LESSON

Yes, of course
Sure!
Certainly!
Please be quiet!
Please be calm!
Take it easy!
Enjoy your meal!
Enjoy your day off!
Enjoy your week off!

It's interesting
It's boring
It's a drag
What a drag!
What a mass!

Please, repeat louder.

Please, repeat less.
There/There is/There are
There is used to indicate place.
Ex: The teacher is there, he's not here.

There + Verb to Be is used to express existence.

Ex: There is a good place in this area.

There are five Americans at work.

When is your birthday?

It's in (month)
It's on (date)

What’s your favorite food?

My favorite food is
Chinese
Italian
French

2
Portuguese
Spanish
Japanese
Natural food
Junk food

Fish
Barbecue
Salad
Beef
Pork
Pizza
Spaghetti
Pasta

3
What’s your favorite music?
My favorite kind of music is

Rock
Samba
pop
Jazz
Blues
Country
Classical
Opera
Romantic (= soft)

4
Family members

My father and my mother are my parents.

My father's wife is my mother.
My father's son is my brother.
My father's sister is my …………………
My father's brother is my ………………………
My father's daughter is my ……………………….
My father's nephew is my ………………………
My father's father is my ………………………..
My father's mother is my ……………………….
5
 HOW'S THE WEATHER TODAY?
or
WHAT'S THE WEATHER LIKE TODAY?

It's sunny today

It's cloudy today
It's rainy today
It's snowy today
It's wind today
It's pleasant today
It's nice today

It's cold today.

It's chilly today
It's cool today
It's hot today
It's warm today
It's humid today
It's dry today

6
THE SEASONS
In the SPRING, the weather is warm and pleasant.
In the SUMMER, the weather is hot.
In the FALL, the weather is cool.
In the WINTER, the weather is cold.

7
UNTIL = TILL
up to (a specified time)

I’m going to swim until noon.

to sleep 10 o’clock.
to play cards midnight.
to read eleven.
to pray nine.
to stay friday.

8
HOW LONG
(Duration of time)

How long are you going to study?

swim?
sleep?
listen to music?
watch tv?
pray?

I'm going to ..... until (noon. Midnight, Friday, eleven p.m.).

9
SOME AND ANY
SOME

Can be used
In affirmative phrases
In interrogative phrases of "offering"

Ex: Judy bought some flowers.

Do you want some water?

ANY
Can be used

In interrogative phrases
In nagative phrases.

Ex: Is there any juice in the jar?

There isn't any juice in the jar?

10
PERSONAL QUESTION
Can I ask (how old you are)? (posso perguntar)
You don’t have to answer if you don’t want to …
Sorry if I seem too personal. (Não quero ser incoveniente)
I don’t mean to be nosy (intrometido).
Just out of curiosity … (só por curiosidade)

FUTURE TIME
FUTURE WITH "GOING TO"

When we use going in a phrase to talk about the future, the form is composed
of three elements:
Structure:
Subject + to be (conjugated) + going + infinitive
he structures BE GOING TO is normally used to indicate the future in English.
We use this structure:
1. When we have already decided or we INTEND to do something in the
future. (Prior Plan)
The decision has been made before the moment of speaking. I'm going to India
next year.
We talked about it yesterday and I'm going to quit my job tomorrow.
2. When there are definite signs that something is going to happen.
(Evidence) Something is likely to happen based on the evidence or experience
you have. It's so cold! I think it is going to snow
3. When something is about to happen: Get back! The bomb is going to
explode.

11
Affirmative
He is going to jog.
Negative
He is not going to jog.
Interrogative
Is he going to jog.?

USING "GOING" FOR PLANS AND INTENTIONS

EXAMPLES
Is Freddy going to buy a new car soon?
Are John and Pam going to visit Milan when they are in Italy? I think Nigel and
Mary are going to have a party next week.
We are going to have dinner together tomorrow.
Aren't you going to stay at the library until your report is finished?

USING "GOING" FOR PREDICTIONS

EXAMPLES
He's going to be a brilliant politician.
I'm going to have a hard time falling asleep. You're going to be sorry you said
that.
Is it going to rain this afternoon?
Aren't they going to come to the party?

FUTURE WITH "WILL"

Will future expresses a spontaneous decision, an assumption with regard to

the future or an action in the future that cannot be influenced.
Structure
Affirmative I will speak.
Negative I will not speak.
Interrogative Will I speak?

12
Use Future with WILL
1. a spontaneous decision example:
Wait, I will help you.
2. an opinion, hope, uncertainty or assumption regarding the future
example:
He will probably come back tomorrow.
3. a promise example:
I will not watch TV tonight.
3. an action in the future that cannot be influenced example:
It will rain tomorrow.
4. conditional clauses type I example:
If I arrive late, I will call you.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FUTURE TENSES

1. We use "going to" to talk about a planned activity for future, for
instance: (= for Example)
A: There is a good movie on TV tonight.
B: Yes. I know. I am going to watch it.
A: Why is Betty in a hurry?
B: Because she is going to meet her brother at the station at six.

