Primary Actions Of The Latissimus Dorsi

Muscle
1. Adduction of the arm at shoulder
  Agonists:
 Pectoralis Major
 Teres Major
 Triceps Brachii (long head)
  Antagonists:
 Deltoid (middle)
 Supraspinatus
2. Extension of the arm at the shoulder
  Agonists:
 Deltoid (posterior)
 Triceps brachii (long head)
 Pectoralis major (sternal head)
  Antagonists:
 Deltoid (anterior)
 Biceps brachii
 Coracobrachialis
 Pectoralis Major (clavicular head)
3. Internal rotation of the arm at the shoulder
  Agonists:
 Subscapularis
 Deltoid (anterior)
 Pectoralis major
 Teres major
  Antagonists:
 Infraspinatus
 Teres minor
 Deltoid (posterior)

Secondary Actions Of The Latissimus

Dorsi:
1. Assists with extension of the trunk
  Agonists:
 Longissimus thoracis
  Iliocostalis lumborum
 Iliocostalis thoracis
  Antagonists:
 Rectus Abdominis
2. Assists with flexion of the trunk
  Agonists:
 Rectus Abdominis
  Antagonists:
 Longissimus thoracis
 Iliocostalis lumborum
 Iliocostalis thoracis
3. Assists with lateral flexion of the trunk
  Agonists:
 Quadratus lumborum
 Rectus abdominis
  Antagonists:
 Longissimus thoracis
 Iliocostalis lumborum
 Iliocostalis thoracis
4. Assists with anterior and lateral pelvic tilt
  Agonists:
 Rectus abdominis
  Antagonists:
 Semitendinosus
 Semimembranosus
 Biceps femoris
5. Assists with depression of the scapula
  Agonists:
 Serratus anterior (lower part)
 Trapezius (lower part)
 Pectoralis minor
  Antagonists:
 Levator scapulae
 Trapezius (upper part)
6. Assists with protraction of the scapula
7. Assists with deep inspiration and forced expiration

Primary Actions Of The Levator Scapulae

1. Elevation of the scapula
Agonists:
 Trapezius (upper part)
  Antagonists:
 Trapezius (lower part)
 Serratus anterior (lower part)
 Pectoralis minor
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Secondary Actions Of The Levator

Scapulae
1. Downward rotation of the scapula
Agonists:
 Serratus anterior (upper part)
 Rhomboid major
 Rhomboid minor
 Pectoralis minor
Antagonists:
 Trapezius
 Serratus anterior (lower part)

Primary Actions Of The Pectoralis Major-

Clavicular Head
1. Flexion of the arm at the shoulder
Agonists:
 Deltoid (anterior part)
 Biceps Brachii
 Coracobrachialis
Antagonists:
 Deltoid (posterior fibers)
 Triceps Brachii (long head)
 Latissimus Dorsi
 Pectoralis Major (sternal head)
 Teres Major
2. Adduction of the arm at the shoulder
Agonists:
 Latissimus Dorsi
 Teres Major
 Pectoralis Major (sternal head)
 Triceps Brachii
Antagonists:
 Deltoid (middle fibers)
 Supraspinatus
Coracobrachialis and teres minor assist with adduction of the arm at the
shoulder.
3. Internal rotation of the arm at the shoulder
Agonists:
 Latissimus Dorsi
 Subscapularis
 Deltoid (anterior fibers)
 Pectoralis Major (sternal head)
 Teres Major
Antagonists:
 Infraspinatus
 Teres Minor
 Deltoid (posterior part)
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Pectoralis Major Sternal Head

Origin: Lateral aspects of the manubrium and body of the sternum, the upper
six costal cartilages and the aponeurosis of external abdominal oblique
Insertion: Lateral lip of the bicipital groove of the humerus and anterior lip
of the deltoid tuberosity
Actions: Adduction, internal rotation and extension of the arm at the
shoulder
Innervation: Medial pectoral nerve (C8, T1) and lateral pectoral nerve (C5,
6, 7 )
Blood Supply: Pectoral branches from the thoraco-acromial artery
Primary Actions Of The Pectoralis Major-
Sternal Head
1. Adduction of the arm at the shoulder
Agonists:
 Latissimus dorsi
 Teres major
 Pectoralis major (clavicular head)
 Triceps brachii (long head)
Antagonists:
 Deltoid (middle)
 Supraspinatus
Coracobrachialis and teres minor assist with adduction of the arm at the
shoulder.
2. Internal rotation of the arm at the shoulder
  Agonists:
 Latissimus dorsi
 Subscapularis
 Deltoid (anterior)
 Pectoralis major (clavicular head)
 Teres major
  Antagonists:
 Infraspinatus
 Teres minor
 Deltoid (posterior part)
3. Extension of the arm at the shoulder
Agonists:
 Latissimus dorsi
 Deltoid (posterior)
 Triceps brachii (long head)
 Teres major
Antagonist:
 Deltoid (anterior part)
 Biceps brachii
 Coracobrachialis
 Pectoralis major (clavicular head)

