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ol qc SE.ql^.i dElilEl-= +461n, i}lHol ,.l+ 1EJ
^l-.g€.
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3le aEq.
"lag tsl+ 4qrzl5s"J olq4 iEls^lE 4Cl-
e]s oJolqol +El
ol 4e + g.rair1. {E}E +a4= ^}*Eg 'q^} +"J
Ll-=

i944r +e41+. .^il*E +olzl Pdq 'Jol .lqel 9d C

+94j1 "J= ^IBl5. oJ+ol ++rl 6J4l €91+n e= ^l+E"l
4. H!+6lzJql. -f?J ul+ "J7g 40gde ol+g z}zl
^}*5ol
6J+. +.lzl rHq +g 44s 9lr *e +4E Xlzl"J, qills
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7l-=€ 4OqdEE
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4l+g +J'trl ilqzl-EE- _a5ol r-r-"tr zledl
=-olcl^1.
Etrlg= plil+4"J kld2-cl r,!-+= .Jql € EJ r-qg Tlgq+

]rl 61119l olt? I 19

 =. €r i= A -z 4/PtLas{

':ra E ra 6LlE olEE +olot!'

E +d+. 1l5l+ aldoln ol-E-'+ "lB= 4ol flq= ^|

=rtlt
dql €rel6lE^lE, €i+.ll € ull= olB+ ol97} d€ "JEol
olqgEl= dc d6l 9i!;l;4l 9+g;11 r59 ze;lB^l Eq4
:L= tlqi4 E€€ AEsl-= ++B6J €irPl 9"t'l r*9zi!
:J zl49 6lE, f=ig td6l 'AlA4"J' 9"lql^.l t;!e 4.+
ol4i1, olElE 'g=l'q tagl El"J # €8614 dJ agolzl-il

'lolri. el4 ,l7l=9 "Jg Ezl:qlg EbLEg ".f3 4

6JB6J

4^lg "J+ol 9l4le+q B+stlBJrlE s=El.

6lzl"J dEEE f gzP 9+9Iz+ cltsl+ 4
^l-€g
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^1zl-^lol

n qtr +ee N}c4 0 e PlolEqot 6l+,.1= q€/l oJe "Jt

zl? il+ +=ol +r'l 9+g C4EE €7ll d3+EJ "-E r4l re4l
i9 "J"J7l? ge a+ql EllBS 'aql r+zl g4"J aolq. +

20 rhl il49 a
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?in5olq, ^J4-lltr^14. +^lEolq,
=d6l^14. "J{tg 9!
zi Ele.Zl == gol;llE ElolLJElolE=
q
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^}d.il iil=. a6l,Zl _e*= + zg HIE^I El44g +olLJ
olq.
ElolE oJzlE sc4. a+ *.il^l "q3]Ee 'eI g ag .cI 6l
I 'olulg g ae 'olr.],s 4.?s] ;lrc^lg. rslot Bzlc+g
9*9 4?rl4<+re^l) i+ r2€-gzqi'4n "J€ El+ adofl
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+j1. +E lE+ +q j1^159 g,,"i4qe zlz'l6f= oJoil EJ+ 6J
€- €olot 617.l _e*41=7p
ol u4g El;l EE g^l +oJ+clrl€€"
'l_= "J+! d4. 6lzl
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olqZ'lEJ ol-El,E 7l-+ol+ igE 7'loJ.= 6ql^l r"J qq
^lelg-
9l 913^195. r:Jr.ll iltil€ +n4= +*g gzlzlqlg. z-,.-
g ol-3 ulz| ++;lEl:l -z= 4lzl rzJ +zl,=€.
^lg-=olq.
+*^l? + oJ?lE ir3d.l Hl+q.
{lc[.r]-tolr]. *43"J el+g ";q^J= c4+ el+g
^1,€.
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g ';q^l= r q€ E+E L;q^i=
^l-9,
ge z-,-e
^l-dol4.
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=+4zl =7l"tl
,lzl 9+9 "J€L rJq6lEl. +471 a{rlE a4ol4='je HEe
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1l€o1Ei.
A4ol!. El++ei ++9 ol+ d A4olj1.. gd+ rls g
"l=zl +*g+ 9.14.

.rrl 6F-tE ol=? 21

 rzJrtl olaol + Tldolqot dJ "l+= 9l9i4. olzig zlq6l
n, EqRl+4ol.a, +71 4E u+ llde olqEl. jl'J?lg s6J
6lq rj+eg aldol ol-LJ+n ^d46lB ^l€E il94 r
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!€ ZlZl;}E +71€61 E "JF il-ge..n 9.171 qlB"il +e]= rg
q= ol 49 r dg "J+6J 'i"l
^Ldg Slrl. dg= ^l-dol!,,
4. ,lqle € itql44e ++E ol Hlq}6l-Zl 9*g a"l-l.
^l€g
ui+.l= ++E ol
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ol el
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d;lzl gg zlol4.
]€48 el +4= 'qgE dt}
o/=rol4= S€g
^^=71?
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t+etzl€. 4ortlltEet 4+E)oil21 I "Jg r*9 +il, g+q Cgol
Ll +4= oJA a ?e gol sl-^l 9*=71?

o|Eolal +FE7t? +ag7l?

^l+lolzJ

6l"iE olE.J golell? f,cr+E 'olErol4= "J9 *9 gtlB

zl. (+4rlE ocq^}llol q-q.B 'ol€r.I= F zlzl d9zl 94
(d4le= El gzleJ, zl;:e ol4 + zlzl"J +€ol 914).

EE*gn s+el €Be-e 4l*g q€ ^lt=ol4 d€tel 441,

n= oJ=el €+=ql ql+ 6ll€. +e"1.+ deg 5lal +

^l-g=r+
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22 | rH *lr{el }
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^l-gql
++€.1+
EE-m s*9 €Bo e zioJ€ zl€. <714.+e. +A. +SlzI
ql rtl6J 6lLlE
^hl +g ^}_!lsE ddJ. Ttlt4oJ Eaol4 a6l.

+,'l6l4^ltl F gEl= *Bd Asl olEql 4d +i]]ql

El_=_q.

"J"14_e B,4zlE.
rl-+rl-==g 'eE 1'.el Fo e ol Bq= 4=
HlEql, Zl=Erl-=g 'AE2'el *o e +q("J+et rel +E gljr d
d.J +E 9.lEl) .

'cel 1'el +g dJc=ol

^ldl= 4+el +€ +9E
Etl.J EEI
Ell"J+c€olq. aln+E '49 1'oil 9q614 Elg
= =q*=+.
e-ldslce c"J-e "qe ^}t501+ r]+EE itl4f 4. ol-+ *ql
+ ""J=el ^l-€E4 €tL5'C ai€+q. '+*ol"i ddJg F,-I
q"J E.= o;;=9" zfgol.:r., B€4"J ,14 *E"il u+4 ""JRiH
4, 94. 'J4,<l4+ ++€ ^ld.il Etle ?l"J o e ++€ ?13-'s
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F 9"l-a olal;ll 914. a!rl+ Etl.J+c€+ rJg gplql^,1 6l+
I ol€ol+. F ^t4l= 'rzl 6l+E olErol4-7 g/]^j= oJ €
4. 'rzl'71= "J€otlol +q.
<lslzl 4a '+EqZl' 9+91+= +t"tl +6il^i "J6lrlE.
=?il
Eq rlElzl-=qltl 6€ol4= zIH9.Jzl "J4n ag += a6*
.l 9]9t+. +Eg ol+aE +B6J + gtElr +q6J aq4-="1
"J*ri. i'fzl=9 g7l + 9lgxlE tr =zl'J(s4 ++^lF
=gdJ

rrl 6l-lel ol:? | 23

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"EC
r.qaie+ol g7l= R!+61-= Ell €vig f !l$ $ol;r, z|'1l5ol
gElLl rr4t}=zl sq= + 9lg S"14.
gol El.JgEi zlrl= RIE g7l-E EJ olEarlE, zt€ qEl'.4
:9 44= ?€6t= +=-es +ed +Bg += glrlr. "J:"lE
?o-rzlSol glEl. ;Fl"J r olEg ,J"4al 9+e6l: ?171 qEl
qpl6ill g7l ullEql, faq '^l-€'9 zl9l€ +zl 9*= ae +
g%l: t+471 +
^*:zlg;LEql €-4;l+. dElE El+zlzlq.
tl+cl g= Tiol ^l-€olF. anlE ^I,€olq tsl+ =4Ezf=ol
El-g€ :lutl6lqE,'qB olce eBq 844"J E+g 9q,-Jq
q, +4= rag +€4. ol=cl r.161l dJ?6lq=
^Ld'oleln
}.qol €^oi4oln alg++. t *4€ zJLl]slql= ol# 'J+
r,lglql Hlzl EPidrl.
EJ.J
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'ag1g ol€]+ 'ag2el ol.=:ol"ln zl+ "JgiE 9.lzl"J,
+zl= 7lE6l7l qB4. qlnldJ +ol7l gs6iq. ''d92E olg
'21.9'ol+= +e BqTl 94. zl€9 *?ts=
"I E]]sI^l= ollrl
+e)9 7lEl4= oJ^lul g+ol4= ag tr == ^l-?-g gttl. al6l
EE 4€r9 ^l€ql= f{ oJ^l^dg dqzl!. 9l9zl"J, g=tsql
a.l+.
=4€i4A
6JrJ '4q19 olge El 946t4. 'ol$olap +q€ 2l+
4e^l ''392'= 9= F A"d-= Zl olEl 7i6J +g rlolEl. ^l

. dq=g ^17€ +"i! q7trel +6161: +eg 6lq^1"-\(€.c+r4)4= ^lel

*+€q4,
.s,J"l), ol rlgoi= q€4= .F.14.

24 I rt8 qqel a
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=44=
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=4l6Fl
r+. 6lzl"J 49271 g;l 9171
'I+ql +4zl Etd o e.rl
^l-Sqn
gtq= d"l .J4zl-g +Pq+
^FSg;q+ +
r4^l q+ t)*;'1 4rtlE_ola 6l-ZlEJ +^l€ EJ6J rjBg €zl
+El. +qql^l 'e4'i-l= +ol= Belcl^l aellE *e-s,,.=
aolEl(E?l:= ,+alel il-g +H. EI;ll^]Y theorem r)l,ll theorum olel--v
3aI9 xi^l ++*=41. +4 "Jql^l= ffl .19 +Bol ol4+se +"+4 44
ei 4s+4 44 el]l .ll+dl *AEl Saol). q +4'J il+q+= ag
+^l I +E oloizl6l47'llrJ, rellE +gel I dJEEI= tJEol 3
+i ^84++. +d '44'9 g4dJ +"+4 +ejE Hzl. *^l ?
4+ qEl"l^l= i'lzl5"Jol 471+ €q6J4jL z|:l;f flelz|
qclteE^l==g j1.J ?4= ++Ell ++EJ .u+€ +zl+,
r"te z4€ +*"1
4)i1 9]H "Jol +€ *oJzlE +41 Ei6le aolq.
i'+zlql4 '?B'ol+ ^l-d,a 7le9 *4=s+E.l €€4 o e
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? "JLlzl g=4', FE +€4= 7l3lq *48€ ^ldE 7la6l
4E}az}4q A4= +"J +g}"il 914. 44t}4€ it z}l
=,{},
+4-ll 'lEli1+49 X4"i Ele R!+ ^lql= ltol-B9lzl ^lt
=
*Hl.J +olrl. q4l4^qylzl ol"l '68'€- 9il:il. +++ r
+89 9+ol ol6l6J + 919q, f4g TlEl-+E+ rl gg zt5 s
zl ColEl
=
+qzl=e +B€. 7l=o e dL l'+'=;r+'44'= 7B;l+qi,
olag (+^qE €q^ld)ql d€ 'olgel F aqelE Hl
=3

.rr'l 6[-lel ol!? I 25

+d-q. ++e ?"J F6l+ olzl €'B5lzl 9*9 E;l€ g+Et.
B"l El= ts, rag "c4zl € aolr+. +B.J qlg EEBIEg "
++ol il4. "-E_= 4l+ rl€+= + i+9 i+-qs s^l+ + il
4'= BrI"Jrtl, +qlzl.=ol 3 x 10x4zl9l -s= +oI qldi^l= ol
E7ilg +=o6}= El drtlClrl ,qlEql. *44_9-e '€-H}EE ^l
d'"lzln;NE. g*a}4. redilE C+6t! .lae +Bq;<l 9+e
87]14. ol EzIg dtaql +€+ +F.,zlzl a4 qq. +"+rl=g
ol4g ol-zl 'e4'9 rtl=+.ql gq+rl= gz}d 2+61'. 9l_e_4,
rae B€+ "Jol+. +J7l +89;I'l]ol"J g=dlEg ++-e
g-Blqel C4-e 4*g aolq. +Bg 6iql= q++ +6+zl-e1
olEg 4^l 'ol-izflel ,34'71 4 +E tl4lrl.
?- ^tlola(carr sagan)g z[]ol elAl{.lrll ts'i,lq 9t+a +,}6i

^l*# tslol*z4q Pl4!l

-cl, +=€ ol+6f*
= =EElacl
c{4

"lEl;L
q2l Cgilel 'd+tJ4.7 +*;l= ^l+5ol Llqlll vJ^l

.= HLll. el +qol= r=qlzl Eq+- zlrl= +4.qn 6Jq

LlEl

r+al ^llgol a=rl E4 += €"+e e+ ++g,t+al El9q.

elzl ]d€nlEe g^1 rJdE! EB=ol4= ag 6i,al EJzl. rrl^l
4= 'qle"lg "lzl"+ ael.il E]]"J 3Je ?Bg g4+d^lE ae
s-+g +q. olqE ++dl'+ " q= + dE Bg E
=EulEq
,l *e14. RlE"ll '+el= +6'17l €ol-ol -JqtV 4+14 e*g 6l
E. 7j9 Eil+E +ol Llg4. e6+ $ril4$. 561 ++4 "J Fq
4 rl+qi +aJ +4148. 921"J=g,l=;l 714+ "lge-s rll?

26 I Il+l !4E 4
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rl El zl4ol4B ololE Bg "J 4ol4l elcEl= €'4lql ql6l^i
elE, q ezl a++.lEl.

r,l E EIE El-,ZlE c4E EeHl-69 ?+4 pl*zlzl-g + al"lg

elelE EJaelzl 9*g A+Eel g;lQ t637€4i !4le c u1e
Elzl:+g +"+"4e1 q"-qql "L+= Cge A.lse +Bg gai{
,l+ olEol Lj+ +ol 4zl g=4'zln }'lE olcli, i"fzl-Ee "l
il +Bg +.141",1n, u|!{ 1!951J .3+ i6fz} t
Ctsiz1"; r
=+ el"J^71 6Bdl4q. rdqi= rleElg '4el'71 olq4 rl
=Elel '+='ol+-a gelot EJEljr c+of= i6+zlE g]9rl. el
'J49 C+4.J +Eol g^l zJn +A6lq 204l7lg *dg i6+
TlBrl zl4ql 9=4.+9 B *1. rag ?BtI=4d+ qleplel
+*g (+ut*) +4ol9s4el-= 7l +E l-=9 rl'l4oJ Eaol
El. EE LllTl ol olotTl= 4t ag i!:-t+ 449
'lolg Hq+
zl I611^i+.
i4zl-=9 +q.J '44'E B4el^l 'ol
g}^] "J1lFol. rl-=
g r]l4l '!+dl4 c4'4r "5141+. dl{$olu1 4.J+d€ Ae
r+q4 Ael= (+r.rl- €q^ld}E 'dqi'g ++^l7l= gEl
I "lEolEl.

(rae) g+ol4 d€9 F;ll +sl e!= "J+519e4, g4Tl

^l-€
59 + €E+Eln zioJ !E= tag zl-+l"lq. (:ae) "JRlBzl,
94, 94zlz+ ++€ qt{! gsl-qe^l +*EJ Tl+"lE}.
^L€ql

frl6F-lel ott? 27
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:a4g ollaoli gzl:,slri. EFI+ zl+71 tj$6lZl g!. F=q=
'ol=:"ol a+^lgEol Al*ee.qei qlqzlE e=q=
^l-doll..
ol€ol
^l€ol=ol, +4= *.149_e
rag '^l-g'E ?3+El.
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s+rl'+4 44q.
*C€ gzlzls +"C6J+Eol, q€ ^|d.il EI8I]^.I= +49 +
4 E+Eol+ E+€ 9l= +'+7]'+Zol zr.I6J ^l7l+E q^JoJ
olela i$lzl *i+ aE giq. qs'JE /l..Je qe4 "JCl4.
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Tl ?Z€g E "rl. {E}€ ^}+lol o}U Ef= +qole}n "eF4elE
oleJ el4+9
^lzl+e.e+ €E6J + 9lEl.
re]+ +dEzlSol
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^l€'E ^ld4 AqE
tDel 49= ole4tq^t Et gs AqTl ql^t!}. zl? 4i++ Ae q€ +
7l^lq\ .

EE €4ls "Jq!*24 A"J r +*EIe"J 4. eBd reJ d4g

zltrrp 94d a. €^I s+ol4 a4l +?tg Sall^l geld
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28 I rtll {4el .a
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g*g + tlEl. .l de +44e
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e -Eq= c4s deq y+ol 91tr1. r4E9 sE '+4zl +9'
cl +g+ +rllg +qe H4+7.1,=E 44ol ^JzJ aolEl.
5;'l dJ4rEol rIqI"tl^J rlrlg J. srmons) itrf7|
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^l€
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999=,1 + 4+€ €dlg u: u},r1
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otq
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€ttC 4 Hn 4+€ 4e- +olE q ?e q, dezlzl +eC
tc +rI. 'q/le 7Fg']1 ne4€ e ^lg-ol 9l+qzl?' +4 ql
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"J+4. 9Z# rl]'(2 EI agel *9 "Je S Bzlzi ?
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Eli?16141 aq5qel. +Z 71C14€ Bq +E
^l,\l
^1ts-9 +q. +4rl 6tg ASEL= F'J
o e zl*9 ull4= E
34"J EItre. rzli1.!= ol,zlel El+zlzls Ell€dlzl qe*4

.trt 6Ltel0ll? I 2s
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r= 9=71*dit gtg ddg E?lq=rll. qlq
3e9 1ot LJ=+
iE +4rl-= r€ !-zlE *q,{4. 94zl€9 ne+ *g.Je
Bzl-= e4 gtfl+jl BC"I^I "J4l4E g aol+. +iBJ=
=,9
9+E ^tlqol g*zl ulEcl, 25a qql €4ri+ €d d?61^l +
+tl.r.4n ',J4]6J aol4.
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71,1 zFgr.i 9l= aol += q
^35 €Ell'71 F*6i-=rll,
5i Tlrl €Elig '+E_Ll _E= €Ell= E 10q 7I '+dzlel o36J
ql Trlel €Cq=ql,]?dzl= '+_E ql^l 'zl".l'ql7ll dgg= B
+e i4-=s, r
4;J.I zle '5€Bol'zl /lloJ-J 7l-t'^Jol 9l
El. 5SlH"l= +sel +dzl;Iol E+ 7lrl7l+ zl.l;<l= aqq.

