Project on Determination of total

hardness of water

BY
Md.Mohasin Ali(19202208012)

Sk. Delowar Hossen(19202208022)

Abid Hasan (19202208023)

A project submitted to the

Submitted To
MD. SAIFUL ISLAM TUSHAR
Lecturer in Chemistry.
Bangladesh University of Business
and Technology (BUBT).

Faculty Of Engineering
Bangladesh University Of Business And Technology
Rupnagar,Dhaka

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Content:
1. Introduction
2. Theory
3. Classification of hardness
4. EDTA Tritratio
5. Apparatus
6. Procedure
7. Calculation
8. Result
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Table of Contents:
Chapter – 1
Introduction.......................................................................Page 5
1.1 Purpose of the Project.........................................................Page 6
1.2 Application of the Project...................................................Page 6
1.3 Summary.............................................................................Page 7
Chapter – 2
Literature Review..............................................................Page 8
2.1 Related Technology............................................................Page 8
2.2 Related Project....................................................................Page 8
Summary...................................................................................Page 8
Chapter – 3
Tools And Techniques........................................................Page 9
3.1 Hardware used with technical specification.......................Page 9
3.1.1 Resistor.............................................................................Page 9
3.1.2 inductor............................................................................Page 10
3.1.3 oscilloscope.....................................................................Page 11
3.2 Software Used.....................................................................Page 12
Chapter-4
Methodologies............................................................... Page 13
4.1 Design Of The Investigation/Algorithms/ Hardware……….. Page 13
4.2 Implementation procedure..................................................Page 13
4.2.1 Details about hardware.....................................................Page 13
4.2.2 Details about software/ algorithms..................................Page 13
4.2.3Verification of functionalities............................................Page 13
4.2.4 Details about simulation / mathematical modeling…......Page14-15
Summary....................................................................................Page 16
Chapter-5
Results And Analysis...................................................................Page 17
5.1 Presentation of the Finding.................................................Page 17
5.1.1 Hardware Results…...........................................................Page 17

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5.1.2 Osciloscope Result…........................................................Page 18
5.2 Summary............................................................................Page 18
C HAPTER-6
Conclusion….............................................................................Page 19
References….............................................................................Page 20

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 Chapter1

INTRODUCTION

Logic Gate:
Logic gates are the heart of digital electronics. A gate is an electronic device
which is used to compute a function on a two valued signal. Logic gates are
the basic building block of digital circuits..
Basically, all logic gates have one output and two inputs. Some logic gates
like NOT gate or Inverter has only one input and one output. The inputs of
the logic gates are designed to receive only binary data (only low 0 or high
1) by receiving the voltage input.
The low logic level represents Zero volts and high logic level represents 3
or 5 volts positive supply voltage.
We can connect any number of logic gates to design a required digital
circuit. Practically, we implement the large number of logic gates in ICs, by
which we can save the physical space occupied by the large number of
logic gates. We can also perform complicated operations at high speeds by
using integrated circuits (IC).
By combining logic gates, we can design many specific circuits like flip
flops, latches, multiplexers, shift registers etc.

We have to design a NOR gate using the transistor which will satisfy the truth table of
NOR gate.

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 Overview:
.

Circuit Diagram:

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 1.1 Purpose Of The Project:
Transistors can act like switches, so these are used in digital
logic operations and switching. For low and high impedance
states a diode will work in forward bias and reverse bias.

1.2 Application Of The Project:

We can make various types of digital logic gate with the help of
transistors. With this types of circuit we can also design the integrated
circuit ( IC ).

Summary
In this chapter we explain about project and the apparatus which were used
in the making of project and the applications of this project and the theory of
project and little intro kiduction about the apparatus that was used in this
project. Also explain the some important applications of the BJT transistor. As
the Transistor triggering to get low or output level .

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 Chaptar-2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Related Technologies:

Design logic Gate using diode:

We note that for the two valid configurations, both MOSFET gates
must be at the same voltage. Hence we can connect these two
MOSFET gates and call that the input to our logic gate. Further-
more, we note that when this input is 1 (Vdd) the output is 0 (Gnis 0
(Gnd)
the output is 1 (Vdd).the output is 1 (Vdd).