Primary Actions Of The Anterior Deltoid

1. Flexion of the arm at the shoulder
  Agonists:
 Biceps brachii
 Coracobrachialis
 Pectoralis major (clavicular head)
  Antagonists:
 Deltoid (posterior part)
 Triceps brachii (long head)
 Latissimus dorsi
 Pectoralis major (sternal head)
 Teres major
2. Internal rotation of the arm at the shoulder
  Agonists:
 Subscapularis
 Pectoralis major
 Latissimus dorsi
 Teres major
  Antagonists: 
 Infraspinatus
 Teres minor
 Deltoid (posterior)
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Middle Deltoid
Origin: Lateral border of the acromion process of the scapula
Insertion: The deltoid tuberosity on the lateral surface of the proximal
humeral shaft
Actions: Abduction of the arm at the shoulder
Innervation: Axillary nerve (C5, C6)
Blood Supply: Posterior circumflex humeral artery

Primary Actions Of The Middle Deltoid

1. Abduction of the arm at the shoulder
  Agonists:
 Anterior Deltoid
  Posterior Deltoid
 Supraspinatus
  Antagonists:
 Triceps brachii (long head)
 Latissimus dorsi
 Pectoralis major
 Teres major

Posterior Deltoid
Origin: Inferior edge of the scapular spine
Insertion: The deltoid tuberosity on the lateral surface of the proximal
humeral shaft
Actions: Extension of the arm at the shoulder
Innervation: Axillary nerve (C5, C6)
Blood Supply: Posterior circumflex humeral artery

Primary Actions Of The Posterior Deltoid

1. Extension of the arm at the shoulder
  Agonists:
 Triceps brachii (long head)
 Latissimus dorsi
 Pectoralis major (sternal head)
 Teres major
  Antagonists: 
 Deltoid (anterior part)
 Biceps brachii
 Coracobrachialis
 Pectoralis major (clavicular head)

Secondary Actions Of The Posterior

Deltoid
1. Assists with external rotation of the arm at the shoulder
  Agonists:
 Infraspinatus
 Teres minor
  Antagonists: 
  Deltoid (anterior part)
 Teres major
 Latissimus dorsi
 Pectoralis major
 Subscapularis

Primary Actions Of The Teres Major

1. Internal rotation of the arm at the shoulder
Agonists:
 Subscapularis
 Deltoid (anterior part)
 Latissimus dorsi
 Pectoralis major
Antagonists:
 Infraspinatus
 Teres minor
 Deltoid (posterior part)
2. Adduction of the arm at the shoulder
  Agonists:
 Latissimus dorsi
 Pectoralis major
 Triceps brachii (long head)
  Antagonist:
 Deltoid (middle part)
 Supraspinatus
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Secondary Actions Of The Teres Major

1. Assists with extension of the arm at the shoulder
  Agonists:
 Deltoid (posterior part)
 Triceps brachii (long head)
 Latissimus dorsi
 Pectoralis major (sternal head)
  Antagonists:
 Deltoid (anterior part)
 Biceps brachii
 Coracobrachialis
 Pectoralis major (clavicular head)

Primary Actions Of The Pectoralis Minor

1. Protraction of the scapula
Agonists:
 Adductor magnus (anterior part)
 Adductor longus
Antagonists:
 Gluteus maximus (upper fibers)
 Gluteus medius
 Gluteus minimus
2. Depression of the scapula
Agonists:
 Serratus Anterior (lower part)
 Trapezius (lower part)
Antagonists: 
 Trapezius (upper part)
 Levator scapulae
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Secondary Actions Of The Pectoralis