2. We use "will" when we decide to do something at the time of speaking,

for instance:
A: What would you like to drink, sir?
B: I will have a glass of milk, please.
A: Oh, you have left the door open.
B: Have I? I will go and shut it.

3. We use "going to" for prediction in the near future.

The speaker is sure because there are signs about it.

13
Exemples:
She is standing at the edge of the cliff, she is going to fall.
A: What is the problem? There are strange noises in the lift.
B: I think the lift is going to break down. Let’s get out!
A: I feel cold.
B: Look at those black clouds. It is going to rain.
A: What is the matter with you?
B: I feel terrible. I think I am going to be ill.

4.We use "will" for prediction in the remote future, for instance:
A: How is he, doctor?
B: Don’t worry. He will get better.
A: The bridge is not so safe.
B: Yes. One day it will break down.

5. We use "will" for requests, invitations and offers, for instance:

Will you shut the door, please? (Request)
Will you come to the cinema with me? (Invitation)
That bag looks very heavy. I will help you. (Offer)

6. We generally use "will" for prediction with the following verbs and phrases.
Believe, expect , hope , think , wonder , I’m sure , I’m afraid ...etc
I believe he will pass the exam.
I hope he won’t leave us.
I am afraid he will fail the exam.
Do you think they will divorce?

7. We use "will" with the adverbs Perhaps, probably, certainly We do not use
going to in this case.
Perhaps they will support you in the election.
Jackson will probably go to London next year.

14
8. We use "will" to express promise, not going to I will study medicine at
university.
I will stop going to the casino.

9. We use "will" in a question tag after imperative, not going to.

Does it today, will you?
Don’t look at your friend’s paper, will you?

10. We use "will" to give an order or state our wishes, not be going to.
Will you turn on the lights?

11. We use "will" to express an action in necessity in the future, not be going
to.
You will have to pay a fine if you don’t pay your tax on time.

12. We use "will" for threat.

Study hard or you will fail.
Give me all your money or you will die.

15
 WHAT IS UNCONSCIOUS BIAS AND WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO
UNDERSTAND IT?
Bias = Preconceito, tendência, predisposição, inclinação, polarização.
What is unconscious bias?
We all have unconscious biases. They are learned sterotypes that are automatic,
unintentional, deeply engrained (enraizado) within our beliefs, universal, and
have the ability to affect our behaviour. For example, if you're stuck (preso) in a
car park with a flat tyre, chances are you'd be most likely to approach a man,
rather than a woman, if you needed assistance in changing it.
While this unconscious bias may seem innocent, problems can arise when
unconscious biases make their way into workplaces.
McKinsey's Deliverng Through Diversity report says that "gender, ethnic and
cultural diversity, particularly within executive teams, continue to be correlated to
financial performance across multiple countries worldwide." However, when
unconscious biases are allowed into the workplace, diversity suffers.
Types of unconscious bias
There are many types of unconscious bias - and, without realising it, you're
probably guilty of them already. Here are some of the main biases that can affect
workplaces:
Affinity bias - the tendency to 'warm up' to people who are like yourself
Halo effect - the tendency to think that everything about a person is good simply
because you like them
Perception bias - the tendency to believe one thing about a group of people
based on stereotypes and assumptions, making it impossible to be objective
about individuals

16
Confirmation bias - the tendency to seek to confirm your pre-existing ideas and
assumptions about a group of people
Group think - the tendency to try too hard to fit into an existing culture, mimicking
others and holding back thoughts or opinions, resulting in the loss of identity and
lost creativity and innovation
How to avoid unconscious bias
There are, of course, steps you can take to avoid unconscious bias in your
workplace - and many big businesses are now sending all staff on unconscious
bias training to reduce its impact on the company. Here are some ways that you
can reduce your own unconscious biases and help to prevent them impacting
your decision making.
1. Recognise your unconscious biases
Start to think about the unconscious biases you may have. What decisions have
you made regarding people without really giving it a second thought? Question
why you made the decision that you did.
For example, maybe you believe that men and women are equally capable of
leading, but you think that men lack the ability to show empathy the way that
women do so you chose a woman for a role that you knew would require empathy.
While this might not sound like a negative, decisions should be based on who is
the right person for the role, not who is the gender you perceive to be most
capable.
Harvard University has carried out (realizar) research into unconscious bias and
has released the Implicit Association Test to help people identify their biases.
2. Focus on people
Rather than thinking about the characteristics of someone's ethnicity, gender or
class background, focus on them as an individual. Give them merit on the
evidence you see in front of you, rather than what you're expecting based on your
own biases.
3. Increase exposure to biases
Once you've identified what your biases are try exposing yourself to them more
regularly. This might sound like confirmation bias, but if you seek to prove your
biases wrong it can have a positive impact on your behaviour.
Using the example of women being better at showing empathy than men, if you
seek out stories of men who have shown great empathy and been highly
successful as a result, it will start to challenge your bias.

17