4 dg €E)l= 10q 4 +d4zl ?61= 5a +il5el d'J.I q

4"JEqZl= dolq.
zl"Jg 6l= rl*€ *dzl= d6l Bzl 9+=rl. r* oh+ Tlzl
€rI€ sl, 7I+ "F*ql El z3alur {9 'gg C43}
=q^l
E €El. relE EIE qEi 7l:l ^J€. €El7l e+E"I^l ,r.|elzll, d
4€ ;l+71 7l-grllE Elnal4 "lt6lq, 4ls$ qEi Tlrl E€d
ol '4-t'ol e+Eql 'e^86J4.
6lqd-= rtiE- 94 .l Hl+4 E+e 'dEl'= Tlil
^l}ol '+49
E. slEql 5*6}= 'cEnl=el 'Jt €Ell7l c^]8l 'rlEl+4.
.4tlEtlql^l 4lrtig' d.Izl= ag fa{u}gols e. +rl7} Eq_E .c

4+ ae ^J5- €Etlrl"J €g tr == ^lolol +dzl€€ dq'J c

7[, 4, reljr g0l|+ ] 63

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w x\?:**

ru;qi+?;
JT'ry--l'# \*ry-
(bE serdo *tE! cE €EltE
^tltB)

olEl /lLl llEl€ dE4df= rlzdE HIE ol+4.

^1,+71-:,-ol
+d-Jg ol"J6lE ElEl. tl";ol da +pls9]j(l= ,i€- +4rl
'gd.Jzlzl n4al 4lEl. slE.ll .='1t6l-= cc €EI5el g^Jg
g '+dzl=-, .z_- +il=ol €Etlql .ddJg El,l= 439 uJdrl.
*Bd q*6J'J.lel Ec 4,Jg tltdlg + gl=ql. qi zl]6
e 7l^l= ^l.i 3l99ltl.

64 r tlrlle-l 4
^ld
 a j'er+t (Etr Ll-*zlzl t*.1 g^8 r+€
^lAl*)q^l=
I ^l-8.*q. frg
'F,<l' 6l'+ql.! '7lzl' F Tlzl Uq4s'.. 4

TFlql^l g: azlzl F 7l7l 'E= 4lolgq. Tlrlel +el 4Ee+ 7J

ol= si +d4 F4l a|41 9,1o s e , +dzl +"lal5ql r44 a
dElltq. TlzlilTl g^J6fE +,qe +de 'rill^d'ol+ q7l^l
r TllEg d-.{jl6}Zl €86}.1 e*4rl"J. gaql 6}+9 EgEolT}
q-+E d+.1.ilS] ddd'J€ El;<l= 7ll olq4 ++ di,il.l gd*g
"l
rlr+= *olEl.
(=E
^l
4l *) ue E+e s"JE q^+s ^l zi6lzl "J, ;!
r B I
4l al7l6J Asl €Ell5e-l 4l*sE Bul4=q. zlE-6l7ll o]-FEl-S €
EIE Y+-1, PH-9 s e:g 4;3z1el $E4l IIl4 Znlq
=+ol+
€.7l^lq 5 a++ ^JEg €EI€ €El. E+ rBg + -t6J4zl
(rtl7l) r 7l.sEL e+El
^lltlel CrJ€+ Er+= €qEql^l "J+
]J€ €Etl=€- .E_g '^l+4 Eg€l olEl. oer*9
'1,+ 4d"l
gC"+E B9€ q*^lz -H-7lE ql+. +dTlEol 'Ll*71
^i=
zl'=E
^lA+lr.J4zl 54lg+ ilE+ "Jol+
++9s Ll-= r}^l oll=?+El^lql^J g6lEJ EllE Azlel 6J4l

(€zl €rll)4= rl €in€L -"Jg "J€gI'i. ol4l= +ElE-g

oe

dcq4 +C# H zl;(l s+6J 'g^8qfC 4+cl=ql. S+

+ 4"1+, zlql+. TlEl €zltCg *g €EI= 'Jel.]i7lql "J*
E+ ee+ aolgq. ol (a,.l €EI)el *^l "Je (^J€. €ED. r
4n (41+ €rltol+r] €4lFc)). TlEl Hli+ ++el ; e rB54l
+8il^J= (3zi,tsel t}.g s-=_EDql^l €Btltrl.
g^d +4.{ +e +q4 of:lzl gl9.r.
+61 'I+9 'rl€+ a

,1, 4, raE o:lql+ 65

 ^iF+e
"--*F f
!dq5
rll+ EEll=. oJ+i.lEjee ".lEolL.! e+q 4rl1FolEt.

,c. (,ll+ €rll):|sr+ oe "J9li1'4F] e4:- d4lel ^J5 djEI

i-'-rl Y3 Hl+*El(etet rytg -{+). El-11+ 1}oI^J L ol sE:24
q^l zl.+6J EJlrll. -r,rll= d6l tl=,qzlE ololTlg aolq.
=9
qd= zl? ol r'+]859:l7ll3J ol+=, +Ee +ie++ rJ+
El nJa oll^l-E- "J9lC'-lel 610l olE+ rJ,E6lrl-=,lg H"l+rl
9611^JLl. F6frl, €lq Eiel €d .<ll2l. Hl=71 olsT|el zl
^lq7l
el €€ .4tlzlotl^l: "Jglcq.l gd Eie "Jg dlt+. (dc €

66 rld a4q 4
4), (€"1 €il, (4+ €El)71slfldqel 94€ e Eq+Fq,
"J9d4 zlil= +471 Els c'cl^l oloPlEt rl€d49 g4E
e-H-q=4.
4ge sl+ldqel 6Jg +4 4,€t}jl, (+q ,l$ l+oil^l 7,1
"tle4l r ril6J9 47lt].rl
qae +zl-= zltlel 9rrl"J F+sl
zlgdqe= €al +ql4= EItl, {zl €z}el zl.}g i.ze1"'4
ul + zi.lrl. ,JTJ
^l+7171rzl 9E
col+ P d € "Jql +
ql€ ril7lq=l:. ol^d oJtsll+€ H€^lrJ + qq€,
=4€491s
^J€ol +"+"J Eql a4^l +e
.t^J 54cE +4q4q4 ?+g

"Jg.ilqlzl *4+ Hq flzl 9+e7l? raol El€= *E aE"l4.

6lrl+ q+ ElgE +nl4c + q €c€I^1. zl€.c4ol ql6J ol
q qg4 +4.
6lel
'Jg € +E*4 +.}ts= dqg

,t, A .r4! eflFF | 67

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{:j.}
2+.il^l +4= oJrJq Eol qg7ll +.qlqql aa dq4 +=€
F;I 4E ++q4=: =+aln +Ctl=zl, :.rlalQ Eol Sola
4tre El"J+ €4, 44. 371. 6JtLoJ.l€ rlU ++€€ ".15q
*=rl +qHglq. 6l,'lEJ+4=^lHrol+ ag4oln zlqg c
qg d+ EI g4 "l+6lEl. rBqE El= 5c ?qlE oJa
^F+
4s+ ,Je "Jg al+ Ll4=ol 9lg4? .agcolLl 95.= flrJ+
E tsl<6J ar+€,.11= Ll^J5q fl94?
feq!
rzJ Ll^lEol ol 4E +nl dqg 4d6l a4^lz=
aolq. ol +g +zl=9 El-99 + +21 6J E4 fr+i+e_erl 7ll
Fr+ "Jel-Cqg "l+6J €qg qLl4gq ga+ zl€d4el
9qi6J gEF EqTlZl g aolEl. r4.a:a E+oil El,llsg 6
z +zl# aa aqEl. ol ++9 ,J9 +qq *aGl *E s^rl.rl
5. 54?} 'primrose path ("!-r*,J)'al= -sde 4l'J.tlol9 (c4)ql +q= c
E.. s+9 ++,-l= zJg *6JEI. q€q .Ja= €+tUEl= gE d|^l 9"I 434

70 rltl AqiE i
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BZI=+.il^l a +Zl=3ol 6a=*=iE ^llalr]-.
"tC *"1= +zl"J -Hzl +iz +€-61 elg *oltl. 6lzl+ +r]
zl rl4Ll ?194 fllolq+ sg4ol Ae ,I"J ++Eclrl ol-?gt
.l q*= el^lE "Jg +g ".1+ olFBzl=.e+q olc 4"ElqlE
A4aJ + $t= d.^tl+ aJol gl;<lEJ, 41_ea19 Et1"1Ll g4^lEI4
6lrt-l^Li s4reJE A.g 7ll*6=^le zl+zle "J
=++E
t il6ld ?*El.
ols {ulg zflgrNo"}Q. 37lE 7l+a, !-oJ
^l+9 =rl =ts
$ uN-L, *9 +€ + tstiE E4n. 4e9 oJ6ln El-='
=+ol5
n, 6JzlE +E.?l q-Zleig zlA e-s {;l"il "J=!. ^JC-G'g€
4€6ljr. .. a+ ^ll€€ ol*lnll d49 .{llzls g'qEg+. r
4610l +d 'JrJE ;irF,* dq4 q+9 Z{ g=9.
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rJ^Jil4. Tlzl olE€ ts *"lB ,*l 421 -e+g qq 9l4l
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=71.

4inq ?dPHE
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tr,l= ziel rEa-q ololTl= E4=+ q+ +,-l+el 7lol7l 9l

=r]l,
+4 +El dq.ll^l= r ^lol7l +,q+
rll+olq. t"l= .J
,J9 n7l r +d4= =46171 d+El.
=t9 E4 =r*+
=rl Ld^l]€-
s El;tole Ee-q4. El=.ol4j/ dt+ dl'l?)oil E6J 14 zlB ql +

4t!!lE *z 71
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4l7l7lr:1.

'+Eol
g4 "JF4 oJil:(uetiantbus araras)Ql ;llulelzli $ol'
4147I^J -3lE.s, ol^8 *qlg *e ++^J"lLi 4q+ Ellol7'lE *
giEl *ol d^l+ 6J.q+el dltslzl7l=g gF E*ztle*g ,j
=
olrl.' g ell e]^loloil #!9 ''ll"lg 6lidtzlTl= 1l7l 35-5.2
^.1
. q4 zlEg 30ClElIrlEl Tlrlol E)ol oi^J olltsl47lE g
"lEl.f
EIzl'J=4. ot4el *g ztg *ol "*"1 +{ €EI9iEJ ril Hl6i.
TllrJ sllH}zlTl= }LE 6t+EJ 6lLlEl.
^19 =ol
el^lol- ++6171 ^146J ae +i.4
ol'il471-t
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ol+ ,&'d4q1 71--
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g rl^J ,sel6l= aC ++E+. r{tll '+E .l= E+zl 6110}B +
gl=(.t+et dgi]g jn+'J^t *'J sqEI trq) q{l ol+ ull+t,], 6I
TlEg E4lEl?l4i1 .Jrl." olaol ;l=el .d43
tsl,al7lrl silHl

+71 ++oI ql+ qel Ail4 +?l + 61q4.

. ++'19 BE *ol reFq, .lltst47l *e^H +Ple ule*(,r.j?)ol+b}elqfr gR!

"isq "JE6lrl aol4. 6llEEl7l9 rre *9e tl{!cl^J 4.J 7l?,l4"ll ""1= 4e *591
*9o lEi.
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zle *==E * !! LJ+ +l^l boll gil "*:+.
go I xl,l
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rl^llt d.l ;zl€€, r4a il4= +4 #7141^i ml4.P}= ag +.1t4. B"l"rl?l
^Le=e
/.oll^l= 7h'ltslekTtqle ?tqnlr +e#E B+tl q+g A+6il, -.99ql= aTlE qsE
oJ €El= TlE.q +71e] al9lE aEt. 6lEl7}qdl47l c4l tlq+ c+ 4+o19c xqE+. e

.l4l++=€ !5 E44 .lq5:qlslsE,s+49 7f=q El4lTts=E;!7lel 4€ ale=

elB€ gdjUEl. rge "Jel 44tg +€-4l€.e 5l \lnlgel,q ea?ls ?;fi4. rEq
ale 3Jdg C.E_e ? +=7t s4.

72 I rhl44E A
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sl"zlEJ
tslilq. :a€g ol-+Ela "JoJ "Jd"J ol *9 gELl *
^l+ol"l
4l o e ol+iJ.n. r rlc ql^-i oF^J -iltsl47iel +e4"J €rli E+
e, +?JE q= +Zl€9 ".1=;9.Et. 6FIEJ -rHqE q e
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=+=ql
e9t+.
+r-lzl E= rl+BE *E u|{z}zl!{r-}. ^l?ol a+.qol o}U
*=, E€6J 4E. ts^ti ollrel rlzlz| Ll= *Eg olni {}:ze3
aolEl. EE:a+Eol E_= "Jg 6tl'J'lg olqq. q€ *Eq A
+. ilg.I C44 ++-9 ^lzl+ ++ EllzjlzlTl B^llLi +? IL=
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Cgq *5e oJAol A+€.olzl+, r gllstqr-J ol
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^jffi$ o13q1 3+9 dl*El EIE d4 "d9lzl"=g zlgc 4fl

,l EIE"I .ii3.il +4 a.14. +^llrle,l d=
="I =9iEJ =+E
rl B^IEJ+ 714 zl€4 f$ uNzl]zf5ol +.^iqlg d= *59 C
q4e*4. olae cEq4 ++sl gq+
^t4lEl. ^L+7171 ^l+ol
olq;l r+ol+ H^I?_l: zle ilolzl 919 +olq 4qE qlTl
HTiql= zlg zloloJr]l. r+zl 9*4! ^Jr-rol= qzlTt 9lgzlE
sg-q +clilg € rl Eil6ltr'<l
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= ^|*"1 9]+8.
r ol+= +9oJ
4l? "J\1.6JrJe el449E ++ql ++eq. 7l?oj qEn
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?e H4^l *El= eqqa 6JclE. : ol+= El"+3 ?d"19 "J
+^l7l71 9.1alr.]7l+ rE= B=ol feJ *El.I Eg TlBc a4-a
el*6lzl ,4lE.J aol4 r+48 *+€iol Cq4 #-9 El-= ol

qtdlle.l Iz I 73
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zl. ol 4+ql^l Ela44ol € €,1;14 dzl *4 +e EllTllzl

el +al dRlg gElg g.s7l qEl. zl^ll6J.l+= €E6l1l 9+41

;<l+. +€d^19 6ldg el'lqE- "=}a18, ::E iC6l^l= t
€q,= a"l+. s!+ql reAl 4ls {*r}8, g,l o}'il) f;t^J
49 Bljl "Jn EJ aE $99 a"lr+. *zl+= qBTll= HIE^I
+ ^lgql^l 4€4cs s44ol ++ * 6l+ql .J€!+ ++9
_EF Tlal *c4lE-e 4ilel ++ol zLlg .J+3 +e^l7lzl *
alE+ 4Ele.3 r.qg ?lg"J4. 4?E oJaq TlgdJ zPl+,J
*,lBg €++ 4ol ClEl.

4zfi3tqemerol C+?+8, *5e qg4 e4'J^l €q4

9l= Ae +9 q= *Sqlrll al *71- dggzl? q€ "JHe
e c4zl zTlE ++61-= s7l= iz6Jrl?
zl* €7ls= ulgg 0l+61-=,JHol 9la, il*9 4E"l €;l
s r+7ll +El */l^+= ul.tl;l!. zlB4. Hl+ += B:'19 t
+ +4+E 6JF'J+e S +rll Ae +9 El= * 9E. 4l+i+zl
E E=4. ;lzlEJ dl+€- 5l+ +gg BdlTt rq. "lolol"ld oJ
E "Jq *7lE 4lrdlot +El. izff $zl=71 €zlE€ ? I
a4. + SEZI es Y+g oJol 'I4rl "Jol"l + *"]l gq
=71^+
zlTl ulEql, -s= oilLjzlel adlt +7lEol rc-HlElil EJ+. r
r
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9.1;111
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^lE'e-
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74 I rA 4491 .A
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ilEl. r4qzl *l€-E +"1 *71+E EdJ L ae +el rl= 4E
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t}E. r'?41 6lE+ €5;L= olBol qlqE ' .

:r. Bg Bl"Jol otqEl. 4 El8lxl Hlja rfl olol olrl pol;<ll

914. q€ a+.I= E^l +++ +col El7l5 6Izl"J. a+ q!

