HAND INSTRUMENTS d.

Gingival margin trimmers

○ have single beveled working blades, are
Thursday, March 18, 2021 02:23 PM binangled, and paired.
○ their working blades are curved toward their
Hand Instruments working edges, which are themselves at an angle
• refers to a tool, device. or implement used for a specific purpose or type of work. from the axis of the blade.
• Hand held instruments

USES e. Angle formers

Hand instruments ○ they are paired and are used to create retention
• Include a large group of instruments that are hand held when used. form, mainly in class 3 preparations, to place
bevels, in some preparations, and to accentuate
line and point angles.
○ Line angle-where 2 surfaces meet
○ Point angle- where 3 surfaces meet

f. Excavators
○ Refers to instruments, either spoon or discoid, used
Rotary instruments primarily to remove carious dentin from a cavity.
• Metallic based inserted on our dental drills
• operated in a handpiece, which is in turn hand held.
► Spoon excavator
○ Generally have elongated, curved blades
○ Scoop out soft tissues or decayed tooth

Cutting instruments ► Discoid excavator

• Are those instruments used to cut, plane, scrape or cleave tooth structure during the preparation of a ○ have disc-shaped working blades placed
cavity to receive a restoration or other treatment. at a slight angle to their own shank
adjacent to the instrument shank.

BASIC DESIGN: g. Condensing instrument/condensers

FUNDAMENTAL PARTS OF DENTAL INSTRUMENT: ○ Instrument used to pack or condense
1. Handle restorative material into prepared cavities
○ used to hold the instrument and direct the action of working surfaces.
○ Where we grasp
○ Usually octagonal in shape (to prevent slipping) and slightly smaller than a pencil

2. Shank
○ the tapered section of the instrument that connects the handle with the blade or nib.
h. Carving instruments/carvers
○ Blade
○ designed in various forms (square, discoid,
▪ Sharper cleoid) to be used to form or shape plastic
▪ working end of a cutting instrument and normally has three cutting edges, one on the end and materials such as wax or amalgam.
two on the sides.
○ Nib
▪ dull/smooth
▪ Does not cut
▪ working surface of an instrument used to insert, condense and finish a restorative material.

i. Rotary instruments/Burs
○ held in handpieces of various types powered
by an electric motor or air or water turbines
and either direct or belt driven.

3. Working point
○ serves many purposes like cutting, carrying, polishing and is shaped accordingly

► Long shanks
○ for use in a straight handpiece

► Short Latch shanks

G.V. BLACK ○ For use in a latch contra angle
• first acceptable nomenclature for and classification of hand instruments
► Friction Grip shanks
○ For use in an ultrahigh speed hand piece
CUTTING NON-CUTTING
a. Excavations ○ Amalgam
▪ ordinary hatchet ○ Condensers
▪ hoes ○ Mirrors Handpieces
▪ angle formers ○ Explorers ▪ straight h.
▪ spoons ○ probes • Not used in the mouth
b. Chisels
of the patient
▪ Straight
▪ Curved
▪ Bin angle
▪ Enamel hatchet
c. Other cutting instruments
▪ Knives, carvers
▪ Files ▪ contra-angle h.
▪ Scalers • Used in the mouth
• Low speed

Instrument shank and blade design with formula.

FOUR NUMBER FORMULA:

1. Blade width ▪ ultrahigh speed h.

○ Width of the blade in tenths of a millimeter.
2. Cutting edge angle
○ Angle of the cutting edge from the long axis
of the shaft measured in centigrade.
3. Blade length
○ Length of the blade in millimeters.
4. Blade angle
○ Angle of the blade from the long axis of the

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 ○ Angle of the cutting edge from the long axis
of the shaft measured in centigrade.
3. Blade length
○ Length of the blade in millimeters.
4. Blade angle
○ Angle of the blade from the long axis of the
shaft in centigrade or hundredths of a circle. INSTRUMENT GRASP
1. PEN GRASP
○ most commonly used grasp and is accomplished by positioning the hand
as for writing.
○ the instrument is being held between the thumb and first two fingers, the
last two fingers being used as rests or supports.

BASIC TYPES
a. Chisel
○ Used to cleave enamel or plane cavity walls where they
are accessible to straight or comparatively straight
2. INVERTED PEN GRASP
instruments.
○ The instrument is directed upward or inward toward the operators.
○ their cutting edges are beveled on one side of the end
of the blade. ○ Often used when treating maxillary tooth

► Straight chisel
○ commonly available as 10-10’0.
15-10-0. 20-10-0.or simply 10, 15, and
20. 3. PALM AND THUMB GRASP
○ The instrument handle rests in the palm and the cutting edge is directed
by the four fingers and thumb.
○ Used in carving
► Monoangle chisels
○ Are those with one angle in the shank

► Binangle Chisel 4. MODIFIED PALM AND THUMB GRASP

○ have two bends in their shanks to place ○ the position where no rest is used, where all fingers are used to grasp
the cutting edge close to the long axis of the instrument, provided that some provisions or control of balance is
the shaft as 10-6-6 and 15-8-6. present.
○ used mainly for planing cavity walls of ○ Used for mixing alginates/powdered materials
upper premolars and first molars

► Wedelstaedt chisels
○ have curved blades continuous with the
shank, their formulas commonly being
10-10-3, 15-10-3 and 20-10-3.
○ they are used mainly to plane class 3
and 5 cavities with curved walls.
FINGERS POSITION
A. Rest
○ the position assumed by the 3rd and 4th fingers to stabilize the position of the
instruments when the pencil grasp is used or the position of the thumb and palm
grasp is used.
b. Hoes
○ have their working blades at angles to their shanks.
○ Used primarily to develop the internal form of cavities,
although they are also used to plane enamel walls.
B. Guard
• the position assumed by the fingers of non-operating hand to protect the parts
c. Hatchets being worked upon from injury, and to lessen the vibration of the tooth being
○ generally have their cutting edges at various angles to worked, as when drilling is done.
the axis of the handle and flat or broad sides of their • in general, guards make the area more steady.
blades parallel to the handles.

► Enamel hatchets
○ binangle and are used primarily to
cleave and plane enamel and to
plane proximal walls in class 2
cavity preparations.

► Off-angle hatchets
○ similar to enamel hatchets but
their working blades are rotated
12.5 centigrade on the blade axis
○ More sharp
○ they are used for the same
purposes as enamel hatchets but
may also be used to plane cavity
walls of lingual class 5 preparation

► Bibevel hatchets
○ Are used to develop internal or
retention form in class 3 cavity
preparations

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