English for Academic Purposes

Essay Writing

Week 12: Referencing and Proof-reading

Objective

 Write a References Section using Harvard APA

TASK: What do you understand by the term plagiarism?

The University of Portsmouth website defines it as follows:

Plagiarism - Plagiarism occurs when one person submits another’s
assignment as his or her own work, or when a student uses the ideas or
words of another writer without crediting that person. Plagiarism is avoided
by referencing and attributing the relevant passages. For more information
and advice, visit the Information and Study Skills web-site:
(www.envf.port.ac.uk/fac/olc/infoskills).

Andy Gillett from the University of Hertfordshire says:

Plagiarism is taking another person's words or ideas and using them as if

they were your own. It can be either deliberate or accidental. Plagiarism is
taken very seriously in UK Higher Education. If even a small section of
your work is found to have been plagiarised, it is likely that you will be
assigned a mark of '0' for that assignment. In more serious cases, it may
be necessary for you to repeat the course completely. In some cases,
plagiarism may even lead to your being expelled from the university.
(Gillett 2005)

Based on this definition Gillett asks the following question: Which of the
following do you consider to be unacceptable?

1. Change some of the words and sentences in a text, but keep the
overall structure of the text and the vocabulary the same as in the
original text.
2. Take some short fixed phrases from several different sources and put
them together with some of your own words.
3. Copy a paragraph directly from the source with no changes.
4. Copy a paragraph making only small changes. For example, replace
some words with words with similar meanings.

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 5. Copy out an article from a journal or textbook and submit it as a piece
of your own coursework.
6. Cut and paste a paragraph: use the sentences of the original but put
one or two in a different order and leave one or two out.
7. Paraphrase a paragraph: rewrite the paragraph but change the
language, organisation and detail, and give your own examples.
8. Quote a paragraph by placing it in quotation marks and acknowledge
the source.
9. Rewrite a passage from another writer and present it as your own work.
10. Take just one word or phrase from a text because it is very well
expressed.
11. Use another author's organisation and way of arguing.

Look at the list of references below. What is the Harvard APA format for
books, journals and internet sources?

References - Books
Christopher, M., Payne, A., & Ballantyne, D. (1994). Relationship Marketing. (2nd ed.). Oxford: Buttreworth-Heinemann Limited.
Doyle, P. (1998). Marketing Management and Strategy. Hertfordshire: Prentice Hall.
Doyle, P. (2002). Value-Based Marketing. West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nottingham, G., Massingham, L., & Ashford, R. (2002). Essentials of Marketing. 4th ed.) Berkshire: McGraw-Hill.
Oppenheim, A. N. (1966). Questionnaire Design and Attitude Measurement. London: Heinemann Educational Books Ltd.

References - Journals
Benson, M.J. (1989) The academic listening task: a case study. TESOL Quarterly 23 (3), 421 – 445.
Garrod, S. (1986) Language Comprehension in Context: a psychological perspective. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 5 (1), 74-81.
Stewart-Allen, A. (1999). Do your international homework. Marketing News, 33(1), 4 January, 25.
Walters, P.G. (1989). A framework for export pricing decisions. Journal of Global Marketing 2 (3), 95 – 111.

rnet
(n.d.). Retrieved December 20, 2003, from
Soft Drinks Back in Growth. (2002, June). Retrieved December 18, 2002, from
My Brand is here to stay. Retrieved December 25, 2002, from http://www.marketingsource.com/articles/searchcat/Branding%20your%20Business
oos, C. (1996). The value concept and relationship marketing. European Journal of Marketing, 30(2). Retrieved December 31, 2002, from Emerald , L
n. (n.d.). Retrieved January 8, 2003, from

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 The basic pattern for a reference to a book is:
Author, Initials. (year). Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher.
Gardner, H. (1973). The arts and human development. New York: Wiley.

The basic pattern for a reference to a journal article is:

Author, Initials. (year) Title of article. Title of journal, Volume number - if there is one (Issue
number), start and end page numbers of article.

Popper, S. E., & McCloskey, K. (1993). Individual differences and subgroups within
populations: the shopping bag approach. Aviation Space and Environmental Medicine,
64(1), 74-77.

The basic pattern for a reference to an electronic source is:

Author, Initials. (year). Title. Retrieved month, day, year, from Internet address.
Banks, I. (n.d.). The NHS Direct healthcare guide. Retrieved August 29, 2001, from
http://www.healthcareguide.nhsdirect.nhs.uk/

More information about Harvard APA can be found on the University website
at:
http://www.port.ac.uk/departments/studentsupport/library/help/informa
tionskillssupportmaterial/harvardapaformat/
The three patterns and examples above are taken from the library website.