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=
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11: dl+ol .lgol El€gt

^'irl. =g "Je3 =El..J+= 'Jdzl+ol'l
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dtllll'E Iz 75
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^ll8-gdJ-e-E
ts4
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zAoJ +E 9]9trl. rel,+ +

ge e+r]- ^tl9 Bzlql rtlTl= 4E6l-= +o e,

^lc+el a+,
:aEE Hl6J =-o oll EJEolzl-= 9g= 4l+d+ +o e zlgol 7l
C9tr}.
6|zlEJ:a+ol t7l+ "JE4 g q +4-lr+a= + + gt+. El*
ql el+ ++ *Bg ol+61= 4gEE 9.lzl oll+olq. olEg +
Erlle zt-tlol il+ +49 .ql+ ^|6J= qlE'4l t€?71 ol+o e
7lg9t9 aol4. qlLl,Zl a;l7l 9lj1, q= 441+471
^lg.I7]i=
q r+Fol,
^ls 4g *Laql^l= ^ls +e d+"1 dnEl= B
olQ. olzlE tlelq +,q+ 'n+ol+. .<JE 4E
^le += 7:5ol
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E:r z1o1-= ,lqle ol;lldJ + Btq-= a.
ul*q el,* iEol olffiE zlBel .'.}+(++qzl "rtc +.t4j1;l]
+ czl?) ++ol+ts, Rlrl+ +EJ"l= +qq t94? '"lBel +
i{ q€ *ql^] *71+€ EiJ I aq6}rtl re}'Je +E
7lB?
4€ +o e goPl-= EIB e+ ae =+e z9 Tlr)lBlTl qB
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€ Ll^l=g Ae ^l *ol4E o1-g rlleu| gola aol4. tlEI' €.
-a qlTl-= zl96J *rl ae +3 +ol7l-+ El-+= +dd S"il

g"la 9l:-rll, r ++E al+e1"il +a7l xlEl. qg.l 4 "J {c

tsla Si€ El-E aE +471 olqr+.
zl€.lqel +*| garl.J rlg"l €zl:r= "|Qz|:ule4l rl4

76 rl+l ilrtiel 4
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m sesquipedate)?)+
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^l+
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q+e Ll+"l H7l +4 q"J99
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q+. olel =49
oJr?i=-
'41
23o13
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=zl
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tc.'ngicatcar)91

"lEl+ €q. 1862LJel += 4.il^1. 4fl€ e. dl/-?rilg/tl7l

El

4zl:zy= q] 6l'+"Jg +Zs. 53 glol 25 -28

=46Jq+ ^j-:l
dq"lElel 9l= +*ol 7Jzlj1 el+ilrl. 5"J
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9, g44= +Eol ?Jol7l9+ r iaql ",1= Ll*sol q qEl
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e,59 EJ= ,J'q;lEl= ag sF .JC6J4.

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108 I r|d rlrll9 i!

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ol 4.r]'
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q 4lsls tTllcl il.l7l da*4e. d
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dql ^lzlq9El.
zl+9 t+ol= * H" e +d€+. ol,ig 100LJol 4,600
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gEl zl+rl^l= "* zg "3o1 gflEl. olag 100LJol
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200"J H
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=
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120 I rLl a4el 4.

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122 I rtal 4tllE +

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^lzl=ol €d 4i6}
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I .J4ql Ele qgflEl.
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eeqsg | 123
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fle !E! 1 125

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128 1 rEr!4E 4
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El €rtlzl.Zl BZIEJ 914.
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g^F-^l4l

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7l qq^l +4= +*6]-21 cqe + 9l!., g}^l "JiqFol. ola€
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6ilot,*q. +E 'J I g^.iol4E its-ll]J LJsl _Srloll EJ+6Iol 6l
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130 {€ A4q n
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g^l+ ,lEl4 q5;14. ilzl* 4
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ul.l"^i
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zq eaElzl 9+=rl= za"Jg +z16lB^'1. o!6lo.l!:621e
Blq*g '+q'eln iTlltl.7(4=+s€.9 !s q€.,Jet +* "-}-e dal
4€- F€ot4), B7l^lr-l= '7]nlgzl^14'4jn tJ.qq (i"lt€Eet 4
,e 4=,J'"i +*q). *4;(l?Col= 'HlEl'+4'4j1 i{4t+u.rrc+ +q

5+, ol *g ^lg r+€ &9'lq^l ^le 4E dl4lql ++EI. .J+?l ?:-4]1 all
E olB+ t 3+g *71 d= 'lol4. +.1, E 4 F€.q7l= dlEl). 4n +9 4
r= \+^l+ El zl€'IJE?I' zln dJ
4(aet,ln 8+g H4).
a ol

zl+il +4ol Be i++ +qE el.IE, ol 4.il= 9lq4A

n4ql +dJ *.1 tl"t. 4e drl6lrtl
^li!4rl dq7l4 €.r.21e1
B7l^l4el +rJ €Ell7l girl= dC €E+El. zlrl= "J"Je Tlsi
E4-=ol E7l^l-44 5-zz1^]t; 3Ezloe += *€'E
^lolq
d"l €Ellg Tlri+El! ^87J61+ ,lrl7 Ll_a l= rzl ald"Jg
"Jzl7l qB+. rrl^l Ll= r7l zl-l]E SzlEg A +l€! glEt
jl d SzlEel +zlE qE4 .Ba4 " e o,*-t
+dleEl. rzl
aol4n ^84+rt.
=

9Jolul !at? a gotbiaE "JoJ7t 211

"fleo 17 I 017 lE -J=ctE TlEl=i .Jxloie
^teJ

4^l ESl,'llrJ. ^l*g g+olql^J +ql6lzl -e*9tE|. +4= g+ol

e| +F.C== ,*! 919 SolE+. g= *Fd=71^lgsq-= g?
ol= €d Sgl€. aolEl. +4zl E 2,500+ \l dql +Fd
y+ol

e= "&148. EBglol ra€- g+ol4i B*€- aolq. 6lzlEJ

ElrE'61 ?l+ol4r +€ oJaol dtlq}r+jr;lq
"J+ C=e5-r1
4E. 6J +ol e^laql 4 +C BC += 9t+. 4"lE ^l*r+ g
+olil'J, edZl,leJ :lolzt ul-E: ++ vl^17\ Bg +=
^lB-rl,
gtr+. TIE+ts feJ aol olqq.

AE+71 dd4t r+4"14= ae g€+ +.lqel, .1s|

^l-g'J
zl €Bqol ilo 4E *t-^l dd4ololof +El +..11
=?olelE
ql
"Jql
ga\1 E+ol .Jq'i= ag(g+otzl^l+g g= 1.1 :fl ?
+El) e1g 1ra"G|.ol4 gzl-Ett dJol+. :24:r tl.I 9+
^lql ol+_e-, +FZl4oe Zq 9zl€4q= olftE_zl4
*velrJe
q= .Jolrl. aElql Hlrtli'l-=
^lg5ol 4lg
=ElI]J€lol4E
in
Eq^l zlTl5ol R!461: ql+el aB4.J g4uJol4E dlltl
=oE
+41.4.

'=rfle.l 4^lgolaEilegs^l

'9Jq4q a4'=,q+d-= r+EJ +*5q 711l'l= +^Isl 4l

slTl 44 9]4. +9q r'+ rle.*9le
^lqlzl;(l B^JEE "l-+9

212 rA a4el A
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tl^l-=(rhe crear chain or Being)'olEp ol 1181"il ElgR, ffi .Jg
e 6l+el ^l+4ql 9*ol 914. "J +rtlzlql 4lol gln, r olells
rlld^}7t. q-s-.ge q.J+ zl;Lg d^l€ol ";r.. rq+-ql oJ+ol
9lr. rlgq1 5gol, El-€.oil El-€.ql zl4 9C€
^lgol. =."l4
+4€.E.ol 914
rl€9 zllH"JS +tg,ql,
4+ ?la"7lBol zrlzel g.rJolca ^l
+ol4:a + zJ€- g+ql 9+ol 9= ag olqel-= 4E zl
^l-dg
46J g_e]E 9t414. €rtl olq4l B^Jol olCBE} EJ tn EE+
9€€ "l:li].rtt=ru^l
LIT} i.lgql E"l BCEq s}€€ +
^l,e*9i4 n
Sd+ ,rlolEl) .

FEZlql 9zl7l 9lEl= "l zilHe dglel-= g*.1 :l+ F?9U

9 ull : utl€9 gA+ri,4"1+91q. '61€ S€-ol ';.s- €lEE
dsldJEl= ztAg tF zlql2-a]+l qq4. rziol
^l-+!ol4E, +
4= ^l+4 9l+sE= olzl+es= €an4=g g + tq"t
dJrl. gs"l +F+i+11 DntTl gq,(l7i r4Eol
^l+4= tlg€ol
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+4 olElTlTl +q 914. r7l4 de ^lEl4 11!+ul= 7) ^l)I7l
e*qn HlaEl4"J TllHolEt.
+^l
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raol +q ^d4il'; 1614^|lal ,tlzeJzl
uil+ql, 7l]
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Eol olqel gqq €HlEtlg zlt'olllclilsc ?ti+E rej4)
^ld
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;lFEEol4=
^l€9 € "5 9.14n ^J46J4. rzl ++ *9!i

goi4e! !al? ! g/ol4dE dJoJTt 21'J

 + olstl6ll*E}r ^J4dJ+. alc+=: ^ldg rl+ CB6l2l +
=
Eq+9tqn ^J4+El. 6lzllrJ rezl g+Et! f *g an q€al
zl g}4. €23 q€ 9:ol 9lrl4E, *old qzl r,++.1 *61
'll8g
zjiolil^l nEel +qzl qj1 4tzl4zl 6l+
=
$zl. $trolz| zlTorolgEl 'neddlq-="Jol ;rlB + ?1,= qzl
9ElE 4€4BqlEl €*:a]g *Elol ttE"tl H"Jr+.

. ?t"l= 4zJoldtl^l dslel1. ^l*ol a{zlql^l .ls}ql4

sJol 4rlol*, ol
"JE zlflolEl. g+olel 7l?col= *15
=
44==,*jL 919 Pol+.
. g+olel ,lldolel SElz? Zi'olHc+Y TledolE El El
ol ti9l4. olae- + "Jol q= s€o14. 'ce= *914=
gEl.I +++qE'g^14'olel= +qF_ 3 + ilEl. ol'J E
El"i^l= qE €^J €'gol += €lcsrl El tl^l4ol4n EJ
.J + 9l+. olaol 4q3l q€ *"Jzl Er.+:ol c4alltrE. El
g^14"J +e *Fde olell EslTl rl 4itl= gol gtl(e
e6l 4€?l g47l7l"J tlllB, slLiel clqE flq s= +ol Els +5'+
*Fda=,*:El). u+z}^l .J+ol ';lE +ll+ 5B6l El f+q
H6lZ.l 9*e- a+?+8. '+l^14'ole+= eqE- + €€- Hljl;l
^l= s] €El

+A 9l= q-g ololzl9 en'Jq7lzl. Bg AEE

olzl^l +^l
+46|= ae q4g "J.14. :r4a g€ A++E + d^J FC
el *+c=71 q- dJ.+€. El Boloi 6J gg4"J olr?= slEl. 7l

214 I 449 A
^ttt
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aqe+
*g 7E8e glr|=71 ql;<lEJ, + rzlot +rl-= Be 9i4. ce
e+El *tl4+a ^l+-g oJg'oil Aqd +Aol +qtt-qls .l
+9zlzl olfl d.il rtlsl €l7l cl*€' 6l= al ,l-ts61+8, ;144
qtr €^J FCE q= 55e+ El g^l4olq^l= oJ €r+'. el+
6J,lolq. E + *€|C= olel 5Ae Atre dai*n, q+ *6J

ztedotet a+ite), r$qr dl^j + 4qAqn ql+6J

=rtl(g+qel
"J+ C€4"J ol-'9= IE 9l+.
al+71 *|gE +e s= +e"l q ag +tre Tlst6lzl 9+=
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glq. 6 rl dZle q= €i8, q,rl t'Ce ilzalTl HEI g^i3ol
zl"J qE EL€.g €4zl7i qq g^14"J +E 9111. q7l^J aa!
'g^14'ol?+= +q= 'drg H1i4= F"J g 'Elt6l+(.r +
+sl4i= *g olHg gC6Fl. gq gg ^l*el "J94 E+61
7l+(ge ',Jrl+q E})l ,ll7} olq4 6J 7 .+), gol Ej +l^l4ol+
^ltsE
(+zlel "Jel *FcaE +471e "Jzl+q 4! Til9le e-", "Jol +4tr4 El "*
ot Eit+r++ 9.lr+1. ol ololzl! ++9l rlg 6Jqo e 4elzJ Al

';qa+.

3. g+olE zlelolE+ cl ++6l4]ee El etdtsE}. 4tEot Et 14.

4t4l7l EJ +*:+El FF). +rl7l ol 4€.zl oJ
^J49 r+ql4 9e
4+g4i1B. .J* ?"Jol €+. ol 6}+0l Etg 6J+-E+ ?
al Ezi"J 9148. Ll-= olq 91#-r;1"21 gqg
=5€+=

gqqa a4? I gtqqdEJ goJTt | 215

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olTl* +|olEl. *'cqlal €l+E ullzli lEts'B7l ef+
Ltl Tlzl elols. ++6til *tl6J + glq. r+ +
^l+4ql^l
+"^Itr t'€'ol rlg +E glEl. s+
^l44ql^,1= =;(l -e+9
+= sEih"8tr1 971 Eqq rJ al+el .Jg qq E
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e-b-}J d 4 rl-

4. +t+ol= TlaolH4 El -,t914. il+"lq 7ledolal-=

^l#3
olaol +oJ6J + 9i= 6lzlEJ
^l4loil^l=
=++ q€q= ^ldolr+
:r.r.I^l ell a"J7l? 7l=ss Et=
+4= ^|+9 c
g* ++6101 6l-=71? 4lrl47l EqE eTlg oJolEl. zl

Bol= ^l+Hrl 4q4= q *9 "l9ol 9ltrl! EJES.ZIE

-894. dF4 0 e €rlE rl^l-+ol^l ^lg-ol €rgtl a^l ^l-
olol FolTlEJ. TIEP} qEal= "JrJ€ '6J+471q oJrJol
'rlg}g :il+ gE olzf= zl42 4a alsl4.g.s A'JElg
+ Btrl. olA 5t++ zleol olEg €al2l €Aql= a"l 5
4+ +=.olq ol Tldg "dd-^lTl
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7}1l
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a?" zl+ goluilTl Fa o e - 7.lB+ qlzl glol^l E ol eE
g t;LtJ.=rll, 5.c;ol olulQ. ,-l= ol aE€ *a',Jn IL
Yl=4. ulle= "ro} 9lq 9"1= ^l+54111E.'
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Fc=sEl) El ^3=41 +lo|+tl. olag 1}r-l4olzt+ T]€'J
aliazl 95 "Jolri. €^d +5-g Ll+ + a gtol sF, 4
qE €7|zl4= ^J=ql c+tu.El. g+q ?ql^J qqe !F

216 r|c: A4q .{

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4"lag+.1 Ae 9q +e B+ 97lol z16l ileq, ^1
ToolHrI c=qol €q{lE}. y*e +lL} E}?BzI= 7}
^}+"1
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,le-_ +le+ dl?Belr.. e+ g7l.i il"J ag l€4c+ g*

++olq.

'IE-olLl '6|E- gB+ Er,lzl g7lzlE + F €

6l_= "J"I
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ollzlE Al gpl'-i dtl."Jzl. r
^J +5C ^lq4ql 94 ffi
4ol g"l+ Hldel4.J s4oJ7'l. olEJ6lE a?8.l qdTl€ ul+
q. ++d p+i1 y*g
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^tr+qql 5€.=9 ^].
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4EZln Ee zl4g gi+.

q^lzl +4 r4lEql "eI 7l+49+ol7t gl+s-?' ,Jg
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Z'l] qlB8l-= AElol gl=ril, olae Eg *zl9*7ll gBql4elg

.Ll= i"J 9l= ^lg(wel ol4+ "Jg Eee 4El 4qelel d#C CEs qi4
e.rlcare.rt
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4 ?rJe qtrlts + ,++*^lEJ 4-rtq €4 4 ^lnq€ gq"J€ 4.Eg
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i+€ ql+
7l"*ol e4q4 7lil€'la + gte cEe 9d "JolE+jold rl+ 7l4s giLl
7l^l Faln€{ol+.1!Lt) g4l
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"ltsn d+ e4"J Eal

9,lolufl .len fl golqacJ "!J 217

oJol+. ol rf.+ dls€. +tg ulB.I ?l 9.1.71 utl+olq.
rzJql ^le^l g+"]l= ra "Jntr IE 6l'lcl cdol glEt. tr
rJ4 ?s€.g € iJdoloe, +F 5'Elg dJ"ilill €Bd]tr4lE+.

^l=^l= r
gHl4?l *.*9 Eq+= '* 5+dJ
^l4ltl.
tg6lzf=e 1lF4 o e 4,+,E'cEg $al z3-o e q+4. g
+,&.47J. r}=A. oJ.^lzJ €lol +-S deq olBoj4. :eJEil 'E
zlqzl(cracrisr)'4n' 94= FP Eg"+zl+ rt.l rtoll + q= C
7++'*a glEl fEol ^J4d-= 4€6J e++, q€ zJel +trdg
5ol *+;l= *5|ca q^l r ?ql +61r., : dEl 9i"1ts:
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=+= ^tl=
i.ililn, r d== aEJolL+ Bztl't g4 F €^J a+el ;ld +d
5g zluq+ Eql,! '^tl'4j1 Bg "Je F5ol99 aolEl. e6l
q++4j1 B4= d+g ola elEl.I^l +e- ,Jol ol-qr]- 4qE
FJ4"J g+"fql^l= ++zJ'otl^l z# dl4l6l-=4k^r=3 E,tlel
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?zl ull+o]4. q€ *+Eg EIE i"EEB4-E tl
^ld ^ll5r+

. ealJ e dEl3ss 3J .6|fti.e+E] +rll.J EE ++€ o|?e= /dC dQg "J,*EL

..4qE 5€3+rt=9 4rI4.J B9 "I Eled, re+. LIE tsget Eet* 4+€ €€e 'J
el nl4 €+41^l ,iB gA 1"+.1 rlq gagt7l 4lEq1,
^lqlg 1l+ ^l*g aol!+. A?9l
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?E gEl€xl 7E 6lE|. EJo+41
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ol9€q d.tq dEl€, Lt= 4+71+e,+ole+= gt9 +c4+ g aol4.

218 | rhl4qiE 4
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Hil4lEld7l 4€'ol+. +47l" g"J+ 9"19 zl,€4 zJ_o e
'l++
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^l++q.
3+g oJg4 o e uNzl;J ffiallts 4E s l_4 o e ]?++ +
BBolzl ullBolq
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€el= oJZ+lE +qn +ecqg4? ^dBq 4lF+.rl^l 3+E 7l
7j-g ol*ol9iEl Ll^l=. tsle 9g EalrlEl +
=+9 'l++tq
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^il€:EJ
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+E *+ zlFol +kl7il ^J=aIe"lqE. ,\l]pol iEalzl

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^IolE 9lq4€
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r4E ^l=^l= qd6l E€+ql d^l-J EJ=: {{ i}alol4z1
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g=tszl e "'"lal 5 l "5"1-ts ?zJ € rI E Bol +^l ;<l " ag
L.tl o !