Design logic Gate using Diode :

The use of mosfets for the construction of logic gates depends upon their
utility as fast switches. When the base-emitter diode is turned on enough
to be driven into saturation, the collector voltage with respect to the
emitter may be near zero and can be used to construct gates for the logic
family.

2.2 Related Projects:

Multiplexer CIRCUIT:
Multiplexing is a technique of transmitting multiple signals over a single
medium. There are different types of multiplexing technologies.
A multiplexer is best defined as a combinational logic circuit that acts as a switcher for
multiple inputs to a single common output line. Also known as “MUX” or “MPX”, it
delivers either digital or analog signals at a higher speed on a single line and in one
shared device but then recovers the separate signals at the receiving end. An MUX
has a maximum of 2ⁿ (two raised to n) data inputs. One of the inputs is connected to
the output based on the value of the selection lines. There will be 2ⁿ possible
combinations of 1s and 0s since there are ‘n’ selection lines.

Summary
 In this chapter we have tried to discuss about the related technology &
project. we given a have a clear view on Transistor to transistor logic gate
design

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 Chapter-3
TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES

3.1 Hardware used with technical spesification:

● Transistor
●
3.1.1 Resistor

A resistor is an electrical component that limits or regulates the flow of

electrical current in an electronic circuit.A resistor is a passive two-terminal
electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit element.
In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal
levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission
lines, among other uses. High-power resistors that can dissipate many watts of
electrical power as heat, may be used as part of motor controls, in power
distribution systems, or as test loads for generators. Fixed resistors have
resistances that only change slightly with temperature, time or operating
voltage. Variable resistors can be used to adjust circuit elements (such as a
volume control or a lamp dimmer), or as sensing devices for heat, light,
humidity, force, or chemical activity. In this project we have use two resistors
of 10Ω & 50Ω.

Fig: Resistor
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 3.1.2 Inductor
An inductor, also called a coil, choke, or reactor, is a passive two-terminal electrical
component that stores energy in a magnetic field when electric current flows through
it. An inductor typically consists of an insulated wire wound into a coil. The inductor is
made of wire which has the property of inductance, i.e., opposes the flow of
current.The inductance of wire increases by increasing the number of turns alphabet ‘L ’
is used for representing the inductor, and it is measured in Henry. In this project we
have use two inductor of L1=1mH & L2=2mH.

Fig: Inductor

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 3.1.3 Osciloscope:
An oscilloscope is a laboratory instrument commonly used to display
and analyze the waveform of electronic signals. In effect, the device
draws a graph of the instantaneous signal voltage as a function of
time.A typical oscilloscope can display alternating current (AC) or
pulsating direct current (DC) waveforms having a frequency as low as
approximately 1 hertz (Hz) or as high as several megahertz (MHz).
High- end oscilloscopes can display signals having frequencies up to
several hundred gigahertz (GHz). The display is broken up into so-
called horizontal divisions (hor div) and vertical divisions (vert div).
Time is displayed from left to right on the horizontal scale.
Instantaneous voltage appears on the vertical scale, with positive
values going upward and negative values going downward.

Fig: Digital Osciloscope

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 Software(s), simulation tool(s) used
3.2 Proteus software:
Proteus software is used to make the circuit practically.It help us to
show the wave form the circuit.

Summary:

The details of tools used in this project explained in this chapter. The tools
are able to make this project perfect and the specific value was also given in
this chapter that was used in project. These tools help for output of the
circuit.The oscilloscope was used on which the waveform has display. All the
circuit design & got the output result on PROTEUS software.

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 Chapter 4
METHODOLOGIES
4.1 Design of the investigation/Algorithms/ Hardware:
The RL lagging is a pre define circuit so have to less work in the
investigation of the circuit. But prefer to configure the oscillator to
find out the graphs . Hardware used in project was transistor,
capacitor and resistors, which were mention in above chapter.

4.2 Implementation procedure:

Implementation process made after the complete analysis of the circuit.
Drawn the circuit first theoretically then with the help of software,we
implement the circuit.And run the circuit to verify either the circuit in
working condition. Implement it by using the apparatus mention above.

4.2.1 Details about hardware:

Hardware used in this project was sine source, resistors and
capacitors whose value is mention in the chapter 1.
4.2.2 Details about software/ algorithms:
Different software are used in this project, which is
1) Proteus software.