TASK
The Bibliography below is written using the Harvard Format – APA style. It
contains some errors. Circle the errors.

Boyd, (2002). Marketing Management; a strategic decision-making approach.

4th ed. McGraw-Hill
McDonald, Malcolm. Marketing plans; how to prepare them, how to use them.
5th ed. (2002). Oxford : Butterworth-Heinemann
Stone, EF (1982) Journal of Contemporary Psychology, “In defence of
rigerous research” 27, 581-602
Guardian, The (2002) (Guardian Unlimited) [online] Cable & Wireless
confirms 3,500 job cuts, 13 November. [Retrieved 13 November 2002.]
Keynes, J. M. (1924). Introduction to the series, in Supply and Demand.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Bailey, Stephan (2002) “Academic Writing”. Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes

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Riley, M., Wood, R.C., Clark, M.A., Wilkie, E., & Szivas E. (2000).
Researching and Writing Dissertations in Business and Management.
London: Thomson Learning

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TASK
Look at the information below. Write a bibliography containing these texts.

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 Improving Your Presentation of Essays
eal World Research; a resourse for social scientists and Research
practitioner-researchers.
Methods for Managers, Third Edition
opyright © Colin Robson 1993 Copyright © John Gill and Phil Johnson 2002
lackwell
Sage
Oxford UK.
London UK.

Philip Hardwick, Bahadur Khan, and John Langmead.

Modern Economics
ont of PEARSON EDUCATION Harlow, England. New York. Amsterdam. Paris. Milan
4th Edition published 1994
onal Marketing and Export Management. Produced by Longman Singapore Publishers.
d Albaum, Jesper Strandskov and Edwin Duerr
Printed in Singapore
Edition 2002

r “A conceptual model of seller and buyer’s pricing strategies in international countertrade. This article was publis

y R.H.Holton. It is in a book called “U.S.-China relations: present and future.” Edited by R.H. Holton and W. Xi. (1989) Ber

An article from the Economist called “Sweatshop wars” from February 27th 1999.

ument 2003 No. 2695 The Road Vehicles (Construction and Use) (Amendment) (No. 4) Regulations 2003” HMSO. Accessed December 10 2003. htt

The Unveiling Ceremony for the Emblem of the Games of the XXIX Olympiad. Accessed on Monday 8th December 2003.

There are two steps that you must take before you hand in any piece of work.
The first is to reread the text and make sure that you have done what the
lecturer asked you to do and that you have answered any questions that you

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asked in the title or introduction. The second is to give the text a thorough
proof-reading.

Re-reading

Once you have finished your first draft, give yourself 24 hours before
rereading the text. Then try to look at what you have written with ‘fresh eyes’.
Think about the following ten questions.

1. Have I answered the question?

2. Are there any points missing which would strengthen my
argument?
3. Have I provided evidence for everything that I wrote?
4. Have I written in good academic style?
5. Have I used the correct structure?
6. Have I included all the bits of information I need in each section?
7. Does each paragraph contain a topic sentence and supporting
information?
8. Are the ideas signposted and linked together?
9. Is there anything that I wrote which could be deleted?
10. Are the references correct?

Proof Reading

Proof-reading your work before you hand it in is a vital part of the writing
process. You cannot rely on the word processor to spot all your mistakes.

1. Before handing in any piece of written work for marking, it is

important to check it carefully for errors that may distort your
meaning or even make your work difficult to understand.

The examples on the next page each contain one common type of error:
Underline the error and match it to the list of error types in the box.

i) factual; v) vocabulary; ix) missing word;

ii) word ending; vi) spelling; x) unnecessary word

iii) punctuation; vii) singular/plural;

iv) tense; viii) style;

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 a) The natural poorness of Japan has been overcome...
b) In 1980 in the United States there are 140,000 people who...
c) Actually, hardly any of these has succeeded...
d) . . . to choose the most suitable area in which they can success.
e) Chinese history reflects in real social and cultural changes.
f) The highest rate of imprisonment was regestred in the USA...
g) Malaria is on the increase in countries such as Africa...
h) I am very interested in German economy...
i) ... the french system is quite different…
j) You don't always know which method is best.

2. When proof-reading, it is a good idea to exchange texts with another

student, since you may become over-familiar with your own work.
However, even in exam conditions, when this is not possible, it is vital to
spend a few minutes checking through your work, for this may reveal
careless errors that can be quickly corrected.

