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"t$}fi Chapter Three

3000.
2500 .

7-000 .-

1500 .
o
U

t- ..'
&

Neutr.n:r cliiliacrion by a quartz t:rysta1. 1he peaks represenl drrectlo:rs in rvl:rir:fi eon-
slrlicLive interlerence ,occurrecl, (Coru't,r,n, Lrnnk J. Ilotelltt atfi. Arlh:ur J. Schultz, Argonne
Natiorvttl Lnborafi j)

*-ffi PAII{tr{-tr"Er ii\i ,4 ffi#,K

Why the snevry oJ a traltped pa!.tide is quantized

Fiuure 3.9 A parLicle cor.rhnccl to
a box ol wklth L. Tire particle is
assuned t.o ff]ove back ancl iirrttr
along a st.raLght line betrveen the
willls ol the box.
","- li
3
The warre nature ol a moving particle leads to some temarkabie consequences r,vhen
the particle is restficted to a certaill region of space instead of being abie to move freely.
The sirnplest case is that ol a parricle that bounces bacl< and forth between the rvalls of
a box, as in Fig. 3.9. We shzrll assllme that the rvalls of the box are infinitell, hard. so the
pafiicle does not lose enelgy each time it stnkes a wai1. and that its velocity is suificientli'
sm;rll so t.hat rve can tgnore relativisti.c consideratiot.ts. Simple as it is, this modeL situation
requires farly elaborate mathematics in order to be irroperL.v analyzgci. as rve shall leam in
C.hap. 5. t{or.vever, er.,en a relatively cn-rde tleatment can reveal thr: essel.rlial resu}ts.
From a wal,e poinl of view, a particle trapped in a box is 111<e a standing w'ave ltt a
string strerched betr,r,'een the boxls walLs. ln both cases tlte war.'e variabLe (transvelse
dlspLacement for the string, wave lunctiotr tlr for the moving particle) mIISt be 0 at
the walls, since the waves stop there. The possible de Broglie wavelengths of the par-
ticle in the Llox theretore are det.ermined by the rvidth L ol the box, zrs in Fig. j l0.
The longest lvavelength is specifled byn : 2L, the next by )' : L, then,\ :.2L13,

and so fortir. The general fomula for the permitted waYelengths is

{}* l}r*gltr: 2t
A.=i- l,r'alretrrnSths s)f i,: -""--
n
n':l'Z,j, (3. I 7)

t.rapptr.l p;r.rt ie:tri:

Because rnu :
h./A, the rtstrictiorls en de Brogiie wavelength ,\ imposed by tire
wiclth oi Lhe box are ecpivalent to ilmits on the momelltum ol tire parricle arlci, in tLtrn,
to limits on its kinetrc energ)4 The kinetlc enelSy ol a particie of mome11[Lutt mu is

f.-*- L --q KE=trnu2:(11t.

' 2tn =-*i1,
2nt.tr -

[!gur* 3.1n Wirve frinctions ol a The permitted wavelengths are r\, = 2Lln';rnd so, because the particle has no potential
particLe Lrapped in a box L rvLcle. enersy in this rnodel, the only etrergies it can have are
 "f
Wate Propr.rties of Particles {}7

f , )
tl'11'
['article ia a Lrox r-- n : 1,2,3, . (3.18)
Yml .-

Each permitted energ,v is called an energy level, and the integer n rhat specilies an
energy levei E, is called its quantum number.
We can draw three general conclusions {rom Eq. (3.18) These corrclr.rsions apply
to rlrly particle conlined to a certain region o{'space (even if the region does not have
a well-delined boundary), {or instance an atouric electrun held captive by the attraction
oI the positively cirargecl nucleus.

I A trapped particle cannot have an arbitrary e-rergy, as a iree particle can. The fact
of its confinement leads to restriction-s on its rvave function that ailorv rhe particie to
have only certain specific energies and no others. Exacrly what these energies are de-
pends on the mass of the particle and on the details r:fhow it is trapped.
2 A trapped particle cannot h.ave zero energ), Since the de Broglie in'avelength of the
particle is ), : hlmu, a speed of u : 0 means an infinite wavel.engrh. But there is no
way to reconcile an infinite wavelength with a trapped particle, so such a particle must
have at least some kinetic energy The exclttsion o[ .E : 0 lor a trapped particle, li.ke.
the limitation ol E to a set o[ discrete values, is a resnlt with no counterpart in classi-
cal physics, i.vhere al1 non-negative energies, rncluding zero, are allowed.
3 Because Planck's constant is so small-only 6.63 x 1C-3+J ' s**quarllization of en-
ergy is conspicuous only when rnandL are also srnall. This is rvhywe are not aware
o,1 rvrll.lake
'n'::'-o:*)ll1i*.'"-u,: -:y '""n'"'",.o::o :-*1'l..|.]es lnl' :"u' "

ExampX* S.4
Arr eLectrorr is rn a box 0.10 nrn across, which is the order ol magni.tude of atomic dinrension,s.
Find iis pernritted euergies.

Soluti<xr
I-lere nr = Q.1 x 10-31 kg and L : 0.10 nm : 1.0 x 10-10 m, so that lhe permrtted electron
energies are

fu?X6.63 , ,o-r+-J .s)' : 6.0 X l0-r8n2J

(8x9.1 x 10-31 kd(1.0 x 10-10 m)2
: 3Bn2 eV

The minimum enerry the electron can. have is 38 e! corresponding to rL : 1. The sequence of *t 1+00.
energv ler,'els continues with E2 : 152 e! h: 342 eY E+ : 608 eY and so on (Fig. 3.11). lf >1.

such a box existed, ttre quantizalion ol a trapped electron's energX, rvouid be a promlnent lealure dtl

ol ttre system. (And indeed energy quantizatron is prorninent in the case ol an atonric electron.) fi :oo

2{M
Hxar\aple 3.5
A l0-g nrarble is in a box 10 cm across. I;ind its permitted energies.
100
Soltttion
Withm : 10 g : I.0 x l0-2kgandL : l0cm: 1.0 x l0-rm,
(n2)(6.6s x Io-14J's)2
I"igure 3.11 Energy 1eve1s of an
(8x1.0 x to-'zkgxl.o x t0-r m)2
electron conlined t.o a box
5.5 x 10 6+n2 J
0.1 nm u..ide.
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