4.2.3Verification of functionalities:
As the functionalities of the project was to produce the frequency of 5KHz. So
its functionalities was that the project was produced the output waveform
across the inductor. As verify it by using the oscilloscope for waveform to find
out the result which output lags input by 120o .

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 4.2.4 Details about simulation / mathematical modeling:
For the calculation we have use Input voltage, Vi= 10volt
Input Frequency, F=5kHz
Calculate the value of the angular frequency = ω

Write the expretion for the angular frequency= ω

ω = 2πF

= 2×3.1416×5000

=31415.9rad/s

Therefore ,

the of angular frequency ω is 31415.9rad/s

Consider, Z1 is a 1mHinductor

Z2 is a 10Ω resistor
Z3 is a impedance of 2mH inductor in series

with 50Ω resistor Calculate the value of Z1,

Z1 = jωl

Z1 = j(31415.9)×(1×10-3)
=j32.42
Z2=1Ω

Z3 = j(31415.90)(2×10-3)+50
= j(62.84+50)
= 50+j62.84
Z2 & Z3 are connected in parallel

𝐙𝟐×𝐙𝟑
Z2 || Z3 𝐙𝟐+𝐙𝟑
=

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 𝟏𝟎(𝟓𝟎+𝒋𝟔𝟐.𝟖𝟒)
=
𝟏𝟎+𝟓𝟎+𝒋𝟔𝟐.𝟖𝟒

= (9.205+j0.832)

V1 = 𝐙𝟐 || 𝐙𝟑
𝒁𝟏+𝐙𝟐 ||
× Vi
𝐙𝟑

(𝟗.𝟐𝟎𝟓+𝐣𝟎.𝟖𝟑𝟐)
= (10)
(𝒋𝟑𝟏.𝟒𝟐+𝟗.𝟐𝟎𝟓+𝐣𝟎.𝟖𝟑𝟐)

=(𝟗.𝟐𝟎𝟓+𝐣𝟔𝟐.𝟖𝟒) (10)
(𝟗.𝟐𝟎𝟓+𝐣𝟎.𝟖𝟑𝟐)

=2.755˂-68.9o

So,V1= 2.755˂-68.9o

Now calculate the output voltage Vout

Apply voltage division rule across the resistor 50Ω in Z3 to find

the output

Vout = 𝟓𝟎
(𝟓𝟎+𝒋𝟔𝟐.𝟖𝟒)
× V1

=(0.622 ˂-51.49)(2.755 ˂-68.9)

= (0.622×2.755) ˂-(51.49+ 68.9)
=1.7161 ˂-120.39o

The value of the output voltage Vout is 1.7161 ˂-120.39o

So, clearly we can say that output voltage lags input voltage by 120.39o.

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 Summary:

In this chapter methodology of the project was explained. Complete

analysis of the circuit on theory.This chapter was about the analysis
and the implementation of the project from by theoretical term then
we verify that the result that gives us our desired output.

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 Chapter 5
RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

This chapter was explained the following result and the analysis
of the circuit.

● Software Results
● Theoretical Result

5.1 presentation of the finding:

5.1.1 Hardware Result:

● Circuit Design:-

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 ● Oscilloscope Results:-

Here,
Yellow line shows input voltage.
Blue line shows output voltage.

summary

In this chapter we have shown the implications of the circuit in Proteus

software.

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 CHAPTER-6
Conclusion
RL lagging circuit is similar to the Phase shifter circuit instead of having a
operation Amplifier, utilizes two Inductor & Resistors in its RL circuit. The
main circuit part is two resistors and inductors. The main problem that was
faced in this project is about the output waveform and calculated frequency.
With very hard work and team work this project are able to take output
waveform of desire lagging. PROTEUS software has been used for making the
circuit on hardware to check the circuit is working or not. After this the circuit
of project was checked by the oscilloscope to find out the output waveform.
Many problems were faced during its making. Main problem was time issue
and the time limit of the lab on which all process has been done. As
conclusion to this project, it was good project to help us to understand of RL
lagging circuit.

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 REFERENCES

1. www.google.com
2. https://www.electrical4u.com/
3. Text Book of Fundamental to Electric Circuit

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