Minor
1. Assists with downward rotation of the scapula
Agonists:
 Levator Scapulae
 Serratus Anterior (upper fibers)
 Rhomboid Major
 Rhomboid Minor
 Trapezius (middle fibers)
Antagonists: 
  Trapezius (upper and lower fibers)
 Serratus Anterior (lower fibers)

Primary Actions Of The Infraspinatus

1. Internal rotation of the arm at the shoulder
1. External rotation of the shoulder
Agonists:
 Teres Minor
 Deltoid (posterior fibers)
Antagonists:
 Subscapularis
 Deltoid (anterior fibers)
 Latissimus Dorsi
 Pectoralis Major
 Teres Major
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Secondary Actions Of The Infraspinatus

1. Assists with depression of the humeral head
  Agonists:
 Teres Minor
 Subscapularis

Primary Actions Of The Supraspinatus

1. Abduction of the arm at the shoulder
Agonists:
 Deltoid (middle fibers)
  Antagonists:
 Latissimus Dorsi
 Pectoralis Major
 Teres Major
 Triceps Brachii (long head)
Primary Actions Of The Subscapularis
Primary Actions Of The Subscapularis
1. Internal rotation of the arm at the shoulder
Agonists:
 Deltoid (anterior)
 Pectoralis Major
 Latissimus Dorsi
 Teres Major
  Antagonists: 
 Infraspinatus
 Teres Minor
 Deltoid (posterior)
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Secondary Actions Of The Subscapularis

1. Assists with depression of the humeral head
  Agonists:
 Infraspinatus
 Teres Minor

Primary Actions Of The Teres Minor

1. External rotation of the arm at the shoulder
Agonists:
 Infraspinatus
 Deltoid (posterior part)
Antagonists:
 Deltoid (anterior part)
 Subscapularis
 Pectoralis major
 Teres major
 Latissimus dorsi
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Secondary Actions Of The Teres Minor

1. Assists with adduction of the arm at the shoulder
Agonists:
 Latissimus dorsi
 Pectoralis major
 Teres major
Antagonists:
 Deltoid (middle part)
 Supraspinatus
Coracobrachialis also assists with adduction of the arm at the shoulder.

1. Assists with depression of the humeral head

 Agonists:
 Infraspinatus
 Subscapularis
Teres minor acts to clear the greater tubercle of the humerus under the
acromial arch of the scapula.

Primary Actions Of The Serratus Anterior

1. Upward rotation of the scapula
Agonists:
 Trapezius (upper and lower parts)
Antagonists:
 Levator Scapulae
 Serratus Anterior (upper fibers)
 Rhomboid Major
 Rhomboid Minor
 Pectoralis Minor
The middle part of the trapezius is a stabilizer.

2. Downward rotation of the scapula

  Agonists:
 Levator Scapulae
 Rhomboid Major
  Rhomboid Minor
 Pectoralis Minor
 Trapezius (middle part)
Antagonists:
 Trapezius (upper and lower fibers)
 Serratus Anterior (lower fibers)
The middle part of the trapezius is a stabilizer.

3. Protraction of the scapula

  Agonists:
 Pectoralis Minor
  Antagonists:
 Trapezius (middle fibers)
 Rhomboid Major
 Rhomboid Minor
4. Depression of the scapula
  Agonists:
 Pectoralis Minor
 Trapezius (lower part)
  Antagonists:
 Trapezius (upper part)
 Levator Scapulae
5. Stabilizes the medial border of the scapula to the chest wall during
movement of the arm at the shoulder.

Primary Actions Of The Upper Trapezius

1. Upward rotation of the scapula
Agonists:
 Serratus anterior (lower part)
 Trapezius (lower part)
 Antagonists:
 Levator scapulae
 Serratus anterior (upper part)
 Rhomboid major
 Rhomboid minor
 Pectoralis minor
2. Elevation of the scapula
  Agonists:
 Levator Scapulae
  Antagonists:
 Serratus anterior (lower part)
 Trapezius (lower part)
 Pectoralis minor

