Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PRODUCTION OF STRUCTURAL
SHAPES:
Structural Mill or Breakdown mill – the
beam blank is reheated as necessary and
then passed through a succession of
rollers that squeeze the metal into progressively Custom shaped connections
more refined shapes Stronger, lighter and attractive
Cold Worked Steel or Cold Formed (rolled or
bent)
Used to produce small section steel rods Rivets
and steel components for open web joists Bolts
‘ Carbon Steel Bolts (ASTM A307) –
Cold drawn dies to produce high strength Unfinished or common bolts
wires – wire ropes, bridge cables and High Strength Bolts (ASTM A325 and
concrete pressing strands A490)
Light gauge steel formed into C sections –
short span framing members Bearing Type connection – bolts need only to
Steel Sheet stock – floor and roof decking be installed to a snug-tight condition.
structures Stressed in shear
Hollow Structural Sections (structural Slip Critical Method (friction-type) – bolts are
tubing) – columns and welded steel preloaded to resist movement between
trusses, space trusses members.
Subject to torsional twisting or Stressed in tension
buckling
WELDING:
Can join the members of a steel frame as if
they were a monolithic whole.
May be used in the fabricator’s shop for its
inherent economies
Stronger than the members they join
Types of welding
Electric Arc Welding – an electrical
potential is established between steel
pieces to be joined and a metal electrode
held either by a machine or by a person
Tig Welding – tungsten welding
SHEAR
CONNECTION:
Joins only the
web of the beam,
but not the
flanges, to the
column
Transmitting
vertical forces SAMPLES OF CONNECTIONS:
(shear) from a beam to column Single-Tab Shear – for
Bolted Beam to Column Flange light load connections
Has a single
connector plate
welded to the column and beam is bolted STABILIZING BUILDING FRAME
on-site ELEMENTS:
Welded connections Braced Frames – diagonal bracing for stable
The angles are triangular configurations
welded to the beam Bear shear connections
in the shop Shear Walls – made of steel, concrete or
The angles are not reinforced concrete masonry.
welded to the column Act the same way as diagonal bracing
to allow the angles to Moment-resisting frames – rely on stronger and
flex slightly to allow stiffer moment connections between beams and
the beam to rotate columns
away from the column as it bends Lateral stability
Seated Beam-to-Column Web Eccentrically braced frames – diagonally offset
Connect a column to a web when there is braces, greater energy absorbing capacity
usually insufficient space between the Shear connection between beams and
column flanges to insert a power wrench columns
to tighten all the bolts in a framed
connection
Welded beam to column web
When rigid
connection is
required
A vertical shear tab is
welded into the web
of the column at its
centerline
A horizontal stiffener
plate is welded inside the column flanges
and are thicker than the beam flanges and
extend out beyond the column flanges.
BRACING ARRANGEMENTS FOR TALL
Welded/Bolted End plate
BUILDINGS
beam-column
Rigid Perimeter (Tube Structures) – stabilizing
Semi-rigid, can be
elements are spread further apart
used to support a short
Shear connections – transmit sufficient vertical
cantilever beam
loads
Diagonal bracing, Shear Wall, Beam to
Coped beam-girder shear
Column Moment connections – lateral force
The top flanges of
resistance
the beam are cut
More structurally efficient frames
away
THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS:
A. Bolted Column to
Column
B. Partial Penetration Weld
C. Welded Butt Plate
Shim Plates – make up for the difference in
flange thickness
Partial penetration weld – allows one column to
rest on the other prior to welding
Structural Engineer
Specifier
Steel Detailer
Fabricator
Erector (Ironworkers)
Assembling into a frame on the building
site the steel components furnished by the
fabricator
DECKING
Form Decking – thin depth, shoring
BASE PLATE CONNECTION: underneath, metal framing
Additional reinforcing
1 ½” to 2 ½” thickness
Composite Decking – metal
frame and concrete material
Acts as steel reinforcing
Bonds to concrete
Bonds to the welded
steel rods
Exposed steel
decking (dovetail
channel)
No reinforcement needed
1 ½” – 3” thick
TOPPING OUT
Cellular Decking – sheet under the deck
(composite or roof deck)
The deck in itself