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rle4 eE|]E.|9E}E zl;LE y+g *L+ol Eol-qqn 9l€-rl
uNz|

sgq. r+.J] aEl g4n, Bolqqn, +4zl 9l= Ll^lg +4

golqe! !El? fl 9lolslflE 3ioJ7l 219

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++ y+ol Bd9r 9o -e. "9Jq4A n4= Hq+^lr|" Ag
Edg "Jol .J €El= aol eBdlzln 91c1. ^l=4t 5q 4B
qgatrgl=aol4.
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H}E]oll,\l Eo.e

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€qe Be Eql^] q++ ElsTl ul+ql, dJ+41^l +C +e-e
ol€];ldE +9 Zq _s= +eol ++4,qE- 94zlol 6J4. gcl

^l ala= +€EJ f€qle

oI olTlEi= +71 +"il^l d6l +s7l
fl:il, 4= g.I^l 5s7l 9t+. gq]^l !Dle:il.. +ol8lJ., s.g4
o e ol€i6J + glll di+9l€ +41 zlBe €-ol^]= 9l6JdEJ6ln

^l€ +olq, 9E
r El+zlzlq. 'g qls_e.'19 Clzl'r-1 '9"]]
g olr-l+. IL ol e
i+.1
^lg ag .s€ol +++71 aE +471
+ +^l"l^lE '9lq4a n4'71 3'j-= +d^l7l € 7)E +471
olqEl.
!+4e +ed +47leE. +4= EF BlEl4l.! g9iq. d-g6J
Hlrl-= s= ^JBE Tlsl q^}9 q7.i ,ldql^l qoJ
=CCB.lcl.
+ €€ dElE .qed ,J+ zlzltol qzls C?+tlEl. ++.rl rl

220 rl! 4rlel4

el i]lsE €Ele Hl*Cg A4dJ ;ll. .qdbl^] zlC'ql"l-=
^1"-i
zlzl d=+ Ll^l=E *9l+ +?-l7l +Hql^l g6l B=
'B+.
4+, -+f,+, 6 el.IE ^8BE zl?"I^i 4qLl-= 9lEli+ se
cl ^"i*6J FEol El 9lq. da, BrJ.l, aq=?_l+ +Al 'Je t
4+, r-qi7l, zll-ll,4Elelr {+=, r4? 4qE 4l Eel Eril
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9d-= tsqg ,<lB +"J,* f;tlQ :5ol +4oil oJ^l^l q4e
1l=6l"z1 g+gtrlE, EIE ol+=E d€gzl +*9 a.lEl.
gn7lzl r€-_q_? g+g ql'ltE dol Elzl=g
El68r-B2lE.
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ol 6J=41 eg EIS B jldJg 44-7 d359 ulEls g5olrJ
rleE El+7lzlE ol+Bll 7l+qflq. qe A+=, +4= g
qqa Fix"J n4Eol zl=,.e +c614 *agq +E+c *.1
6la 9lq.
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zlzlE 4€4 dtrol olHg $!a1o; a3c1. q+= EI^I= €.-ll
ag€El. q+= Bql^] golTl= 4+:199 4leldJ LlElxl l1=
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g7lts6J EIq "Jolq. 4qE E-^l Ezilzl g a"l+. j1"J+ckl
+€ Ec 9"Jrqztqetut +!q ol + rL= +ql +al-L_+ olqE 1]71
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qr +61---+) g E? 4
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E ++C *9t+a ^J46iHzl. g+qqA a4zl d6l glrlr zlC
61i7. 1470 FzI=.I 4$99E1 4€q
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ol^l apeq H5+tr+^l-4+aoe s?lq. ++q F+eF
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+l 4lF+"I^l zl,'lSel "JEl.il eliliJ €C 5C€i9 B+C r4t

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ruJrll 'dd ECE .de5g Ll+el El .J+.il gilEl 9.1j1. 4
+q^J ^l4dEl? !]-E +q. .J*g 43zlzl"t EJr_l-= Tlzl
^jE,
5(Ll? oJ+e-E ** -5"t'l.l "JLlts TlztE)-H.El= "J+ql^l d,*+zl
,lE 71471 Tlvl+ TlTlgJi:oFCrel z}7fg T}zt!.r)ol rl *g
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golulfl Et{ ee I 267

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qTloi sil^l7lE,
qTl4. '.1t4"J qB €ol7l'9 "JRI+4 0 e *7i71 ETtb4
alq. 2*ol^l EZ€€ 4l+e.-E- rl-z{rJ9 iEEl azle. ad;l
7l+7l7lB-E ol d9 ol-Ig i il.q.
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czl"J 44el 4 Eal"rl^l ll= 7ilnl= rl +szl,4r+ 49 +o e

?;.;l7lol ,i.e6J "J+ ol-+ Hlliu,g aolEl. ntr o =7lr-Ela
el zlF€ q El4 g+Plszl. 9tl7l= 7ll4l=ol '++' qleTl^
Etl-e_Erl tr*31 Bel4^1. 7l?d a q 3lBJ42-4j1
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ol 6'f= ullzl g aolE+. ol'l E?9 aqdql 49 ElEl*EI. rJ 4
€zl gelzlB, tdTl= /1]4lEol €rilg 3:-e ^lqql/-e+= ril
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g aol+.
= ^ldol '€rI9
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ql^l tr=.tr.q '-lg4}El. r++e 4ael n_E. 6lg4
=lag 6
r'- g.Pol qlqltg ,Cl= iJ4i'IHzl. :r. +_E.= 9_-^Eg,?rlEl+
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Bl= .Jol? rzi+ EB+ ^l-€o14.
€€"1 +*€ Zl olqel, -q= ^dgg olEs.
B€ E+d4q
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9 oq ;;gr.lr- g$olzli ^d+i trl+l= SfrEl. q€ +"1E. q

268 I rl-g !4et a

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4= ag ctfl+. .ql*"l ggt'J s= dgg ("J^tqi _Fs6lal7l5oI
clqE^l +i,= i{48) zll +szf.l+ Cq4Zl ag +-q-a €+qlt
g aolq. 6l-Zl"J +zl7l €rllql el^l 'Eole4=
^ld elEcl,
r4.rr. 4+eel gJqqAE}= +Ee EjE4l(:B'r,
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qcJ q€3et etElqt^Jr, +q514), +4zl olalzl"J + + rI . +

*.EoeeEg+91=aol+.
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q. s= als+4 E!+€ 4ZoI .J4*t:rrtle oCslz.l+ 7l+6llE
5+^l5ol CuJol,'l 9lgleB €41+. olqolel+ sl49 ol +.ll H
grl ,J +ql Bg,'l. ol +ql .+97'l zl +.I Bg:l= Fn rC^J
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q= ol+E €a q^]a1u] *dJEl. al^l qz]ii(o]] +Ll "Jele"J a+
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g ccql^l s=Bq "Jae-e olqd 4ag E"il sl;(l 9+ril d+l
4 os HdJ €EI=E +golge, aa4oJ + dg 4q^.i ol4l+
El 'oJrJ olr+,= +q€ .J=ol7l= B7l+
^L€,6lzl ^lzl6]lol4lr+j1
6J aolEl."
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4'9q4 zl*e EJ= 9loi4€ r4zl olu. +q 4=9 +48
I €Elrrl. 147001+ E9lTli]rj "IE. 'i-s 4n E4.a otls
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^lolql
F"J +a €45 9lg4?

gqsia 4^l ee I 269

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$;l=:.J E$$$ oilqFjel.a e '6F

"J*El. H€ olul
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47I.='q\l ol+zl€iolgEl.
olg;]7l rlloil^l ft4 ag elilql 9l= qrl5g.q= HF
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ql'lF44n Ea*9+. +4el €E"l gEl'-l EEJ/-elg7l rE
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= 7l+ ikl(rurkana noy)' 49

'Liqg? E EI 4.LJ(Nartokotome
B"yiolzln gel= el^l "1E1. olag olTlzl-Zl gag "J+ old
+q= 7l* Sd"J +ql E=El. 4ilE 47l t^8gEltsE 4
el Cl^l "EdzI"J zp-o| zlul$lramoya rimeu)7} Bdg}rl.
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€€ql +9+. _ L7l q *4 d"J"l q9+E 7l7l 180.tlElElEl+
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270 | rLl 4Ellel 4

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qlej5.g 9zl rlzll 1.000cc Q!{}olpe d€?.J Aqqn g
i 9lrt. .l'ig 1,300cc4 r.400cc oJ*oJ €C "J+E r4HEL=
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300+ C
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= =.ql47l
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'jl
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€.E llg + 9l-+_7?
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gotbtE! llg=? El^t eP 271

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g + 9ln. ql.j+^tr g + 9ljr. -aql 6tr
5_s ^lq{4e} €rI
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7l^l B^l4q4.q
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E-)'(ompnanxl)Qi zl4lrJ t*+e:= r4z: "J," !ll*t ol4.: *ol4)
rel Hl+e +€9 €ilE^i, olB €-"Jg 4rl gt9lrj"J
=..J9
:.fl1s:ol)zll tstlgol *qol 6Jr}:l +1rc{4.
olel ++E44 EJ+ dl€qrll €.18, +qql4^J +d
=+9
+"J olll €q{ Rl E=g,l7z}.Zl + ,Eq 9l= +cEC,*+
:llE e}sgglq-= "Jol €tr}. .rcrl 9+ElE frJz| -259. aj4_
g ulellzlulE E i Stg riul 9ol4!
gtlsr- E4E 54= ,ll d$t= a o e goJTlE tr ezlI'J.
^l
€g q71.il ol zr9 i;l"J 'gc'.il ++ dzl+ tq it
=dol
Ei. olag rl10+61717l tl"J6l 44ss EdolEi. €zlsl
"5I^J
4E. o1-^r ol6l6l4n r.46f= ?olq r/.iE e EI*BJ 4Eql^l
ololzlol .d
=iilEzl.
d^d€e *^J t?d ol+t r4lEql "la+El TlElol Il= olE
ol9.+. 4qE ?lrllel 'el^loi .J€' €EIs= r4q. +^l DNA
Ei44 o e gcg RI+ €Etle.l dc€.] ggTp
^lrlioll q
=.{1,
E 9lgrlE r' =zloJ "l-= 9d3gq. igEo+ ir+^l5€_ DNA
.al

7l oJ"l €Cq 'A^lal'ol4= g€g zl.+ €El. 6lrl"J :1Ag

olqEl. 4+il+ acej a^ldol4E +olg rB+ sc
^l-dol
€ ^8{-gol "Jril"J=_ r1gtjr1. 4e}^l a^}alg z}q4olE}. .Jql
'J rll*ol 9zl "ll+ql. ?rlalo e dg zl9 + 9lF"l d€ *r
d^ldg re +E glEl. gNlE *zlzl q dgrlE.E€4. Tul
d9 e"J 7J+4lori+7llJJ, {zfi ojzlzlzlg +zc6l^l a^l-al
=

9al7l ol€ g d$ a.e d$ 9l I 291

+ :14d r+olq "Jolrl. 6't,(ls! tgg E€ ol^+4 4l^.il6}711
+46lE]4E re+El DNA= ,ll+^Jg += gtq. rCTl uI+
oI DNA7I a^}1lol4J. "J6l+ ag 4a"J.14.
ol€4 o e DNAZT +Cl rI+ E^l= "JEsl+ tI€€ eltEIC
+= 9]4. qe Ezl 6J^J"I^I= eEJ r"l4E s=El. "J6lzlE
.J+E d,ztg zlEE DNA 'Ezl-59 4d4 +6e Ht+lr+= a
olE+. rA z*ziB oNaz| zlq4'J + 9lEi. +9.rJ-l +d4

e^la€-.r,aq: aol d4 " e +^e gal"Jg otB aolEl.

DNA9I +5: dJ-.lol rq] .lol4E:aaolo}n= n5e1 ;tle.S
d{€olq. -zsQ{ z.l..r1o1 ?l€ +r.iE €l*6tzl -e+=E}. E}"J.
+E- ? {l+4l7rl"J +d€eg €el*=q+ +ide qE4
q=
4. rae LiE e 5-e4El. DNA= +zl 4.ll €R!9.szl dH
€sF+ aq6izl 4lqql= rllE6J zl€€'*t glq. 6l.1l'J:{g
6l= a+/+E qgzl qqqg + aH}tl dldlzlE + €dJc 419
46.171? udolTl^|. €€ql,\l LJ+ Erq7.l= olol7l4.
DNA= E]gE a^lTlol olqq ^d"Jq €Elle 4qd "lB+=
94. €€9 s= €e 6l+9 ^is7l EIol. 9lol, olTl' qgol, "J

F q7l +rJ:+Al=._ zilq g96ln d^J+El. qL e.lzl .!l

^"J gle 9, e^.]4€dJ d'zl
"Jql^.i= ^JE=ol "Jnsl€:A eE€
+l ^dg qEEg r4ltlFol, Dl4+El 9€,421 E€ 4g6JzlE
scrl. 6lzl"J +4 ,l+cl^-l= .Jol rcTll Eol-7l-Zl gl=q r
4J. ^l-d, Ll= qe EdC.l^l= :tsJ zl o e qzl= 9+94+!
ol If'rJ 49 *q^l q4.El .I+olq ol z!"I^'l= tl
^J4+EI. =
6l,Zl EJ^i.'

2s2 rl-ll !4q n

 dC€.il r+l6J E^14 ql"Jg +rj€ol4 d^.i€ol g5' A^la
oloFTl;lE, 4-€€€ e4go1+ ?+El :'e.?B4l EJ 7Pl+ ol
otzlrl. +-t€ql rli6J (+/-qE .d"l^ld +E+)E 49= 4lB
€ql4olE+. ol +qE it*E ot44Egzll,^.71 ol_ztl eg= "l
;IEJ-ZI EEoltl.

+Tlnlzl =l=el Bplq ^l gg diljl+El drlzjgs +El

-#r
6lq gg6Jq+ olE "

ol j,€ €ql ql4 +ol,A 99E(L"*i, *zl"J (g^J ?l

wolpert)7}

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el6t q€.J4. a4
^lsq= "l 1}e.l in
.d€-q+zle+ ?+El+q^lgl dAql 9l=
^IB=€
€ 9]9 4 9ol$ r.ae91ol €al4.E^Jg ?9Egol Ele-+ ae 9ldc 4q+9E1 1.....
{ts, rt, j! +"tt ql+) eg 44lEu+ 3^}dBq €d ++*LlEk!tE4 s'ttege'J
=48 "
zle Bol= ?a4oJ d'+€ Eli]|717144 4d7l4c41, iEl+ E rEI.s
"t). x^lal" ^lel
gzl-ts{9 4"Jlrtron rmEs4 *e oJ.rE). Uts ze.lH qBl el BqE €5}g ola + 9,1
^l+
+qE+." LtlTl EJ€ a+El (.^Jc €EI)e+ (e:l BEIIE t+.}tr^l(2+), ^lsq E^l+ olq g
d4 "Elil6l (Ee ^l4l*)'| (+71+9 tc aeE+)€ gril r+:+"jqca; o.13 r3g-e=* r= .
elH-qE !.^lg ,16l^1. a^Lle-E .g^l€ aol 6lq9t+qE+. "J"+.rl d^l.l.l4g ae d.s
e g EElsol 9HE€ rgolfldzl.q. r aedel €d* + dol.'lLl4,6lqE 6J Hcl
F 7li4 Bol^l'Je34l :1e9 tn+€ d€d: a9,*d-olLl g + *+q4'l g dol=,}
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^t*qt4^J "}€a}d:]"J, ol
,le a+El 'J€ € ql"rl cq]6lrl E6t*E 714"14. gol 9l: ^JC4l,lE Eegol "*= 9g
4"14.
.. +C€Gpisene(itg +lJ+dqlepiseneri.t+ +59 9Bq 9q. +al: s+ {Cq4ql
B.I4 oJTl€i4= +.Jqr+. +,J+d8fg *"1 +Eol€{€+4oJ ot+
^l ^tzt,t=rt4E *et+
:l *.1= Fil:Z, r+=- rJgqzFa'|= "J€ lts g'+1, !{z} qzl^l "e}-}n dg Ae rXr} +-t€e
4eE+= ate.l+.

