2 PROCESS FOR METAL/STEEL MEMBER

1. HOT ROLLED
HOT-ROLL - To roll metal at a heat high enough to permit recrystallization
HOT-ROLLED FINISH – The dark, oxidized, relatively rough finish obtained by rolling metal while hot

2. COLD ROLLED

COLD-WORKING
The working of metal below the temperature at which recrystallization occurs, as in drawing, pressing,
or stamping.

 COLD-ROLL
To roll metal at a temperature below that at which recrystallization occurs so as to increase its
tensile strength or improve its surface finish.

 MILL FINISH
The striated finish that cold rolling or extrusion imparts to a metal surface.

 EXTRUSION
The process or product of forming a metal or plastic with a desired cross section by forcing it
through a die with a pressure ram.

 COLD-DRAW
To draw metal through a set of dies to reduce its cross-sectional area without preheating, as in
the fabrication of wire or tubing.

 DRAWN FINISH
A smooth, bright finish produced by drawing metal through a die.

DIE
A steel block or plate having small conical holes through which metal or plastic is extruded or drawn for
shaping.
2 TYPES OF METALS

1. FERROUS
a) IRON
 Contains no trace amount of carbon
 Soft and ductile
 Oxidizes rapidly
 Susceptible to most acids

b) CAST IRON
 Brittle metal with high compressive strength
  Capable to absorb vibration
 Corrosion resistant
 Should not be hammered or beaten because it lacks ductility

c) WROUGHT IRON
 Soft
 Corrosion and fatigue resistant
 Workable (casted into grilles, fences, etc)

 BAHAY NAKPIL-BAUTISTA
 THOMAS MAPUA – his trademark – his works are easily identified by the use of wrought
iron as a material

d) BLACK IRON
 Used for fire protection
 Fire-proof
 Can withstand pressure due to its thick walls
 Gas piping – yellow painted

e) STEEL
 Iron with low to medium amounts of carbon content
  Carbon content increases strength and hardness but reduces ductility
and welding capability
 With galvanization, its corrosion resistance is increased
 AYALA BRIDGE – Bolts and plates, not welded

f) STEEL ALLOYS
 Produced when other elements are combined with carbon steel to modify
its properties (HSLA- high strength, low alloy)

 Aluminum for surface hardening

 Chromium for corrosion resistance
 Copper for resistance to atmospheric corrosion
 Manganese for hardening and wear resistance
 Molybdenum for corrosion resistance and tensile strength
 Nickel for corrosion resistance and tensile strength
 Silicon for improved oxidation resistance
 Sulfur for workability
 Titanium
 Tungsten

g) STAINLESS STEEL
 Alloy of steel, chromium, and nickel
 Mostly used in roofing accessories

TERMS TO REMEMBER:

 OXIDATION- "oxygen + iron"

 CORROSION= deterioration
 GALVANIZATION- process of coating metal esp. iron or steel with ZINC. (Hot-dipping process)
 ANODIZATION- process of coating metal with a noncorrosive film thru electrolization