Underline and correct the errors in the extracts below (one or two in each).

a) The graph shows changes in the number of prisoners over five years
(1930-1980).
b) ... the way the government prepares his citizens to contribute in the
development ...
c) Secondly, education not only teach people many knowledge...
d) However, weather it is the most important factor is the issue...
e) There has been a sharp decrease between 1930 and 1950.
f) The quality of a society depends in the education level.
g) America had the biggest figure for crime.

3. Proof-reading a longer text is more difficult.

The following was written by a student who was asked to describe his
background and future plans.

Underline the errors and then write in suitable corrections.

NB. As the subject is personal, a relatively informal style is acceptable here.

I come from China, which is a very traditional country. I think before give
my own situation and plan, I have to say something about my country,
because her cultures effect me very much. My country has 5,000 years
history, so in my brain there are a lot of thing which is from it.

When I first arrived UK I studied in Cambridge, which is the best university

all over the world. Although I just studied in a language school in
Cambridge, I felt so good. I learned a lot not only from the school but also
from the Cambridge society. That is why I choose Cambridge to learn my
foundation course. The foundation course just for oversea studies to
improve their English.

I would like to study buiness, because when China join in WTO, my country
will need a lot of people who know business very well. So I will choose
business foundation course, computer and mathematics, because computer
is very useful in modern society. In the future course I think the big
problem is vocabulary, so I am planning to remember as many as I can. I
will spend more time on mathematics, because I never learn it before.

Another problem is to finish the homework in time. Sometimes I think the

homework is no useful for me, so I just leave it, which is a bad customer.
The last and the big is homesick, which always slow down my progress,
but studying broad is my own choice, I have to try my best.

Material from: Bailey (2002).

Bailey, S. (2002). Academic Writing; a practical guide for students. London:

Nelson Thornes.

Gillett, A. (2005). Academic Writing: Avoiding Plagiarism. Retrieved 5

October 2005 from http://www.uefap.co.uk/writing/plagiar/plagfram.htm
TASK

Read through the Introduction to a Project Proposal on the next page.

Apply the ten questions to it. What needs to be done before this piece
of work is submitted?

Why was Burberry successful in the luxury brands world?

Background
The BURBERRY is one of well-known luxury brand produced in
England. They produce clothes for men, women and children and accessories
such as handbags, scarves, small leather goods and silks. Over 150 years,
people are fascinated by its attractive and unchanged style all over the world.
When I was in Japan, I saw Burberry shops everywhere in Japan.
Everybody loves the products which the Burberry produced. Everybody is
fascinated by the Burberry’s check and their logo. Before I came to UK, I
thought that Burberry was typical UK brands, so they had much more shops
than those in Japan did, but there were not so many their shops in UK. I didn’t
know why they did success in the world market. When I read articles about
Burberry, I knew that the Burberry tried to set different ways of marketing in
different countries.
Now, they have their shops in France, Germany, Hong Kong, Japan,
Spain, Switzerland, Taiwan, UK and USA.The reason why everybody loves
the Burberry is concerning with their history. Their history was quite long. The
Burberry was born in 1856 by Thomas Burberry. He opened his first shop in
Basingstoke, Hampshire, England. By 1870, the Burberry was known as a
retailer that sold outdoors wear by local people and visiting people. In1891,
they opened first shop in London, Haymarket. In 1901, Burberry designed a
new service uniform for British soldiers. When they made that, Burberry’s
trademark, which is now very famous, their knight logo, was published. At the
same time, they opened their stores in Paris and New York. In 1924, the
Burberry Check was registered as trademark. In 1955, Burberry was given the
Royal Warrant from The Queen. After Burberry opened their flagship store at
57th Street in New York in 1970s, they would open many shops in USA, such
as San Francisco, Chicago, Boston, Philadelphia, Washington. D.C. and so
on in 1980s. In1997, they made new management teams. These
management teams started to do new design collections, new product ranges
and new advertising campaign. They went over their marketing style,
distribution and most of the things before they did. In February 1999, their
collections appeared in catwalk show in London. In 2000, they raise in
perfume sections.
Because of that history, Burberry is given the place of luxury brand.
Why does Burberry attract everybody in the world since 1856? Why did they
do successful management, marketing and distribution in different countries?
On the base of their successful results, I will try to find some reason for their
success.
Conclusion
The Burberry started a new management team in 1997. After this change,
their reputation has been going up now. In the luxury brand sections, it is
difficult to grow up. However, the Burberry has the history over 100 years and
the confident about their unchanged style of products, in addition, they have
so flexible mind. They have two aspects, historical one and modem one. They
can offer the customers the better products they want. In addition to these,
they have a new management team to do it. That is because the Burberry has
still been loved by lots of people who live in all over the worl