Joists and sheathing Goes into pores and seals Beams and decking Fluid-Applied Flat trusses Elastomeric analok Concrete slabs Coating application Requirement Bentonite Continuous membrane Can pass as cementitious Slopes When exposed to water, it smells Low Slope – less than 3:12 Steep Roof – more than or equal to 3:12 ROOF MEMBRANES Waterproofing layer Metal Pans 3-5 floors – built up roof membranes (BUR) Slate 2-3 floors – modified bitumen roof membrane Nipa/Anahan/Cogon – thatch roofing 1-2 floors - single ply roof membrane Other Notes: BUILT-UP ROOF MEMBRANE Ceiling Joist – is to counter the force of the roof Asphalt – given waterproofing Structural and Non-structural Felt Roll – reinforcing material Ridge Board – a structural member Bitumen Ridge Beam – non-structural member Eave and Rake – structural member Fiberglass Felt – untreated Dormer – opening in the roof Asphalt saturated felt Valley- also known as rally rafter Ballast – built-u roof surfacing Hip – also known as hip rafter PMR System Castellated Beam Installing Insulation – rigid insulating Soffit – outside ceiling or underside of roof materials Purlin – for sheet roofing Cellulose fiber board Rafter – shingle roofing Perlitic Board Cellular glass board Roof Square – 108 square feet is referred to as Mineral Fiber board factory square and 100 square feet is a roof square MODIFIED BITUMEN ROOF MEMBRANE Styrene Butadiene Styrene (SBS) – Cold Weight of Aggregate surfacing – 400 lb per Weather roof square of 4 lb/ft2 Attactic Polypropylene (APP) – Hot Weather
The Modern Bricklayer - A Practical Work on Bricklaying in all its Branches - Volume III: With Special Selections on Tiling and Slating, Specifications Estimating, Etc
The Complete HVAC BIBLE for Beginners: The Most Practical & Updated Guide to Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning Systems | Installation, Troubleshooting and Repair | Residential & Commercial