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notebook October 16, 2017
5.1 Energy Changes in Chemical and Nuclear Reactions
What happens when matter undergoes change? New substances or
states are produced, but energy changes also occur.
Thermochemistry is the study of the energy changes that
accompany these transformations.
Changes in matter may be classified are physical, chemical, or
nuclear depending on whether a change has occurred in the
arrangements of the molecules, their electronic structure, or the
nuclei of the atoms involved.
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Hydrogen may undergo a physical, chemical or nuclear change.
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Definitions
Thermal energy energy available from a substance as a result of
the motion (kinetic energy) and potential energy of its molecules
released to the surroundings.
Potential energy is the energy of a body or system due to its
position or composition.
Heat is the amount of thermal energy transferred between
substances. (warmer object to a cooler object).
Temperature is the average kinetic energy of the particles in
a sample of matter.
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Chemical System a group of reactants and products being studied.
Surroundings all the matter that is not part of the system
Open System a system in which both matter and energy are free
to enter and leave the system
Closed System a system in which energy can enter and leave the
system, but matter cannot
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Exothermic Reaction thermal energy released to the surroundings.
Products will have lower potential energy (usually stronger bonds)
Example Combustion Reaction
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2 mol C8H18 (g)
25 mol O2(g)
Energy released
to surroundings.
ΔEp
18 mol H2O(g)
16 mol CO2(g)
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Endothermic Reaction absorbing thermal energy as heat
flows into the system. Products will have more potential energy
(usually weaker bonds)
Example: Water
H2O(s) + energy H2O(l)
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H2O(l) Energy absorbed from the
ΔEp surroundings
H2O(s)
energy
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Law of Conservation of Energy
In a closed system, i.e., a system that is isolated from its
surroundings, the total energy of the system is conserved.
However, energy can be transferred from one object to
another, and it can assume different forms.