94710l* I oJo{ 9J I 293

^AE.[r!
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+C€e zl€
+ 41€o14. Elzl+ t4l+iil+71 E"}tsii+ql aE
=.q31j1,
HolEl. ^Jgil= qB4 drl4 0 e ggg4? 4laE e+9
=
zl 9+e dnl= a^laE gt=EI
"l€al dil4ss erld'= Bg
"Jrl? Ll= ol *oil^l Zlq€ a+r+ ^L7l7gg +edl Boln d
eEil. rae d^d€rl +C€9 +tst+ g+ "JilEJEl. zlqg a
+ol +E"J'(l= +7+.J aol+. +rl7l+tr6]l^l B= agSq
qEl oJ+c5ol q rc4l "J€qltqq EJol+. .J'J g^8cl 9q
zl€dqol zlz16l-= 9l,lg
^l=, alelql^l ^l7l=4 fl471 ^l^l
+4. gCrl"rlEl+ aa +g r+€ol olqzl"J, € + 4-E 4olj1.,
9=.4 o1 z1 -e*jil, al q q;<l 9+e +eEg €i6ll^1, airzl.I +E
=
E"J6ltl zlq+ *+ aq€ e=q'= €e 44.
J B s gqlQle ElelE4 e=.rlqlrll d€c "5I= aq?tq.
6lzllrJ griloJE El"Llg .qlg7l zl+^l .+d-dJ oJ4l7l €tr1-=
^fd
ol 7]4"I zlzf$el uJ.:l1ga]s zl4e 6lqEi) 4lHl6ltrl-= dg +4
g + gt?g aolE+ faol oNA zldE9 E$3 +ol +.d9=
7li+= d€- 9e cdlrJol qa ^lr4,ZlzlItrJ, :.4E dulY B
9I+6lE zlzlaa€ €16l^l oJ'l€ "J€q'H= .1lag ^lg
=rl.
ql *tl6l7vl a7l9*71 qE
ol€rJl z*7ll .E1fi.=zl. olEo eelE
ol4. zlzlaB9 Z+El se-r4El=ol '*dJ4' +Aol4:a +
e= zlgrl *9t+. r Rlrtl= '3IEJ4]'qq.
4^l 1l47l7l 4C"Jg €ajdJEl. El-q.g-ts a+ z+B.9 449
e+s ++q +lZl4"J B€4141€ Fdi 6lg,*q. B?dol il4lil
?jl El 6l9el e+E. d-JEln, a+ 4*ol+ C++ +4* + E

294 | rl-S 5l4E d

dJ BqlTilzlrl dB€q oJ+fEol
"Jg El
"l^lE rliCB.l
gCg
q. age a+7lE g?.I rg+ +B6l S*q ol4ol 616J4 €
AIL.I.

tldJ4 €al= d"l rl=41 zlSe+. Ll= dE e.Zl 9*= "Jol

7'l"J. +r]l +=Jq Erl rtid"o€ + qeg a+71 glol ,1"1414

alsPl 9+. ol+E cBg €al;lzl 9*9iEl-= 4"1q. 4*t

=
+ +i5 ?+,+ol iln. ,l +=E 7l+g 4+91
^l7l "Jg "J"l^.]
jL. zl7l7l Ee +^l.I"J +dg zlgqsq, B=q ++
"Jg 6l
n d4l Zlqol +9"J:l"l rtl6l^l= dag r4rl ?+9I4. r{ +
4+zl{ *Erlql^l q4lq4 rl^"i d-q *o}*Et. 4"J.e _:449.
:r?iol +EJ*l a+oltrl. rz]r_+ 4lil= 4lEl.J g, d;]ls= rtlC
BEol r"J ^l o e 7'lq,'l,'l 9+g 2l e€4q.' 6l7.llrJ €11'rl I
qolLi TtlEldg ole+ ol+ dli* *4 o e a€€q. 4ol9 g^d
5. rC4. :r?ll^l gC 4"de +4"lill .l+6J a+ 4Aol+ 4l
zl r+d+= uJg4E 4stl lzlrl= aolEl.
g47l q€ ++el A+El l'e-78=oIE 4+!ln, qE
'Je
++9 5C 68F=qlE 4+Elq, + 7171= 6lLle +q,\l q€
++9 # 6J# sB,{} q€ ?+El oe rgqls 4+€q. +
4z| al= 4715n1 8il171 6JFg 01616lr. AlEln Blzl f,+-}l.il
odtlol E utl g4gEril. azl F+!- r5+g
^l *olHE €*6J ^l

.ql7l+^j^liF}34:!:11 4olq"J(cb.isropbe, rye.-o) E^l4lXl €oig Ar+, q4e C

"Js rl!}g +olEl. 6l dq+ Etreldl E+et ot,J+e.t 4 q,9€'lE"rl "JB€ ae
^lqlq
s, e?!EJ.=E E
^l.to
I olq e4

9al7l 0l* I o-l0 44.e dt! I I 295

d59:rzJ €'galql^l glt4. +.qE :'zl sE+qE d€.tl
€ad'l gTll ag 'irltsl68 +ac gzJ gElTl €Nt I Bg aol
ri. 4l=7ll7l5E 6dtoil^l 5zl-g d9, ,z E1 +€"lE €+61
jLoJ+7171flq= dolrl. *4zl olE + z{=7l7l5olAl= zlE
zlzl 914. 6J El4 6J El47l +zl4"J +4g t4-= g"lEt.
.41=.7171 EIE 7ll4l += +4 +d pl4"J 4E 9rl"J,
^ll5g
Zq t'J
^ls +E6lZl 9+=E]-. +
HE 443:-al€' .Jolr+. iaEq
dl6J +tre sol. €€ol .Jq+E dz+i'l2l 4a ElLl "JolEl. +

4zl 4 sJ4l *sJg dsl6l-= 49 trE dgolrl '6i4sl

=q
7il.1 aq. 7yJ + +471HlEll oJ6+'q gE^l 94Jq zl'l= a
,l"J B.J 'q7l 9l=rtl, re a+qlE '+rl4 +4715|"Jcg +
zl,*q. ol'ie 7]9 714ql 714+l trol= *aol4Rl, + +
^l-€
4= 7tql4e+El !e.48 z4"l 9c g 4"Js 94lolq 3zl
aeol'-.1+.
=
+44 7ltrl47l4#+ Cg ol* aE "l'+4 =4€€ EJ
611=q. +4 7l*^l4e a++ olq4,
^l^l5l dzlqrl= aol
,J+2-elg a4E ol=+. azl Hls "Jel 7Id "JEz| a4 603
lIEl *zl 9*n, aAlql^] a;"J Bq+E Hls 0ol 9rl. old
^l
o e ..Jt"Irl sE Ll++ Ezlr.54+.1 !.ol7.l g=zl?
AEJ
4l=7ll7l Ellel :|gs,a ?+El 3+EH67l= uJ€E +01617l
rzlsi= +Elol e^Jg aqEl. €rl od-!-g ag El*zl
^l-8-61+
e^l9l7t zl+ p!+El7l
6lz1 gl:El. €ioJ6J qlEql slEE l.E I
d9 Eg6J + flqq golEl. qlal 4leril7l trig ?+El
g =r+ ,ll oe relolzlE ++Ll g "Jdzl"J.
^l+elol4ji;l+ +4E1.

296 I !49l .A
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at4n 6lzl oleJ ++9 +g ql^.i fag Ee ',lullEJ
"t+. =lEg
*Hol4. ri +g ElBg l'lTl €B6l4El. ol,ig dzls ^tltg
9ql Eq9 .A1+ 7)4 dli+ sergoJ aoljl. "l"l7l g^Jg
zlt: *4.rl ql,*€€dJ dl+q.
rle?ilzlSel ullr!719 gEr?.I"J;l='JBg ol+q. 6J El
^il
4E ddFg ' e r 4EJ6i-=. rtl zE _E= r-49 + 7lgol4. f
st al=.4lzlql7ll +zlE€ +ol Elzt. L+= *8. ^.lsel
.^.il^ll6J

Z4el *rll 9zlql zlH!6ll ol* 4l=;i7l=ql4 HI+,-l= RHg

€e6lzt. q*=E sdFql g"lLi +zlE E,<l, %l6J€. Hlg ui
'+
del *ql g"lr+ +4l€ E;(lql ++ +4EE dq+zl. dzj
^tl
E 6J5€.^ilC6l7tl +d6Je-tr4 s€ +4Eq AHE tg + 9l
g aoi+. r izlE€ **99 gol.rlu)= a6JcE
^lolHl ^ilql
7ll +q 6lrl.

4l,e.4l7l e -qF +4+ +++ E"rBg g€

r,lqe.l 6J#
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+4 dnlel 5J€€ ser4lEJslqn ollrdTl cld s.
"14. ^ilqlgl
r*g7'lE p =7'lIlJ, *4= _r rltl ,J; oe
-qrr.I ElEolzlE
r4"J+ "J El4E ?+El rle/l7l= +4lslzl. E$ rNg { o}
4#! +^l6Fl. -e.F aal += +E 9;., 21"111 zi fr=lql^l E?!
el EoiE 9e21219, ilolg 6 iE 9lEt. a I'l4 s€ rl ezlTl
A+El"ll '€q'Fzl. rEol qF Ae TziEg zl
= =+619,
+E7ll tlq4+6lE+'I4 4Fzl.
+471 ,* El4 rl = el7l9 6JE i4=€ 4lcls 4C *qE, El-

+471olg t. d.!o{l 44E rits tt 297

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al .4lsziTl ulile EJFS aolEi. El17l aj91z] ulalcl rllE 4
4 g+=qE. +el= 9s EoP|,tl al=.eizl 7ll^ilel 6J# -="Jai
+ 6JEl. alal ^ilel 6J€€ El + +4dJs-elq +^l= gg +E 9.1
rl. ilsg €EI= IL d "14€ +4lsl 4lr]le zlFalrl gg d El
4 r.I41 €q+zl. 5+Eql^l {
E};l alezllTlg tri171 6d5.ol EJ
+:elg "J+ 4l4l-= *9 qttlzl. x\ee1)21 zll4lel li e rrJg ol
cal zEzE +F= aolq. 1986LJql szlolf. /Iol5:z(cfai8
Reynolds)z| oleJ 7l=c] ': e.rgg 4l^l (+i 4e-E 4lE l7l€- g$ I
e .lqiEl) '.tlol = (s"iai 4l olE gqq.
qTlql^l d_ldg "J+zlE, zlEzlE flq+ dolEl e^l+
=4
ol+ += €;g dq4"J +4="ll g"il ^JZU. ,ll ol-r-.lz|, {el z}
4l R!+gq t44e-E'l4zl= T4€9 +d€e ^dzlBEl- ol
a"l Hls BsE *4"lEl. g^Je Ez14 n45e+ ol+q'l=
rlColq. qg4;ffilal +4=ol 4+qzl"J. F6l +.q6J ,le
6l+E 4lg giq. a4l/-E4el zl+lztE gl
"Igol4. "J+71-=
+ ?"Jd+^l zlqe sEl. zjqzlE. fl4. g4ol"l 4lzl eotql
^l "lA
4lE e-4lB :d4= 7144 zlzl4fllsey assentrflo)el
n ald
il4. gHTI+4, 4lHl"' ol=
^l*, +4, +EJzl, EazL
E +e 6|+a.l ol-3$;l =499 9171 ul+"l, gg9 zl^l+
+d7t=ol a^lalol+ €ZlE+ AlEloJil J 7]ts;lrl q:=El=
EJzl qB.+. 6lzls] olqEl. ?+El alE/I
^ldg +zl= €.i]e
7l=i.l"J raE 7l]H ^llsSol Ezl4.J +4t"J9 4C ar+El.

298 ld a4q .d
 '€Zl€ E9 zliB 4lsSol Ej</4e_e
ol-FBZI nzl=
=+*
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4 olqq.
*E6l-= EIoIel ^ilste 4rIsJ +4 + rl=zllzl€:lH dFl
6lq +g ++. E€ ilolE 9lEI. 4l-e./ll7l€+= gq
=.s+ ^I
S.Eg Eol+ Eiq4 €EIs €-44 o gq 914.
^ls
'uJI= 'l4 ol4. llE=ol +g " ^tlsEgl
{e?ll?lEE}Lo+ dEls}q #3
+E tilg €t}.l ++€tr}. ^ls5el +zl"Jql 44=4o1 g-"9
617l rri+ql,' +g +rl4?l qlaql q?+
^lsq dalr+ ^lg =4
ol ++ZLl +:aelE7) ulEolEl. r +Cql ql+ tsl+E LIzl zl
+ +olal-= aol +old7lq. q€+ *^J'+rl +ol1 €rl57l
(61+el ,qlE7l qeal qEzHm" rriumpb <tf tbe Emb40$41
"JrJol
Hl++. slzllrJ 1 ololzl€ ElTl dql. ?41 rq a ==
^l 4l^ltuEl
+€ qlgl tslf€g golB €-c7l 9lEl. *Cl 7l€ol+ ^l*E ^I
r r+4.t] E{! El+E "Jol+.

g€oil EflEl Hlg=

gol 9l= r4E C^d r+{ql qi"J =;9 ulf€ +zl= gg ".lA
"lBzl+, r+cg 54 +E5ql 46tl pB4 0 e tsli+ ts1f,€ *

'?9t-*e."to9 C9n: b.l+s-E dq { *al-g €Ci}, '^^E g?1+ rlee d{ ol

Ek(95s €"1^t l +.++)))

94rl ott B EJo 44j3 6tiE g I 299

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"|=
'a^ial'ol ell 4€^l 9+grl €€61-=€-tre Hl+9++
=48
+ aol4. a^ldr+ 94 =4Hg El7lE4ol4 4lolr a4Bg
+altrzl El+Zle 4lolr= EJt + qzll'J, 4lola= +I a4B
9 4TCB += BtEl. 4qE =4B9 BqzFl d+6lll *dJ
+= gtrl". *uJ. ol"l ololTlt}S-ol. dg +n getlg a^ld'+ z
E ul+dJ zi9 zrtTc€ += qq. del +B+tst| a^ldE +
E.+Bol gEll"Jg rl$alzl r1go14 ;lol= $rlzl4l ga 44
al+ Ae Feelal elel= ,ie]6ln=. Tilol?el +E++t+ a4
Bg eol +g E-a- ^lolol= "JrIoJ rll+ol c B6izl 9*=r+.
e4 q€ 4l4. +4ql Hl+dJ + il+rl? z4e' rlilE ++ E
qBq e47l= Ll-+ Eorq4€ +? 4e4 +olq+93
=ol+
4l ?]6l=.s.J"J B€ ul4zl illql7t4 zlg+El. "Ja-larll, g

^J
ol^l ol-I:E^lr-(apoprosis)4'. 94= tlA "-Eg a4r+ q€
El *9lEl. ol+ E^lr-= qe "Js '^]geld^I zlJ. ;l=Ell, 7i€
+ g7l+E g^Jql +qd-= r+4"lEl. qq€.E LIE zl? +ql
919'll= +.gzlq ^Iolql ga?71 9l9ltt. 4lsclA^l= Fai
r
^l zaAll ^t4+l
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300 I rlg qr{g d

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320 I rbl u4q a

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324 rld 4qle.l 4

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360 I rl1l {4E A

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406 r|A a4el4

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412 rtA 44E 4

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aa=el rlt+ I 441

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d iilolzt gl4. olaol +9'.JiEl.

442 I rhl 4
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e A+E 94. r+48 +9 "JE= tslol B^J r+Aq= ^ldNl
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+ 9lEl. trzl
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gltrl= Fol+.
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444 I rhl rtrtiel 4

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r +qlE +Y+e EqlC, Snslcl n4el +ql= o3'$ zf$al
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ol olilQ "Jol Elq= gHlE as Bol 9lFol "Jol4. a4= a
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nl-e_n g54olq ,14"J q^l5E.J HlE, 4qE]e+ F*e
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gel Ed r oJ el^l 455

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galEo lAoJ qt 457

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458 I rW U4E A
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gelE{{lrEq{ I46s
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9l :aBg TtlEldol olaol 7IEl7l olq4 Eag

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"l+71
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4lg q^l7i 4q 9lq. g7l7l gl.rr. EsTl Ttil'l€ s*q: sE
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fl ca "J"{ c,-FJ c+= E g6lts rEldq

4lElcl TIEIE r+4 q-+g_e SqrJ +.=€ol zl;|ol.r] $zN$ $

q4flFq, 9E glol ++6J 53ql
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466 trl.lrl49+
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d6l € + 9t= €l+3 7l47Jq.' E#, E.a7l, ^I+, 7l!1.
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r-ell7l. Z'rl. fliq4"]. zl4 #ol qzlql +6JEi olEg
^44
€ glq^i +ol € a+71 F+j1, H a+E r*Q. ;1219 o15
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cl/lE HE ts g47l+ol Bol *q, ol dol 6-q-!olE+ e47l+
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"JoJ7t? 448- 71ts61+ tsr+ eBq €+slq
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gzfgir €€9 ql+olol tJ4. g+olE :a* ,tn il
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4l '+g ae $El.n. "Jg +E 9q. qrlE uleN {{lzfts ,s
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qBolzl"J, elsel +4r+ E"Jslg 9q= rl6lTlzl gElLl q

el+zl B+. g"J;],ril "5ll^1. '+= '+a= 7lg"J4 FE s€
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. olB+ € +s4.J af-= i*€c E€q4:a eEN4zl+ g"J3t "J:i^l €45€ 9 Fdl+
trcelGlre 4!dzlt, el'lC n5=d 5€ "J r(,slophile € *g XolEl g{ol).

+4 !UrAE q^l 467

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el azi4 dl€€,1,16|q3lE. 5Bi} 5.J"1 3 Solzls.* al
71 gal^l tsl-zJg 6}6ll €4 ilqot 6f= ++E!
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+61+.
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6lzlEJ Elg 4p__e- ol +E 9lrl. ol EiBg olSol
a€'"I EL6J

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g=Ll= dol^lE i+4olrl. zt€.!qolel!.618, +4= sli
air fr*6J €eHolTl +El+^l dqq el;l +x4-s-e diq
1l€€ *+,rlga4. 6l7iEJ ^l-g rll+EE 5€Hq= B4
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dJ 5€Holri. ++94"J Eslql^l rlolzlTlEEl +lulzlzlzl
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4-qe_ -r EgpolTl +dzl-+ql^i 414€+. .9= FrICE 7its
g dleg 5€dolts+El € glol *49 Er 9l4. +Ec
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.
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,tP)4 ,^olul.

468 I :149 A
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ol=.ql 4e 4e*71 9+e *ql/l g a"lEl. ral+ r F
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€.ol +l+ *ql AE^l :ael +dI+
^14€ ^l-S;l-= €lE-ol4E,
(.rl+Eel) E-qlHolEg zl€dqql E6,il
^J4l/ll +dzl-+ql^l ilgl
rl4.
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^l4e ^F€-6lzl 9*qq4. 5=E€+E Ee- 5€Eol
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g *oll
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ol=E EA 4+rl
el Ag Ctre 5€EolE Adla}rlEJ. ;(l+ql^l= +8IdJ
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t .dE4E 4++tr1. zl?d ^144 o e qr+6J EE qlEe "J+g
H 66171 I3ll^.1 j1 9lql vl+71 zl+= EEIE gqklEl.

Y$zlol ,,ro12 6lzl+(gE= gje iI goltsg e3 7l+'+= 4a4).

.f .*tre "J€qaqa !-71oil= €zl7l LJ+ €rJgl= +c"l"l
9_e q,,,;4 f,€E +.l^lE zl? +ElEg 4t"l olg4 dri.
3+*gel }l*el ?*rq+ ^t+e E)q= A"Js q€6lzl
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C"J+ 7l++. =lrel 4ol2-+ qe 7lEll47l 4-o1r113;|N}ral
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g.J aol4.
^lrJg *ts1;l+
194lzlE gql+ 59 44zlrq'le €,4+^lqr g4zl'J,
^l,g ^Js

gal €o r oJ el-(l 469

q4 C4dfql 4+ zl.J7l El aEl) dl e EJ $ €EEZ(H.'-""" "on
Hermhorrz)= rj.'l "le/l "JllEl. "oJa^l7l L+oI4l ol E=
=.I r
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El
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rlE"lizl ox+olEl. 9= +E-E- ^.I dg 4-F \FE.$ verg
g+
'1, ^lBE =g "J"+ +d.i 9l=
ol+. oJ'+4"J E"J 4a
iloll:+ qe ^-el +Ag e=+. 5^l ag 4E
(fovea)ql^lEJ
g s+€- ?7ll 6J + 9lzl"J, q€ 1}89 d44e-e *
^l-€-al^l
g ull= s+9 kiTtl +zlq^l qq ++9 €Eoi dJEi _s+ol ;l
+E 4'JBe-e 4+39 'l'-]6]"8. qE 'sEdq I
d4lsJJ+
.Jg "Jol^l
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"J=El. plEql -ll3-E ilol-r-Ll q= ql== d4lE 4 €qC A
I EroJ++=o e dB6lal Bq=q.
*4ts E.l^l +q4s-e 5++ Bg 9.I^'l ^llag
:relL.lzl
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F€e Egdg ^lr{= o}4 a7l6}zlE 9*9iEi. rzig "}Eol

9A"l q qEl=
el=lq ^l-doltl
gEg:7I +qE +6+zlE+El q zl EJTlqlzlg ar-ll+gt+"n.
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+ F+e g+d e +dd=ol uN;lslol !lQ. q+44"J +44. r
el! *Tld alLl6l+ElEl dcol BeJ 9lq^l €+9 ?Bd= s
+9 €1I 7l+otlrlTl olqzl 919 aol+. q^l it44.lq. gE

470 r|d *l4E n

 ts gdgE{ofql ut
^FJg ^rEel ^jtg)el ^ll.FE

€=E: gag E4Hqizl 9+9 aolq.