Secondary Actions Of The Upper

Trapezius
1. Assists with extension of the cervical spine
Agonists:
 Sternocleidomastoid
 Rectus Capitis Posterior Major
 Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor
 Obliquus Capitis Superior
 Splenius Cervicis
 Splenius Capitis
 Ilocostalis Cervicis
 Longissimus Cervicis
 Longissimus Capitis
 Spinalis Cervicis
 Spinalis Capitis
 Semispinalis Cervicis
 Semispinalis Capitis
Antagonists: 
 Longus Colli
 Longus Capitis
 Anterior Scalene
 Sternocleidomastoid
2. Assists with lateral flexion of the cervical spine
  Agonists:
 Longus colli
 Rectus capitis lateralis
 Scalenes
 Sternocleidomastoid
 Obliquus capitis superior
 Splenius cervicis
 Splenius capitis
 Iliocostalis cervicis
 Longissimus capitis
Antagonists: Same muscles on the contralateral side
 Longus colli
 Rectus capitis lateralis
 Scalenes
 Sternocleidomastoid
 Obliquus capitis superior
 Splenius cervicis
 Splenius capitis
 Iliocostalis cervicis
 Longissimus capitis
3. Assists with contralateral rotation of the head and cervical spine when
acting unilaterally
Agonists:
 Semispinalis capitis
 Semispinalis cervicis
 Multifidus
 Sternocleidomastoid
Antagonists: Same muscles on the contralateral side
 Semispinalis capitis
 Semispinalis cervicis
 Multifidus
 Sternocleidomastoid
Anterior scalene, middle scalene, the rotatores, and longus colli (inferior
oblique) assist with contralateral rotation of the head and cervical spine.
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Middle Trapezius
Origin: Spinous processes of T1 to T5
Insertion: Medial edge of the superior surface of the acromion process of the
scapula, The superior edge of the scapular spine
Action: Retraction of the scapula
Innervation: Spinal accessory nerve (cranial nerve XI), The ventral rami of
spinal nerves C2, C3, C4
Blood Supply: Branches from the thyrocervical trunk

Primary Actions Of The Middle Trapezius

1.  Retraction of the scapula
 Agonists:
 Rhomboid major
 Rhomboid minor
  Antagonists: 
 Serratus anterior
 Pectoralis minor

Lower Trapezius
Origin: Spinous processes of T6 to T12
Insertion: Tubercles at the apex of the scapular spine
Action: Upward rotation of the scapula
Innervation: Spinal accessory nerve (cranial nerve XI), The ventral rami of
spinal nerves C2, C3, C4
Blood Supply: Branches from the thyrocervical trunk

Primary Actions Of The Lower Trapezius

1. Upward rotation of the scapula
Agonists:
 Trapezius (upper part)
 Serratus anterior (lower part)
Antagonists: 
 Levator scapulae
 Serratus anterior (upper part)
 Rhomboid major
 Rhomboid minor
 Pectoralis minor
2. Depression of the scapula
  Agonists:
 Serratus anterior (lower part)
 Pectoralis minor
  Antagonists:
 Trapezius (upper part)
 Levator scapulae

Primary Actions Of The Rhomboid Major

1. Retraction of the scapula
Agonists:
 Trapezius (middle part)
 Rhomboid minor
Antagonists:
 Serratus anterior
 Pectoralis minor

Secondary Actions Of The Rhomboid

Major
2. Downward rotation of the scapula
  Agonists:
 Levator scapulae
 Serratus anterior (upper fibers)
 Rhomboid minor
 Pectoralis minor
 Trapezius (middle fibers)
  Antagonists:
 Trapezius (upper and lower part)
 Serratus anterior (lower fibers)
Middle part of trapezius is a stabilizer.
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Rhomboid Minor Muscle

Origin: Nuchal ligament and the spinous processes of C7 and T1
Insertion: The vertebral border of the scapula, adjacent to the scapular spine
Actions: Retraction of the scapula, downward rotation of the scapula
Innervation: Dorsal scapular nerve (C5)
Blood Supply: Dorsal scapular artery and dorsal branches of the posterior
intercostal arteries

Primary Actions Of The Rhomboid Minor

1. Retraction of the scapula
Agonists:
 Trapezius (middle part)
 Rhomboid major
Antagonists:
 Serratus anterior
 Pectoralis minor
2. Downward rotation of the scapula
  Agonists:
 Levator scapulae
 Serratus anterior (upper fibers)
 Rhomboid major
 Pectoralis minor
 Trapezius (middle fibers)
  Antagonists:
 Trapezius (upper and lower part)
 Serratus anterior (lower fibers)
Middle part of trapezius is a stabilizer.