ADVANTAGES OF 4 STROKE ENGINE :-

More torque :- In general, 4 stroke engines always make extra torque than 2 stroke engine at low RPM. Although 2
stroked ones give higher torque at higher RPM but it has a lot to do with fuel efficiency.

More fuel efficiency :- 4 stroke engines have greater fuel efficiency than 2 stroke ones because fuel is consumed
once every 4 strokes.

More durability :- We all know that more the engine runs, quicker it wears out. 2 stroke engines are designed for
high RPM. If an engine can go for 10000 rpm’s before it wears out; a 4 stroke engine with 100 rpm will run for 100
minutes than the other 2 stroke engine which has a higher rpm of 500 & will run for only 20 minutes.

No extra addition of oil :- Only the moving parts need lubrication intermediately. No extra oil or lubricant is added
to fuel.

DISADVANTAGES OF 4 STROKE ENGINE :-

Complicated design :- A 4 stroke engine has complex valve mechanisms operated & controlled by gears & chain. Also
there are many parts to worry about which makes it harder to troubleshoot.

Less powerful :- As power gets delivered once every 2 rotations of crankshaft(4 strokes), hence 4 stroke is less
powerful.

Expensive :- A four stroke engine has much more parts than 2 stroke engine. So they often require repairs which
leads to greater expense

ADVANTAGES OF 2 STROKE ENGINE :-

Simple design & construction :- It doesn’t have valves. It simply has inlet & outlet ports which makes it simpler.

More powerful :- In 2 stroke engine, every alternate stroke is power stroke unlike 4 stroked one in which power
gets delivered once every 4 strokes. This gives a significant power boost. Also, the acceleration will be higher &
power delivery will be uniform due to same reason.

Position doesn’t matter :- 2 stroke engine can work in any position as lubrication is done through the means of fuel
(as the fuel passes by through whole cylinder & crankcase).

DISADVANTAGES OF 2 STROKE ENGINE :-

Less fuel efficiency :- For every alternate power stroke, fuel gets consumed every alternate stroke. This makes the
engine less fuel efficient although it results in uniform power delivery.

Oil addition could be expensive :- Two-stroke engines require a mix of oil in with the air-fuel mixture to lubricate
the crankshaft, connecting rod and cylinder walls. These oils may empty your pockets.

More pollution :- 2 stroke engine produces a lot of pollution. The combustion of oil added in the mixture creates a
lot of smoke which leads to air pollution.

Wastage of fuel :- Sometimes the fresh charge which is going to undergo combustion gets out along with the
exhaust gases. This leads to wastage of fuel & also power delivery of the engine gets effected.

Improper combustion :- The exhaust gases often get trapped inside the combustion chamber. This makes the fresh
charge impure. Therefore maximum power doesn’t get delivered because of improper incomplete combustion.

Advantages
Simple- it’s a motor design that utilizes way less moving parts than it’s piston counterpart. because valving is
accomplished by simple ports cut into the walls of the rotor housing, they have no valves or complex valve trains

Enhanced reliability . - In addition to the enhanced reliability due to the elimination of this reciprocating strain on
internal parts, the construction of the engine, with an iron rotor within a housing made of aluminum which has
greater thermal expansion, ensures that even when grossly overheated the Wankel engine will not seize.

the shape of the Wankel combustion chamber- and the turbulence induced by the moving rotor prevent localized
hot spots from forming, thereby allowing the use of fuel of very low octane number without preignition or
detonation, a particular advantage for Hydrogen cars

DISADVANTAGES

problematic sealing- The rotor has to be sealed against the chamber ends. That means the 3 chambers, formed
throughout the cycle of the rotor have to be completely separated. Unfortunately, due to different expansion
coefficient of the materials, the sealing is far from perfect. This leads to decrease in overall engine efficiency.

problematic combustion- Although the air-fuel are better mixed, the combustion chamber is big and, more
important “moving”. This causes the “squeeze stream”, which prevents the flame from reaching chamber trailing
side – especially at high rotor speeds. The exhaust stream is therefore, enriched with unburned mixture and carbon
monoxide.

Pollution and Fuel Consumption- In general, Wankel engines consume more fuel than regular piston engines.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of an over-square engine?

higher engine speeds- As the stroke-length is short, the piston has to travel a shorter distance. Hence, this design
tends to produce higher engine speed and is typically used in high-speed cars & bikes.

allows for more and larger valves in the head of the cylinder- by lowering maximum piston ring speed and lower
crank stress due to the lower peak piston acceleration for the same engine speed An oversquare engine can have
higher possible RPM.

Less frictional losses & load on bearings.- Due to the increased piston and head surface area, the heat loss
increases as the bore/stroke ratio is increased. Thus an excessively high ratio can lead to a decreased thermal
efficiency compared to other engine geometries.

DISADVANTAGE

higher emissions of air/fuel mixture- The large size/width of the combustion chamber at ignition can cause
increased inhomogeneity in the air/fuel mixture during combustion, resulting in higher emissions.

The reduced stroke length allows for a shorter cylinder and sometimes a shorter connecting rod, generally making
oversquare engines less tall but wider than undersquare engines of similar engine displacement.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of an under-square engine?