6I:l"J E9 '"JdgEe gg tj=oln 9l4E "JqZl=7|? H4
jr *Eqs+El 95"1 9l= aol4. +dE"il .lqd 'dd'
6l-=
5ol "JE -S.Eg e€ 9H9t7l "tlB"t], 4g E}+ gA ddEq
TlEg #n^loi +dE.I 71 9=q. ol,lg 6J44olz'l *6i4.
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rtlolEl€ dEi-ol= ddEe qB2l= DlEg D+zl+e}olt qE
a + 9lq. r4^l 4++rg d.c5e "JEE "J d o e q
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r +Bg lrJdol4n 6JEl g + 9l= zldolqzl '"8'dSl ae
*rl+. 'd'ol4n 4= ag + ++ rCzlEl. €rIE= tlBd r
7l ulEolrl. EJ'Rlolzlr. 6l= ll qga4. :zJr.ll ol It6J +4
4lzllE,zQzl g€ilzll '-4rl,4l 9+=+ qE 'zl* *e4l"ol 9J.

7l q4,= ol €AlE E4_H-qlrl. olae +g €al€'J

'4E'olEl.
q^l B"Col+ ^J4-tl*9 €214.

g EJql, oJq^lll r+^l ?+El. tse ^l-d 4 {*e E+4. :ra

94 E q! 471
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d6l *4151= qElqEldJ €+71 EJ^86lzl. zl€d401 gE olq
^l
rag n+aq 4"J zlTls ide aolEl
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= ^l?lol
oleleE 7lq614zlq]. 1990'J 619 "Jgaol g^19 4+
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ql r+qrl=g a"Jg getlEl. + ql=€ €',IEJ 4l nld
zl+ql 9+zl "qie
9l9EJ ag Elzl azl6l.Zl *dil^J, 4l=E soJ:ol
44, :-zl4.C46l4l qrl/llttr aolEl. EJ9lAg olEl rllE-E.
jrol-g4ll:ir, Ll-+"il.} a*ol ga99q. olql 4qlzlEg Ei?
6iJ. +E +e d+e-E- q+*q. ii"J9 "JgZg-=- 4a;tl.!
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54n, +zl-e- 4l H El d"dg ++d ^tgg F6l]^l El+ 7li*El
ol rL

,tlzI "=taE de ag. €altlE 3zl+ €+4E(da"t

'l+4.J
i
eq€ i?rlg rl= d+4E) +4 Be eilE_ gEl-=zl +€6J +
qEl= aolE|. 4'*6J +aql^l+E 5+4oln 4i6J geg F
6l^l zl+9 €+€ sq6lzl -Hsg + 9lEl. "JH}4"J tldl rla
"tl^l *4 + E€Eol 7l F*6J I oil 7'l el t4l+ +F+g Be z+
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Eg 7llo} +tr}. EllnlE gg {'6J:o e 7lc6l-= 5€Eolz}I
dlE El+TlzlEl r +"IE il€dqg +Y*e zle E€trol€
jsalc-e.al 9ai= 6J+. ;laE 4+s E€Hol7l BA CF
BFe s J4#'l]]'l2l q€+q. rCzl r4E.I ^l+r+'llE
Eol :!l= €21"il d46J dizl llgi*ols €+6ln olezl e H
aol+. q^l gE€.a= "J+6llBzl.
=

472 i rtat 4.{el 4

 El= *'+ E+5ol 7le + 9l= adg s=el ?+n glEl. El
=e
++ bql"J r+6J adE 914. r*^lY}: adEe Ll++ €F
6l/l ^J4qq 9l'1. rz]l^l ct4.J 3E gaq^148. adss
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2l= ,-;q€ ".E|. +4612l "J.lq= e+71 4sl 914. 6lzlEJ +el
zl E}} Esl€ Hld+il. "J
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614= +,J.
^l+zl.
d. AE rg4, 'Ieq CSd6J FBd, zl4 ulzl zl44lEJ e=
adol oJ4qzl ^l+6J+

rl4olrl FEtdzl

+4+ €zltE d+71 9lj1 ++ tsas rziol Bs€ €Etl, ol

ae 4"J'e- €alz}Tl gg il4E z/rr-J + fr= €tlolq. 4€-
d=E +E+il Ae *Hi9l €+= zlElg; 91gx1zls, 9d
e *zl9 "J+,1"J 3 _H-7lqlE BAdJ d+= TlEli+ + 914. ol
{ ++el d+: +d+ €zl.I^l e aol o}rlz} q,(FilC e a
olEl.
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.Jzl I +E- i;tl"lilzll c'lile*El.' 95ol ++cae 4+71

Ft ^lale 7l+ *61+4 r=

rLll 4lel ?oJE ol (ql rlnl+ ol Elgt
^ldq.lTDal^l ^lrilE
ol Bill4?l E El. r 5€.e E€ol! g+iJ 4 drtlE 4+ +d{!4.

94 Eqtr E q^l 473

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qEqEl)g q z.l aq s a
"l+Ala( dts"l= *e_s, *_s_,+. 4e*
oJ

4zl=rll. 7ll? + a4= d+e-s 7l:1 r+€ F aAl= +F(s+

+et "Jc,l+)el "Jg.o +E+. +.J+cl ;l+cl 9l= f +Fda
"
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as= €au^l gzl +FE- t4. rzJEll qc 6J Bzl= EiB6l ts
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Q,rl 9l=- $4olrl g-gzle aPJrl.
olaol €419 ari4E. 9=.ol +F4lAe +ilr-zlg zl+ol
4. d€gz= q c'*6J olff€ rtlq E.4E..I314.6|rl
=Bq
EJ tsr+ ElrlTl;(lE, +4zl €a]€
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ol +4= oli1i6l4B +49 daTt Elz199 .rlpe. Eolzl
trolol 6J+. +49 C*ql= ulol !l zl] 9lzl"J, q# F /l+
ol4. ol+el d"Jg dl ze ql€rEol4+ TlEle ?d EEg 5"}]

^l
q€ + g4'g-s gE{;J4. + 4lF"-19 raql q! %}E
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7171E. ?J1]^liL, olEg I]l4 .J+ql 44 4d zl4 E ol-7lEl-4-

olq4, olzlEl= E.E^J aE:= *+;l7ll +ol€"JQ. ol'zlul $l
qls 4d *E €+ol 9ln. ol=g lt 6l+9 TlElg +d €+'J
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^l+E

474 rl!| 4rllel .a

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ullolE oJ+eE
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€ol +€51 ezl\:lEl. Ello}e.l 'QlF? -e eB d=9 oPlElE

ql^l +r-lliilE}. *41+ EI++== €rlBE +^l .J + qq. EE
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4,i+€-el "l4E rleslqq glq. 6izl"J ol,ig q+ol^lE

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g 41. r zll;ilts 4€alzil zlg t€g ol= Ag +el a^J zlnl
qlzl a aolEl. a.J Tlal= +Ecl zfgg B .]r7l ul€.ql 4ilol
ardlE6J gee +4zl"J, a+ El s+e ++€ lizJ ,iolEl. r4
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ql rtl;il^js. t€€ +ol"l 6JEl. 9e $,'.1 dulelzfpel altal

+rtec4 tr!14 dcE I 5o9

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;J* g?lEl +ql +717} +alzl^l +4
"l + +71{r+. ?i"l-z}
oJ+^lol zl-lizl= ?*zl ?_"14 ggzl e.€4. 3*"I^l HglF
ol. liulz| rell +l+.J ol+= +€ E-= ag ++61-74E
gq BqE+ ++71*q9171 ull+ol+.
7l'J4 .l4.tlrll5 dli6J 4 o e dd B4^lril "JE= dEn(c
stetil4ol oiq+ zl€C4ol4)ol ++6171 4goll, ,l€ol ,lLid
=-
+3rl7l:1# gqt"J+E rEe =€ql A+all€ aolEl. 6l
zl+ z|"Jg a? zl!+,"141 +C6lzl g=+. zl€e- tz]lL} 4€
6lrll t€9 *=El.
^l:le 4€6lal t€g ?= +d4-=r 7l
F ^l 9lEl. fcTl ulE"I r +dzl-=ol €rtl9 i 9l= aol4!
+iil4 o e €B.ilqzl. clel4"J +d4 adlc"I 96tl an s
ela46J rl4= BJg^l7l= ztl4= B9lal gqTloil ts6ld,4l+,
E+471 i4i4;tl^l =;! lelEl
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gq€ 7lt^Je 'Jt4aolEl. olag s= t^l
" *9
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5ol 7l=A6l= ++d P+e 4E +41C 6J Tlzl 7l€4oJ ^lsl

q cc€e 9E9 rJ=aaln, a,i4 4E€€ zl=a6Jq. E'
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{l=?9 6}r fr€g *:- dol4.
€zl d+6J + 9+^lq, Elilel 44de n^Jqq 9,1 9+4.
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^loloil^l 'lgag
*|], r 44de +H +^l5.€.5el tlElql q4^l gqd+. 5a-"rl

BgIEI zq=rl tsl+iJ ololzlrl. +Hql g^lzl7l y*-Zl 9*q

^.i

510 rht a4el a

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I €= +d4 i"Jg zlu 7tl.l q^1. ^Izl5 Bz+ zg"l r}lHl
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s^lzl q^l .l"J ,J^lE 'tl+4 2lt1-9 €l-l^l 44ej EIE€9
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q+ 94= +E7l -4 Eolg d.,1 *g 9€ol rl ezl 9}*9
qlE 914.
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dg(A4l.l Ei€gt 3l4l?q=. 9€oI +6J 4Bet 4uidol=)
^lg ag ',J
a3"e "Jgt4 Tled +_Eg +ol= a+elE "J:4is d
^ls
g *a*-qq ul$ zloln, El e EElolj^l !-E 4 ^J.tl zJg ^dE
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6141 6JEl= aql^l q^l ag *6}e__a El= 4olEl. "J+ 4 7'l+

il/l 'g3l 84ts 9lijt+a't +?t^l4Lt C4t a4lel Ef= +€€ql

oJ^ldl

4'J 9B)r+ rl+il4l =4Zl 84ts 9l€rel++e Eol= +xt *g

9nJ, Egeq+E EElitzt *g eltr)
^ltol6l^l
t€-q *+l of 6l-E__?.
+rtlg ^.le ,Jg HJ-6J._9-g "JqEol= .gol+. Elzl 'J+d 4al
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FT|ZCEI all'l4 511

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ol+al
d4+ ^l"J"ti rti6ll^J adBol4: "Jg +'*+.al
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zJol^l g4zt =+.lq "J.lrl.
o;+Cl^]=;6q+=
"J tldlq= Aoln. aolEl.
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7l qlEl. El+gtol^l .J44"J Eel€
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^Jz+lHE "J + tl
tt. ,*9zl zlZaEI= zl4ol ilqot 6l4zlEJ golEl.
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olE a^Jol qg aolF, g4lzl"_E",!rJ Fzl€zdqlE f,g :4
ol 9.l,El. s4zl= 711+A dslE
^l€ F"J +++ Eolg e
rl
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trtg 9+ tlqlE E+€ zld6l!. 9lo q "JolEl.
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qq. 4qlrll +4
^l+9 +71U,J.il^lE+ag++ol 919+
zlzl gtrlE +4ql7llE {izlz} $.9. $lQ $elolzll ul;'iolol
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! r 5g *71+ql +ElE 44 iCE gel4 oPa + gEl.=olr
g4 eltl-g HIrJi'I "J44"J ql,il*Ellql olg 9. E Rl+g
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512 | Illl t14E A

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olEl. dzl +i9= NlEllel rllsll ol+E E zJg +=oF
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rEJrtl El^l "J614 qel, alr+zl 6lz1 9+=.Jol Hl_+. ZlgolEl.
+el Ll+EilcJ, z}€E +rlacoil^l= ?7Jol Ezlrl6i4 ,+
7ll:I7l El +rJ-l]!+ot ol=ol sl= ++"I Egg n\tlzl. vzs!
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7l= **el+7] +znil^l= ule r€zl .g'HJ-ol +rtn]r++ 4 v4
€-.l a+.E= ol=-ol 5.Lz| slzlui, rzlTl+ "Jul'l d;l+:z
a q"il .g= +Zlzl.ll2l El +g a({-i u}+31"J '3yol glgz} .aEJ
6lz1 9+=4.
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^Jrlqzl=r ^lolotl €ZlzlE ^l4ql^l 4€€ B
4= d4.l "J€3t.j1 gEl. 'rll_e= "+zlE dEll;+zl_5E 9lBg
4tre reJ ^14.I tsl-lt QzlC F6lq. "Jdls 'i1+,* C.^lrI
71iH9 "JEqd ae Ll-+ €q"J7l s# 6l= +:L7l=iol olq
4 zlBdJ pl+ ^J4-+ztgEl.
tl+dJ s4zl+ ol J TIHolcl d4l oJ+el ^14"1^J He. ql
7 eg +s6J ^lrJ +E Bqg Eol B+ 921.il^l H E-61-= a
ol t+ol4l q
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ulEql ,+E x+el dlc+71
f=e sl*C 5;dl qsJ gB-%19 4611 4l6J€- 7l6Jrl. r+zl
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e2lzcEl aEFt {!€€ | 513

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4! erl €Eil, €ril olqq! e.ll "lgtl? t Be +-e-E +nljl+
q. g ololzl4 ol * d49 .rj+g e ol;lt}4E B€61 cltlg
+ tl=LI+"lEi.
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'J d"J a:l€ a^.i4, rag ^lzlqlTll

oltl4 o e 4*rlzJ4l
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C'9 gF"l Fr zlil€ nH!+ gB3.lg zla+E Ezl
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4rfl+ +;l+El. ja +9 Cao9_e gola etre El++ole ^l
*++. ,l€dqe ol H}6J4"J olzl! .i{z}$.lBdy}? oJE}

514 1 rt$ Urllel4

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4+9 EIE a^dzl€€- 7l:lr q e B4B aolEl. nzl q .qlql
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Zlq olgal dJqg aolE}. alrlEJ 51= .<lzlzl olzl!
7'l7'lTL=

^l*6lE sF4
o e aif,6|!. E",l'Jg c+ 971.il ol€ ui4zl

El +ille 7A ol\\)71? zl"J d*4.J zll4lE ?1 ulrl

^t""fol €
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g aolq. alq ,(lzl^l= nd+El. r.elqzl zl€dE4ol zNt;N
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.fr.lg +E tEl. rtli s g!a.=ol +€

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tld'4.E4.z {C q+

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t!it4 t!€=?

olil olel Bq44ej 6JEl.

6l7'leJ
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dJ

6lzlEJ tEI<l4lE. zl€ql^l= r;J .JE "Jq+xl 9+=rl. zlgol

gll :4ol 614=71? otC tE=g d.qliJ ^l?-ol4e tltE 6l
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aol ^l-dolEl. q'gE rag + g9ijt, A+ +4"Ill + $:l.I
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^lEzlE
aoJ7l." 'l: 'o+lE
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4l+q
e +g 4E 9+. E += 4ql^l= olc4 €B*fl4.

7I€g d€6izlE, Ba€6lzlE ?*E+. zl€e jr5oil Hl4alrl5.