Higher engine torque.- As the stroke-length is long, the piston has to travel a longer distance which tends to
increase engine’s torque. Hence, the manufacturer typically uses it in commercial vehicles such as trucks, buses and
earth-moving equipment.

Can pull heavier loads

improved thermal efficiency- heat exchange through the cylinder wall is lessened compared to heat exchange
through the cylinder head and piston since the cylinder wall is not in constant contact with the expanding gasses.
Each unit of area of cylinder wall permits less heat loss to the engine than through the cylinder head or piston.

An undersquare engine will typically be more compact in the directions perpendicular to piston travel but larger in
the direction parallel to piston travel.

DISADVANTAGE

At a given engine speed, a longer stroke increases engine friction (since the piston travels a greater distance per
stroke) and increases stress on the crankshaft due to the higher peak piston acceleration.

The smaller bore also reduces the area available for valves in the cylinder head, requiring them to be smaller or
fewer in number.

Bowens, C. (2016). Piston Engines and Technologies. Research World.

Infoplease. (n.d.). Internal-Combustion engine: Evolution of the Internal-Combustion Engine. Infoplease.

https://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/science/tech/terms/internalcombustion-engine/evolution-of-the-
internalcombustion-engine.

Siewert, R. (1978). Engine Combustion at Large Bore-to-Stroke Ratios. SAE Transactions, 87, 3637-3651.

Retrieved March 26, 2021, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/44644668
INTRODUCTION

internal-combustion engine, one in which combustion of the fuel takes place in a confined space, producing expanding
gases that are used directly to provide mechanical power. Such engines are classified as reciprocating or rotary,
spark ignition or compression ignition, and two-stroke or four-stroke; the most familiar combination, used from
automobiles to lawn mowers, is the reciprocating, spark-ignited, four-stroke gasoline engine. Other types of
internal-combustion engines include the reaction engine (see jet propulsion, rocket), and the gas turbine. Engines
are rated by their maximum horsepower, which is usually reached a little below the speed at which undue mechanical
stresses are developed.

Evolution of the Internal-Combustion Engine

The first person to experiment with an internal-combustion engine was the Dutch physicist Christian Huygens,
about 1680. But no effective gasoline-powered engine was developed until 1859, when the French engineer J. J.
tienne Lenoir built a double-acting, spark-ignition engine that could be operated continuously. In 1862 Alphonse
Beau de Rochas, a French scientist, patented but did not build a four-stroke engine; sixteen years later, when
Nikolaus A. Otto built a successful four-stroke engine, it became known as the Otto cycle. The first successful two-
stroke engine was completed in the same year by Sir Dougald Clerk, in a form which (simplified somewhat by Joseph
Day in 1891) remains in use today. George Brayton, an American engineer, had developed a two-stroke kerosene
engine in 1873, but it was too large and too slow to be commercially successful.

In 1885 Gottlieb Daimler constructed what is generally recognized as the prototype of the modern gas engine: small
and fast, with a vertical cylinder, it used gasoline injected through a carburetor. In 1889 Daimler introduced a four-
stroke engine with mushroom-shaped valves and two cylinders arranged in a V, having a much higher power-to-
weight ratio; with the exception of electric starting, which would not be introduced until 1924, most modern
gasoline engines are descended from Daimler's engines.

Reciprocating Engines

A reciprocating engine is an engine that uses one or more pistons in order to convert pressure into rotational
motion. They use the reciprocating (up-and-down) motion of the pistons to translate this energy. The most common
internal-combustion engine is the piston-type gasoline engine used in most automobiles. The confined space in which
combustion occurs is called a cylinder. In each cylinder a piston slides up and down. One end of a connecting rod is
attached to the bottom of the piston by a joint; the other end of the rod clamps around a bearing on one of the
throws, or convolutions, of a crankshaft; the reciprocating (up-and-down) motions of the piston rotate the
crankshaft, which is connected by suitable gearing to the drive wheels of the automobile..

The other main type of reciprocating engine is the diesel engine, invented by Rudolf Diesel and patented in 1892.
The diesel uses the heat produced by compression rather than the spark from a plug to ignite an injected mixture
of air and diesel fuel (a heavier petroleum oil) instead of gasoline. Diesel engines are most widely used where large
amounts of power are required: heavy trucks, locomotives, and ships.

Rotary Engines

The most successful rotary engine is the Wankel engine. Developed by the German engineer Felix Wankel in 1956, it
has a disk that looks like a triangle with bulging sides rotating inside a cylinder shaped like a figure eight with a
thick waist. Intake and exhaust are through ports in the flat sides of the cylinder. The spaces between the sides of
the disk and the walls of the cylinder form combustion pockets. During a single rotation of the disk each pocket
alternately grows smaller, then larger, because of the contoured outline of the cylinder. This provides for
compression and expansion. The engine runs on a four-stroke cycle.

The Wankel engine has 48% fewer parts and about a third the bulk and weight of a reciprocating engine. Its main
advantage is that advanced pollution control devices are easier to design for it than for the conventional piston
engine. Another advantage is that higher engine speeds are made possible by rotating instead of reciprocating
motion, but this advantage is partially offset by the lack of torque at low speeds, leading to greater fuel
consumption.