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d47l Elzll ^{rllqlll qd 7}E -^Jol +o}A+E reJ aolE}. rai
q6l r 7lE
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ol+7} fl-s_= _e., +gql zlE+ Tlag
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dlElE #4+ nElr+ *s= Tlg a"lEl. :a4r rl+pel a+ a

+ ++g tl6l-Zl *6J aol+.

zl€al"tl^i "I\l ]8aLl= nEq +"+g qzla+ c-*g 4 +lq

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LJg a\;? ol ololuplr|.
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= ^l^16l +4
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El. 7l^J^dcg
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€* +Eul+ -4ol
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9;l^] €;IaJrt. i"*ol+ tsE f+"1= El*7lzl4at. r
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"Ea3olelr"? ^l-d *71= ++4ol-a, .JtJzj"J \}dl

EJoIE+

1+. zl€.c4e €:5+9"J.1q. zl€dqe 471+;l= zl^l8l

-Zld=ol 471+7l6lq ^8€El= ololTloJ eolEl ol+=q7l
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Ll-g F4s +4^l r. DNATI ^J=C + ilqE. €-3- ulolzlr'-71

518 I rhl *t491 4

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zle 'L|= +2i44= aqEl.
zizl ulole];-=:r zle"rg -3-E*31 4d49-e +6J+q. nElol
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4^lzl= Eg4ss +6J6l7l 96ll^.1 Eslg 4tre e ag ql5
zlz|= EsrdolEl. r+Zl qlEe.lrJ at+71 olug. BF. gel=
5C+ g+g 4C s%lol4. ielol
=€€. "{zl +7Pl;'+al-=
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a)'l 9"J4 €oJ,e,l DNA= olezl "J6JE}. "drl a 44, n4.=
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+71 "JrJ=e ,J*4"J f'aq ]a+ 443lrlEJ, gts-olzl ra
c 4eg 7) 7J7l= ?*-a(a+r"lzl d"Je g7l€ 4 ealEt?+E golEl),

a"Jolel +dzl= eBd 446lrl g:=+.

a16+zi€g a5i+ ._iel E7I=i trrJ6lzl III5-ol, z}otlgg
rl= +Eq €dq !# "1€ztl= ==1"12171
^lol
+16ll^l 'C"JEtm
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{E}.^89'+^Ee ol t+.tl B oj97} 914. .+!+ n€|e +drl"
E ^d= ',JC4lql^l ol H o e= zl trg_eE qzlrl zlcqzl g7l
g,qzl
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+TldcEl !!14 u€E s19

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9tr1.
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c€€- ?d^l7l7l 9+ Elfl+el4 *ilEl. qql= "E+g 4a
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c4 +zlol ^J+Elq 914. r+E]45. + olg4l +g "J€! ol+

o| alfzl€ qd6l +'rlEg ts9 izi4.
ol€4 o e ^Jt6lziE, ElEol g7l dlsg "J9 € ull"lcl 9
qeTHl^l z+g ea 4gol 4l"Jqq .J4+=, rF 9t= HJ:l
E 7ltsg aolq. 7le"i +471 Ha4l g+ld +€- d=E+4Ll 6l
E, 9zl '4^l= relzl EI!"4q +419 Bedg .llg + 9lC a
olEl. olqe oL+{ a€l
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gE ^g46l7l"tl ruJ *BEetr +E-J,i aq. leJrtl etl + 4
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=
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ae ddl olc +Eq 1l4E?lzl5 -q84. etl oleg ng:al
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+E a44"J 6199 s=El. El* q-q.4 ag 6J Tlrl €ae
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^ls
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=Ll47l7l
4E q€4? +4 sfr rfl -?ol +Eqlzl ++4 o e +'J
n 9lEl. +4= utlnEi4
Bd;Izl!. dg 4"J ^l.olol^l aEg
zlE EErl. BrE+ *.{,r}olol! d5lB iE 9]E}. !:= cq!}
z€E FeJg ^l-olql^1, ccr+ c€9 ++6t= oJ.c ^lolql^l

520 rld 4IJE {

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=71
il4i a9 eBsl e?lq.
=+47ldJtrl:
rCqE F+ol el '*9 4a agq+ +g* *zloJzl;l=
E-4lE- SoP}!-^}. rll-e tsd;lzlr. dg +"Jol 47lg .JE6]-F
ol, 5|+"I^] Bq"lr+ q".lol += aql .JE"J€ +E ql4.
^l
tsg a+"il= j1Eoil €iE+ +zlLl olrlgETl5
=+6lAzl"J.
ull^l6lLq j1Fg +4q: zl4lE NlEJ6l 9-4€:"J arlsl= A
+E 9+. ,l€.dqol €71-= '9,*4n s.€6ilE +ElE, zl€d
qg 7l4l7l olqlgeTl+ Bol+ B4l+ +"ll ql+
=+ol+ ^}+
triBoil /-4.E€ q^868 ,i€. +lEl:l g=q-7 "Jg + glEi.
^l
€d49 r5"14; AjLZ 4,^1rz1+^1d= 4"1 '+rldJ4. ,l
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7l= ?l+q. +71+ olcjlgszl, +e Eq 4lzlol^J :aql t+
+= qc q€ +s Eg ",171€
geq. rl€d4E E*.il^l=
zlg An aBol eqis +^lElri g=El-= Ba.ol ilqol"J fa
g.cngi elq.
+4zl €4l4olia dB4ojr AqTl dJ= # rlltl qel 'S
e a:/ ,ls'g zt4l €+E q€4? aql4-s_E 4qeg E4l7l
+ 9.141:l"J;l!ir.ELalE, olElE dlElfl+g4oJ ol+.I^.1 €i
+€ +^16l= ^lellTt El 7]-+ oJqg aol4. +9 +j5= 5+ ql
4l '9e as' 4al5,}q^l al4lzl gEg rl6l=
^}gE
ol 9lEln 6lzl. r=g.zEg oli + dC Eiq,=i€{ol
r}+ .'-rlol_E
;ll$g aolq. gE :nEg 7]'4"1 4q=' 9+lg +61717l i9l
zlE nEol EJ= Asg +tso e ^^olzl 9+4rl+.

97laC4 d!14 tlat 521

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E€trolzl e+A"l6lal 5€€ a6Jsl-= dzlzpH-$ rl *
=
A=.*rl? F+g Elald,= ge an aB +dzl= 94= "Jg?
jlEolsl= E+ **9 4liFElTlE, f4n oltll'=qsTlol ql3,J
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=+
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zltrI.
q+ol7l"J. €4ls # * Lzl= ol* €tg 4= ^l+5ol
glEl. rEe !-5 'gol +;{l g+El. 'drl4 ?zJ4?tcrpAiol4
ol sl?+ +dB.l ad q+ql F +Snl dlsTl
= ^l+=g
glrltq=e gE g4^l -e*=rll, r,l€ +{}#.14j1 *'}). ol FzJ4?
ilrl-="Izl= "J7ld 5+nlzlE E]]tl6J 'sg aj1 ats 4alE
gtrl. 6lrl"J qgTll= lilzl glBg oJrl6lE+ ql+6lB 9rl
?++vl? E+g an ag.lzl=,,t+E El;<l 9*94? rTlLl
=.
€dE +rJ4= *]zl-==9 F39 =zlzl *Ef= a "l]eql '*7lzl
g;tlEl +*"il zldJrl. i+il, +*4"J tilcl rJgql ^lg4
=e, .J=tl.
j1. ++gg
"J;l;lq, =qlE *tig E'l+ *H+q
^l-€e
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s 45"J 9+4+ ++l glsE^lE ^l^il= HI+xl 9+71 qEol+.
a
q'0 +zl-=g zl^llE Elq.lol +El= 49 +716171 96ll^J ElolEl
r*+154.
€ed g9l 'Bg an ag ilzl7l E l4olel;Ns, :zz;o1 "3
€'fl;143 ol+ 4+.il zl€dq"l F"nlzl rlial:aag di6l
zl= 9+9 a ?E+. +471 tl^J6l: zl"IE'$ €zlzlel= 94, zl

522 rht A
']rl9l
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++d6l+. €zl7l olqel 4zld=9 g47l rl€zlE dlts"l 4
ej 9lq'' zlAg q+q= fql_", ,lezl= n5q ++9
"ll =
oleJ= q6.l+ ailE +6lxl g=q.
4lol E9= (+EJ4tJ zl€.(No"-,,'"1 .'"t,,re))ol4-= H
^Ele
ol.{.il olql^l oleJ
Tl +
E-4l=€.j1+6J Ht 918}. "J 6}e1 "JElql^l
4='J^lgcl rll+ €s+ol Ezl\} 499 E*g Blt=rl. 4
= =iE9l
ql4l"l qe.I ul-e4o1 ,,.1q1
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ra
ol oli Es4 0J 4,! gEl-= .J4 99q.
^}dg
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^1,
ffi"] +9 elolEE+ +rl "J^lB4 rl€ dH]g +"J*
e Elq4ol ^lEI da€E i€ rl+.l9El. ell EJ^lgol r.
^J+
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Ae C.l-q= E+q + "J"il .J9 *zl d.l "tlBzlel 6l
Ll6l+cl ^lA€zl+
el^drlel e+9 lrlEl^l7lq
^tl46l2l e9 F=trI.
go} 9lal 4^1, r qlql^J zlg ,i ++5ol dde n7l€ E
= g4;J
4l +4. #e ++rlls, .liBelel +^lql 14
'I"Jzl+g
4 EqAEI. Zl*olLl i+71+9 +.d4e_e En, dalol+ t
eZl Ae 6lC4"J zl*E9 uf.<luJ_eE ElEEl. .tlBzll= €q+
4E :;lo1g aP3 z;o14
Elgol F€6l7ll zl4ilFol. rI4 qts zlollsg €zl7Pl _f EJ
'ig ^Ji+l'll4l=71? q= .lBzllTl j15g -Z=a olreTl 6Jj(l
*6Jq. r4 !4zl g+zll]Jg d^r o e Blg: golEl. 617'l J rllTl
+ zlzl +d6l ol-= ^l€e. 4gdqg €rll "tlBzll9 !#'j

grlalqdq4d€E 523
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=Zl€ e6lrl
o e 3zl rB/l g+ tlE]4E "Jqq.
^l7l= 444{ *H
EE= 19.ql7l d+4 zlaE}zl9"J 94g ul€dswiuiam
5^19 "Jg ql^.llol.il "J+*El. +^l= +.l5Edl oJq
suckrand)

7l= nF"il ql6il q€Al= ++4oJ adl= 7l7.l4I ol-'.q /-,'-

s 9.J9 +e F3lEl.

SCol +4E5oI al +€€ eljl*= o + 4

"J^l
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g. a4^J9s= gqsg oJolEl. rag B€zjoJ +gq .zE|"il

^ltL.J+ oJ€.'l"l'J t}+ol7l rr{E-olEl. qBql d+q ^8.I.tl^l

dl+iJ eB, +€+
^ln, "JC4.J 4elq
,EC.l 4
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^l+t<I
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t€g .l+41 6il=El. r arl. E.l +"*e ,UEol 6J.t L;il

'+r+
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BC+EI.
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524 rld a49l +.

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Darwin)S r+"+g +4lg g4)(lzl r
^l= 4J., el=?l4el ^l€
C a++ ul 9l4rqa= "l+ Er-l+ ^ldotflq). gol4zle+ g4 ?l
4 +fe ^ioJol olqilzli*, (+el 7lt])e-1 Elxl+ eeg ^l4ql
34ltlE7lE.H.oJ4.

trI4^l zl€el dd-qE+rl. 7l=!+ +go e+El.' +47l d*g

+ 9= 7hl .r+ld zt, + q+ nEdJ Hq 4d ^J€qq 'le
q. olzl*CB+d=+g+ol il4. a=q i+9 €El +eEl'+
E €4"1 z,tzlrl ;qg 4U C€el +aol gqBq44. 6JCol
adg +qE B4ql r+E+ g+16l Eii E= FoJ, olE+ g+d ^l
zls.e+El HF"l ol€tsr 9+'+ 4a +++ €471 e!+.ll L+*
.!', :laE aElalr 9= 4"lEl.

526 lrld*lqle.la
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"rtEg dgo.E+El, 7 |=q +e- e.s+El"

9,1+il,J B4tU"J qge 9lrtl+.lEE d*+.1 E"l4 q

41

€ol il€€ 4\+Aq.4fl9 -z d"l +dl^l {q "Jg i'4,<1 9+

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,dl4E q,l€ 4l*t}4. El?e Ae E+E g E^J"I^j
^itle
r4 '?4 +trq] F+ 4+q= H45'ql 14= +roleln tlE+
(+el TltD 7* Elzlu-|ol^lE ulidJ "J€ 9sq.

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tsIqe €ijl5g F;<l"tl^l "Jqql= q{ !ul+71, rr'clE +4ts zl
El.=. +oI ql=
"IHzlg +g "Jql^l+El rlE= "J^lC ffie] E

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q !U€€ Elg4rll gflEi. "71+e rl€ 4+el zlgqzl7l+ gt4t zlSoJ FdlEl. oJ
"l+41
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r f,+i'l4l 7lb{!E}. .J+el .+S.l t}!le-l El=+el g+olnle, EAl} gg ^^g iilB 4l
E XlEl. .lxl'J raq B+et d44l^J d4+Eld, E aBg gF7t7l qitE+. EtsE, 98,
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olal?,ggEots cgaolgcl I 527

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n E7f= +=+= aol4.

+?ol 'J^IHE +Cq eqrJg Etqq= ololTlg. jrq 5^lrl

oJEELJel rzJ A^l€ *L+ilq-= ololTl= g^j tlEt. .Ja
"J

^lCg I ^Jzl"tlTll tsol ElHl^l7lEl +olzl= gi€.9=-41, ,l

dg
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+ qge ol+4 C'+lHolE=zl.le-e ar=i4E
9l2l 6JEl
r{ 6Cg r++ 47} St4a tuq.
6lzll'J +4zl zl€dqqlal Az|+€ ?q+E Ell^lzl BB6ll,Zl
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528 r[$ 4rlE ]

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g+=qE, +d^19
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g=tr1,= *oJzlE sgq.
qlEql ole
46+71"E
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g ;J:l g+ql +ts +Hi"il CtEl. .B= ,,jgillz| €l ^Jolel q_\. 7l
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^l.dlg
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zlql +^Jql {+all +jr.;ttr]' -uE. +4= 4gr+ +e "Jge-e el.J

olEiE ggBqE aggol 9,tcl 529

 g *a dqA4. zl€9l dCE e9.= 4e olq4= "J+, *s=
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aolel=: Ps, .^8 7l LJ.ilr, arJ€li1 aJq+ 471 aolB_a d€61
4ul-= "Jg ' .

d:3€. +qul4= ae "J+el €dJ +68 6 6l++. 'Izl ^l+"I

g?tlFol. rlsl"rl ql+ Elrll gdtql= olzJ q44e d4"l
^l
4r+ol aa 9l+. 'ololtqlzl zlTlEol tgolz)"I 7lE,lts, ol
olteF€-;lB 6J56lZl gg4? "J.I 6lLt, dEl+easli+
ol ElEElCg ++zJ4a sllE. rezl
'qE-.il dE]€g Z1ol4
I "Jel ?E gtE}. relLi +44dJ EJ=r. Elg ^l+ol "l Bi6J =
4€ ol;il6izl *6J+. ol -s+= q+Ll e6l7l UllEoI qE4zl
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?ilzt 88E! + 9l= 718.!.il€! a"

'EJ+ rF6J 5gE ^JC'ol C"Je '.+?-l7l d*c + il= 7Lt

jrll+ a'94? 7l* n+l6lE}!? d"J-a? rHEl tl :il.?EJ 4l
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. LLE rerll "JC + 9lsle +dEl.

530 l+l ar{e.l a

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q 64+q HHlq 51-e- olul:-t€
^ld ?Cl^l + +q?-lE *ol
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^l= +ae +d€ aolEl

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Eol 99=Ell zl;'e €+tlg T}bCE gdq tsI4l6f += glEt.

€44rl € rllolHl4(paur oares)E g4zl +e6l 94jrzl 9*9t
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'Jol
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=Elel

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542 I rhla4el4
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olalfl cggolts Eggol 9lcl I 545

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p. 16 +4 Ee 20o4Eql (CEllq EloJ-A) ol +5gE 7l^lE 7l-!.*=E1:
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r'-4{9 €€+.E^lole Tatk.orieins oi d^llslrlld?ll9q 914.
v,s.w. talkorigins. org/faqs/isochron<lating. hrml.
p. 112 ++ *rl^lllJ9lE+= +=e E^lolEol^J 4€- A€. jl.,-+61 Al+;lle+
http:/,/homepage. ntlworld. cony'malcolmbowden /creat. hm.
p. t49 :=4€4^1 ^j +!-q Llil9n: E4rg +el elql +3ql+;le.
Damon er al. (19a9)
p. 151 *^l:. Stli+Cr+F.J{} aq€ *= EIoJ4 TlBol qlq+ a: 6lc1
7lB€ol 5L+ 46J g=€ gtsld q-9€ +r.al"l.
hnp://www. usd. edu/esci/agelcurrent_scientifi c_clock$. httnl#.

+ 587
5e I Hle +q tsgoi^l
p. 155 gl rr.lls= ++El 1%2Eoll *s+ tllolEls ra aolq:
^F*+71
tsrcoks and Buss (1962).
p. 158 r -Nql€+zlEolgEle,il^
^l€r+
Elc d€ -*.]1 3tl+Eilol^l c-E
!=.ilal=. *4+9^rE+: sE ljgil"lel 5:EIBJ €+41+dlq, Herrel et al.
(2008) and Henel et al. (2uN).
p. 162 4#g r.I*e-et+^lxl+€+ +71 dilg +nJi+ e3'^l: Ql-vle-l
qE €+ql+dlq, Lenski and Travisano (1e94). Al47l €+alol tjJg+

=.e=
e El€. g^lolE oI sq *4
hnp://m1xo. css rnsu.edu/cgi-bin^enski/prefnun. pl?group=aad.
p. rsz *BaJ tl* €e-rE 3€6}= Pz Eloldl-^=:: http://scierceblogs corr/
phary ngtla/ 2UE/ 06 Aenski-llives-conservapdia-a-le. php.

p. 185 3 dSelzl4"+d g^lal+,lql4ldBaJ d€€, 714 €+ql+4q,

Endler (1980, 1983, 1986).
p. r9r 44^16l=5l] a4gqol Elqel rlldlElg 4=q.E: Reznick etal.
(tD'l).
p. 19a .H'q^l= +oi= BE47) 7.lE E6l^l 9+e '+ol *= rH' olal= ac
+4d|= ol€E 914: 7l€, Christian C. Emig, ?roof that /.r'n8u.la
(Bnchiop&la) is not a living-fossil, and emended diagnoses of the Family

Lingulidae , Camets de Giologie, let1er 2@3/01 QUJ, .

6at I Slolqe! aal? I gqqaE $E7l

p. tez € *44fl8 9'Jzl:
www. talkorigirs. orglfaqs/faq-transitionavpart2c. htrDl+aLi,
http://web. archive.orglweb/1 9y)20314c657 / gly.fsu.edu/tour/article 7.
html.
p. zoz 'J :i* 5*alts +a+El olEl gdg dtl' *El-e: Dawkins (1e86), 229

p. 207 'a"J.?^l+olgaTle+41+48 7la q.rl g+o]"iril^l ^84*4tr,

qtl^J El4 7l+ql= 'Zl+4 g+q' 71 9Ll-s?" : 'Darwin s evolutionary
theory is a lottedng nonsense, built on too many suppositions', Syd'ey
Motuing Herdld,T MaY 20/--$.

588 | rl-ll tlr]lel a

p.207 *+"i rl+ 7l^Pl (CEiol EloJ -A) 4l 'g4zl +++ E=61 E9=Ell:
http://www- timesonline. co. uvtoynews/uv educ t)oi/
^ttrcle144420.
ece.

p. 209 oi-sElololel= tl49 Ji er al. (2002).

pJg^7lld+
p. 211 (+ael ol=414): + fl1151, ol tltsl.r+n. d4d4+ 2l4l7l +ol
*:lE Eull ^I €ol4'lel 914.
p. 211 !+^l+ Elzl= 'BEelI4r.+ aol4: Elzl?+= ag q7l^l+qdl=+
914. hnp://www. grahamowengallery. com,/fshing/more-fl y-tying. hml.
p. zz3 *4ts Ed ul5*99 E}{EI: smith (1e56),41.
pp. 23G23r q4gq I +B EgE e4 49 + fl= dlE6l+ hnp://wvr' 90.
homepage. villanova. edu/lowell. gustafson /an*ropology/tikaalik. htrnl.
p. 236 tsl-e r4 lQlolE+: Domning (2tnl).
p. 236 +gq=i.lol6lL+E4*El: Natalia Rybczynski, Mary Dawson and
Richard Tedford, A Semi-aquatic Arctic marnrnalian camjvore from the
Miocene epoch and oriSin of PinniPedia , Na ture 45a Q$f)) , pp . 10214 .
Ll€"elol ga,^7lzl g4zl-e-e.^ll !+4ql +6I Ee.l=s€'61 €'ad'e
€*C q7l^l 5 + 9lEl. hftp://nature.c/pujila/ne-vid-e.cfm.
p. 239 95EA7l^ Li et al. (2mil).
^iE|EI44;I6I:
p. z4o 9EEd4:=Eql 4t! e!dg: Reisz and Head (2008).
p. 243 E-i.JI:144a:Joyce and Gauthier (2004).
p. za6 ults cl= 4ol^l DNAE 7lal7l '+gzl=el+dzl.I'ol4.reB9l4:
Dawki.s (1998). ch. 10.

78 I gq4a qrl *e
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p.253 rlgl?]Eg*z14El goJ)=
^tgt olqJj Dubois (1935), ElgoIE
^I+ol
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p. z5l'$41219 rliB€' olel= q- +ae 4zle, El=^l-8-'j6}71 DJolbl g
714€ ts+59 ++ql: htF://ans'rr'ersingenesis. org,/home/atea/ faq/
dont-use. asp.
p. 255 r+^lol goJ ol+ http:,7!r'6,w. talkorigins. org/faqs,/homs/d2700. htrni.
p. 256 945 d$x)41^l +4.lzl e+9ltl:
hrtp://www. alkorigins. orglfaqo4eoms/chimp. hml.

+ s89
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439 zlldl€ 9aJ4: cfg g^lolEqlr9-€-+ EoJ s.lse ++ol
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Harnilron (1D6, 20ot). + d4l €Cl=lITlrqlzll dlil +!=E de 94.
p. 266 EloJ-J ol€€e €.H4'
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p.272 ^l+rloJo+g A.Fd"l+ *^l€9 +g ?:1+: 'Moming after pill
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=4
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p. 31a !B* +*zloJ g'^JE+zle4 ^ql47l+4tqaa7l9 ad4 ddE:
Meyer (198).
pp. 32&329 'rlrJ9 *"tl 9l= 55871
^llg -E.FE
silali 2ltLE4:
clera"ld+el zJ5+ dirl= qrl"I 9]4
http://wwv/.wormatlas.orpy'userguides.htmV lineage.htm go|="15
.ditlTl ol zle .B€.otl Etle 4_H.el _H-n4. q B elLl, H. E4 E
^lolE ^lE
adli, e€].HE qler/Eli!+ €+ql rI+ r.gd rJ€E 4+
+il+4. Brenner (2m3), Horvirz (2003), Sulston (2003). g^lolEoll^J.E
319 + tltl. http://nobelpdze.orlnoLrl-prizes/
medicine/laureites/2oo2/index. hmrl.

590 I x|8 rlqg.l n

9c I rd+el g+
p. 3,12 ol€.4f.El.t d+e:
http://wv,,w. bayercropscience. co. uVpdfs/nematodesguide. pdf .

p. 3aa !4591 rl1* €ir€ ol€R€ gd dl.7l +^Ph censky et al. (r+)8).
pp. 351-352
^l-e 9{;}zll €+C +e dF} 45el
+t}: Darwin (1845), 380.
pp. 352-353:4€4EZil4l ^Ja rJEg: DaNin (11145), 3856.
p. 3a r4alq +4= tlC ltlg,'.1-gg "3X1 El9Ei: Dan'/in (1815), 396.
pp . 35+355 L+ .:2.E +3l4Ll: Dalwin Q1349 , 394-5 .
^146I^J
p. j55 r= CgIEI 4=€ol 4eqJ. eJflt: Darwin (1&5),394.
p. 361 "49 sE dlgl r.++4 d"I4 *+ -e-sq *€+ol 9n' : owen et al.
( lqJ9)

pp. 366367 o)41 *tlq, qoJal +rlal *e d6i=r Darwin (185e), 393.
pp. %7-368 *E 'f*) l:-4ol^l .d+- s e qEJ+4d:
Darwin (1859), 349.
p.381 rEe qTlql olg4l 4zldlr. tl+4? + 6lddJ *4o e qli 6lj1 tl4:
4qE ia5 + oJ++e€€. <l= FEE, EIE oJ+= ezlElzl*+ a
44. http://s/ww. answersingenesis. o€larticlevany'vln
a-caasrophic-bfeakup ol gSlol^lol 47I€ dg zl+ ts4E94€ ^l+
+aE47l q+ g^tol Eo
^l A)^16l'$'+6}J. 9El.
http://www. answeriinceation/org/rebuttayaig/Answers/2007lanswe$-v
2_n2_tectonics. htm.
p 3st * Eploll $.il 7l1l 4e9l {9 il= rl^l€: coyoe and orr (2004).

10d I flalel 4t+

p. 422E l3 ^18-.'J ol zlB9-Ej Sarich and Vilson (1967).
p.428 olEl +li|e - 7lql4frss €+6J ae EllolulE tlq E+71olg:
iiadg+d+ BoltElr Penny et al. (1982).

p. a37 €4:Aff€ g^lolEol^l r]lelBJe €:

www.zo.r-rlexas.edu/faculty/antisense/DownloadfilesTol.hfi .

p. 415 qlTloJg+d.7]+ ijlFBdlE ololTl +71'ol,\'l:i+6lElfl7l qEql:

Dawkins (2004).

+1591
lle t94 tofl sE q^t
pp. 451-452 *g#EE B4++44"J^lE ,i71. Da]Nv]'r' 11872),95,96,cr.
*Brl9ql gt 7l-aE4^l: sibson (184{]).
p. a53 rsa5€
pp.4(M61J.w. s. '?= j/+:.... Saeelzl* *49 golEl.J*'l:
Pringle (1948).
p. 470 "oJA^Pl +qlal ol sE Edg zlB 5+5 gA4.t 6lE : Helmholrz
(1881), 194.

p. a73 ts€ Q€ *E* E+5ol 7lA + 9l= ACg sE4 914: Helnholtz
{1881),201. "+.!.

p. .i8l '7lgg ++714 "J894 9l;l uarrisoo (1980).

'
p. 492 ':lolB]' d+6ltl tull^J": Darwin (1887b).
p. 492 4a. q^l a '^E eIEElol ^leolq +=€:^l+ig ^lelg + €..I tsJ=: M.
Denton, Nature's Desfrry (New York: Free Press, 2002).

p. 494 "7lq7l += ql-e +orl tse 'l€€: olol€q d5+ 44soln :

=4a4
C. S. Pittendrigh, Adaptation, narural selection, and behavioi, in A. Roe
and G. G. Simpson, eds, Behaviot and Evolutbn (New Haven: Yale
Unive6ity Press, 1958).

12ei | +7teg4 Eqq t!€E

p. 504 sf,+ +41^l 7l1i |C g47l d+ EIC *e: Elgo
^l
ge ++o14.
hnp://www. pesdo. com,6logltoptwenty-20 fastest-land-animals-
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p.505 LI=+?{4 i+41+ 1979€e]ts+4]^lr Dawkins and Krebs {197e).

p. 506 *4E4l+zl44tslel 9.1*olTlLlilzl d^iilE}! e€;Pl dql: con
(1940), 15&9.

p. 5oz ts*41 E?zlE s-ezl"J, * +9 +44 .,iz!, *s.4 zp4 /.p1qp

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pp.51G5t7 "^]5r, +I/4ol-n, -g+F2dol-a : Darwin (1903).
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p. 517 zl€e d€6FlE, 9ddalzlE *rl: Dawkins (tee5), 4* 'tl9 .i.*
+4',.

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p. 523 .qe 4lol EE= (+rq4.J

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p. 526 Flal^l zl€9 d4,qE+El: Darwin (1859), 490.
pp. 527-528 olrlB Ea4.J flag ol-Jzls' E = zlEJ: Darwin (185e), 243.
pp. 529-530 *4E-BE
^Jgal7l4{9 tsl€€ +ol4;L oJAd€- +E}= ^}.9€-:
Darwin (1859), 78
q+ EI69 9dal€+ald': Darwin (1887c).
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^lag
Soll and Rajtshandary (2cx$).
p. saz E4alzl3 r,lloldl.'-= +471::+,61 94411g*tlE+= E'J+ rl4g
{.E}: Davies and Lineweaver (?]05).
p. 544 "J6+ gol fl948,]+9l ^JBol
dltsrllgeldg4*rr-4s= ae
+El*Ei: Comins (1993).
p. 552 ?€i441*t1l ol4xlTl l87lHqle€E tlEl: Dan'in (rss7c).
p. 560 1989E4lulY (d4r}+dg ael)4+ 5E€ 4,l.rl: oa*kins (rqse).
p. 564 ++en+zl€iol
^l4d*q, +471;leeel B€ Eleld4l € ae+€ol
olqElr 7l€ El€€ tsal. Smolin (1997).

++ I q^l +E+elrtt
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p. 576 :5ol 'JsI= *.s:49 oioPlEe E4 AEg E €3-zl ll4: tmory
workshop teaches teachers how to teach evolution , Adatla
Jounal-Cot stitution,24 Ocl. 2008.
p. 57 "BEJ4 f€fl
elqEEeElg oleol za.l43 +'Jdl= i4zi=
ul-gflcI: Academics ffght rise of creationism al universitiei, Guardl"n,
21 Feb. 2006.

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BdJairi, I nderyndent, 18 W zu6.

594 I rHAqel3l
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s+ei ts,I€€.+++4oJ 6}-A9^l+ q €-4 - B-:€sq+a 914.

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p. 8 : -7gq de: Simons, D. J., & Chabris, c. F. (1999). Gorillas in our midst:
Sustained in aftentional blindnei! for dynamic events. Perception,28,
1059-1074. o+oi94 44ol: courtesy ofjosh Timonen. 95.4: photo
cowtesy of Graham Owen.
p. 9 : Q-e9f Ll^ op4lDarwinius masillae. @Adanric Producriors trd/photo sam
Peach.

pp. lGl l : (a) qlgTl *a by Karen Carr: OField Museum; (b) 9499Tittaa/i/<
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Field l{useum.
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doi:1o.1029/2\07/GC001743. Image created by Elliot Liln, CIRES &
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fr?4' a -AE ql6J4ol
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Francesco TomasinelliAatural Visiorls; (g)+471*g HFE
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Yo*e\ 23 M^y 2CtO5 @The New Yorker Collection 2005 David Sipress

from canoonbank-com. All Righ6 Reserved.

p. or oo: il alTl EJ:iol"J d+El 6lEl?lE.
p. 8,1 : i++g= S, 4tIoJ 9, E*9 *, from claAes Darwin, The vadation of
fulintls and PlanLs undet [)omestiation,l{.8.
p. 86 : d^f= ts* 7f+71 7iB, +47iel E-c+q 3^ 71rg l94l7l
^}5-elol
+71941 +ql^1, photo counesy los Anllele.s Narural History Museum
p. 87 6llolTlol6le.q7l7ll, 196sdql E9 i+ olalo|41 qloi4 *{!4
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20.4'Jr.lslEJgl +a, pholo l)ick Meier, counesy l,os Aryleles Natuml

History Museum.
p. 100 : 7lE g*ol+n *e+ 2lgscq*+++si EilolEl, ffomj. w.
Dudley and R. G. Iambett, Ninety generations of selection for oil and
protein in rnaize, Maydd 37 OqD Al1.
p. 10r : +19 i 4l€, from H. R. Hunt, C. A. Hoppert and S. Rosen, Cenelic
factors in experimental r.tt caries, in R. F. Sognnaes, ed., Adlzlnces in

ExffJrimen]', I Caies Res<:dr.rh(vashinlaton DC: American Associatlon for

the Advancement of Science, 1955). 6G81.
p. 111 : €f:i 4fs=rl e4) 9J=-="1=q guqlf ,1%4td3E 3l^ldl
\*!^lulEj3, phoro RL\ Novo6ri; doJ€^ld6"lEo. x. e.hyeu,
Destabilizing selection as a factor in domeslication , Joumal of Herediry 70
(1979) , 30rA.
p. 155 : r4g+r, A. c Brooks and I. o. Buss, Trend in tusk size of the
Uganda elephanl , Metrnlalia 26.7 (ItX2) , 1G34 .

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p. 159 : f4E+:1, A. HerreL, ts. VanhcDydonck and R. van Damme,
'Onrnivory in lacenid liards: adap ve evolution or rcs!.aint' , /oumr.l of
Evolutionery Biolotl/ 77 Q$4) , 97+84 .

p. 161 : EJZI *E ^lil +:1, A. Henel, B. Vanhooydonck and R. van DamnE,

Omnivory in laceftid lizards: adaptive evolution or restr:iint ,/oumel of
Evolutionery Biology 17 QU}I),974 a4t pl\oto courtesy Anthony Herel.
p. l7O,171,1J4,175 | {l}7l dilE tr i{E, from R. E. Lenski and M. Travisano,
l)ynamics of rdapt"tion and diversificatioo: a 10,000-geneE!ion
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Acedenly of kiencegl (1991), 680&1,1.
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A=A"+Ungulelh :f4 ONatural History Museum, University of Oslo.
p. 210 : oll-SElolol^+AqolEonai.r san$i4 Chinese Academy of ceological
Sciences (CAGS), redraq,n from
Qiangji, Zhe-Xi Luo, Chong-Xi Yuan,
John R Wible,Jian-Ping Zhang andJuslin A. Georgi, the earliest known
eutherian mammal' , Nanne 116 (25 Apnl200D, A1G22.
p. 227 : +^EllEg.Elle!'usrbenopreron, after S. M. Andrews rnd T. S. wesroll,
The postcranial skeleton of Eu$henopteron foordl vhiteaves,
'l'.ntaclions of tlle RoWl &)ciery of Edinburyh 68 (19'l0t 207-329 .
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p. 228 : qel9}9lzlfc/rrhfosteg3, after Per Erik AhllJerg, Jennifer Clack and
Henning Blom, The axial skeleton of the l)evonian tetrapod
Ichthyosteg:; , Narwe 437 (l tupt. 2005), 137-10, fig. 1.

p, 229 | ol+E:a:E1]TlAcrntklstegr, alierJ. A. Clack, e emergence of early

tetaytli , Pakeogeognphy , Palae(rlimat(ngy, Palaeoecol<W 232
(2006), 167€9.

p. 230 : +EiqqlP?rderttrrhfs, reconstrucrion afterjenniferA. Clack.

p. 235 : E-S. €:J, D. R. Prorhero, Eyolutrbn: W'hat he Fo.ssils Sey and \\41y it
Manent, copyright 02007 Columbia University Pres.s. Reprinted with
permission from lhe publisher.
p. 237(ol?4t : tl=^ld .+eg 4pezo&.en rrorrelli g4 zli+CE 9€, ,Jol= E
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of Inndon 277 (2001). 1-5.
p. 280 : rlQ*EEf4 iltJ^l'--9ie./ardropus fchadensr:', reconsttucted by

@Bone Clones.
p. 281 : 4ol d{^lgl +7llE, reconstructed by OBone clones.
p. 282 : 61719+ qC d{zl, photos courtesy Stephen Can, from Adolf Naef,
'Ul€r die Urformen der AnthropomorPhen und die Stammesgeschichte
'14.27 (1926\ 472-1
des Menschenschhdels , Die NanrqassenscJ! aften , .

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Beniamin/cumrnings, an imprint of Addison wesley longnan, lnc.
Reprinred by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.
p. :os : CzJS € d 43 lg , couttesy PZ Myers.
pp. 32t+329 . qlgaljhl+c"etorhadirrs e.legans rll-*.59 4l!..E',
http://vu'ww. wonnatlas. org.
p. 350 : &|$JltE zll;, from charles Darwin,Jouma./ ofResea.ctres, lst
illus. edn, 1890, OThe Natunl Hisrory Museum, London.
p. 359 : llloJEE4L} C9 oJ€€, by .o.,n.sy of Jonathan Kingdon.
p. 371 : 'blol4l47! B4d9l !' *sl, tyJohn Holden from Roben S. Diets, I4ore
about coffinental drift , Se, lL-rontiets, magazine of the Intemalional
oceanographic Foundarion, March-APril 1967.
p. 386 : q+*9 84, after P. \x/ellnhofer, Preros.rus (London: salamander
Books. 1991).
p. 390 : qzl+ EJ, from o. c. Marsh, Recent polydactyle horsed , American

Jounnl of Science, Apr'l 1892.

p. 395 : f:FJ 4 €4 , after a d.awing by Jonathan Kingdon

614 I rhl A4E A

p. a01 : +4q+rl9l F7lE, s. R. sleightholme and N. P. Ayliffe, IntematioDal
Thylacine Specimen Databas€, Zool%ical Society of london (2005).
p. 405 : +€5€+ a€4 ^JE,
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kinotlryn&ui , The Cambridge Naalnl History,yol.ll (186)

p.411 : tioJ++g] 7 4 zlrl€ , from frnsr ff"eckel, KLnsfomen det Natut
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p. 434 : i4aq B4', courtesyJona$an Hodgkin.

p. 437 : 4lF*^8+, from David Hillis, Deffick Zwickl and Robin curell,
University of Texas at Austin,
hnp://www. zo. utexas. edvhcdty/antisense/Dow.r oadf ilesTol. htrnl.
p. 462: 6J*+q:.+Aalangrerr, afterJohn Sibbick.
p. a6a : q+rlel4 +?el5- 4lt-l f9
oJ4rfraurnz toxena andreinii sitvesri, fronl

R. H. L. Disney and D. H. Kistner, hevision ofthe termitophilous

'IlEumatoxeninae (Diptetut Phoidad' , Joumal of Natur,,.l History l194.2\

26' 95r9r.
p. 479 : :B 84, n. J. Berry and A. H^llaljil, The Coltins Encyclopedia of Aninal
Evolution (19€/l\
p. 482 : 7l d 4+, photo Joy S. ReidenbeB PhD.
p. 484 : -f.9, alier Ceorge C. Villiams.

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