Cambridge International Examinations

Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education

BIOLOGY 0610/43
*1314985603*

Paper 4 Theory (Extended) May/June 2016

1 hour 15 minutes

Candidates answer on the Question Paper.

No Additional Materials are required.

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid.
DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES.

Answer all questions.

Electronic calculators may be used.

You may lose marks if you do not show your working or if you do not use appropriate units.

At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.

The syllabus is approved for use in England, Wales and Northern Ireland as a Cambridge International Level 1/Level 2 Certificate.

This document consists of 18 printed pages and 2 blank pages.

06_0610_43_2016_1.9
© UCLES 2016 [Turn over
 2

1 (a) Fig. 1.1 shows the human gas exchange system. The functions of the parts of the gas exchange
system are given in Table 1.1.

A
M

K B

C
J

D
H

E
G

Fig. 1.1

Complete Table 1.1. One row has been done for you.

Table 1.1
function letter on Fig. 1.1 name

structure that makes sounds A larynx

bone that provides protection for the lungs

E Rib

airway that allows passage of air only into

the right lung J Bronchus

airway that allows passage of air into

both lungs B Trachea

contracts to increase volume of thorax

F Diaphragm

muscle that contracts to lower the ribcage

K Internal Intercostal Muscles

site of gas exchange M Alveoli

[6]

© UCLES 2016 06_0610_43_2016_1.9

 3

(b) The gas exchange system contains cartilage.

Describe the function of cartilage in the gas exchange system.

It keeps the trachea open and allows flexibility to breath when eating.
...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) Soon after starting physical activity the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood increases.

(i) Name the process inside cells that produces carbon dioxide.

Respiration
................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) State the effect on breathing of an increase in carbon dioxide concentration in the blood.

The breathing rate increases.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [1]

(iii) Explain how this effect on breathing is coordinated.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [3]

[Total: 13]

© UCLES 2016 06_0610_43_2016_1.9 [Turn over

 4

2 Fig. 2.1 is a flow chart that shows the events that occur as light travels through the eye.

light reflected
by an object

light enters the eye and

passes through the cornea

light passes
through the lens

light enters
tissue X

light is absorbed
by rod cells

impulse is
generated

impulse is transmitted
to the brain

Fig. 2.1

(a) (i) State the name of the tissue X.

Retina
................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) State the name of the nerve that transmits impulses from the eye to the brain.
Optic Nerve
................................................................................................................................ [1]

(iii) State what happens to rays of light as they enter the cornea and the lens.
They are refracted.
................................................................................................................................ [1]

© UCLES 2016 06_0610_43_2016_1.9

 5

(iv) Describe the role of rod cells.

Rod cells are sensitive and are used to detect light in dark room.
................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [2]

(b) A plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, was placed on its side in the dark. Fig. 2.2 is a series of drawings
made of the plant, over seven days, as it responded to a change in its surroundings.

Fig. 2.2

(i) State the stimulus to which the plant responded.

Gravity
................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) Name the growth response shown by the plant.

Negative Gravitropism
................................................................................................................................ [2]

© UCLES 2016 06_0610_43_2016_1.9 [Turn over

 6

(iii) Explain the advantage to plants of the growth response shown in Fig. 2.2.

They grow towards light so more light is absorbed thus more growth
................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [2]

(iv) Auxins control the growth responses of seedlings.

Explain how auxins control the growth response of A. thaliana, shown in Fig. 2.2.

Auxin is a plant harmone that is made at the shoot tip and they
................................................................................................................................
spread. They stimulate phototropism and growth.
................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [4]

[Total: 14]

© UCLES 2016 06_0610_43_2016_1.9

 7

BLANK PAGE

© UCLES 2016 06_0610_43_2016_1.9 [Turn over

 8

3 (a) Sex in cats is determined in the same way as in humans.

Complete the diagram below to show how sex is determined in cats.

male cat female cat

female cat (XX)

gametes X X

XX XX
X
......
male cat
XY
(.........) Y
......
XY XY

1:1
offspring ratio..................................................................................................................... [3]

(b) A scientist investigated the inheritance of fur colour in cats.

The gene for coat colour is located on the X chromosome. The gene has two alleles:

• B black

• b orange.
B
The X chromosome with the allele for black is represented by X .
b
The X chromosome with the allele for orange is X .

A female cat can be a mixture of these colours, described as calico.

Fig. 3.1 shows the inheritance of this condition in a family of cats.

orange male
1 2
black male

calico female

orange female
3 4 5 6 7
black female
Fig. 3.1

© UCLES 2016 06_0610_43_2016_1.9

 9

(i) State the genotypes of cats 1, 4, and 5 in Fig. 3.1.

XbY
cat 1 .......................................................................................................................
XBY
cat 4 .......................................................................................................................
XBXB
cat 5 ....................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) Coat colour in cats is an example of discontinuous variation.

Explain why coat colour is an example of discontinuous variation.

As it is distinct and it is controlled by genes and is not affected by enviroment

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [3]

[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2016 06_0610_43_2016_1.9 [Turn over

 10

4 A student investigated the diffusion of substances through Visking tubing, an artificial membrane
which has some of the properties of cell membranes.

The student made a bag of Visking tubing as shown in Fig. 4.1.

top of syringe

elastic band test-tube

Visking bag bag filled with starch

starch solution solution
and placed into a
test-tube of water
water
knot

Fig. 4.1

The student added some iodine solution to the water in the test-tube.

After 30 minutes at room temperature, the contents of the Visking bag were stained blue-black, but
the water outside remained a yellow colour.

(a) (i) Explain these results.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [4]

© UCLES 2016 06_0610_43_2016_1.9

 11

(ii) State three factors that influence the movement of molecules through membranes.

Temperature
1 .............................................................................................................................

Surface Area of molecules

2 .............................................................................................................................

Size of molecule
3 .............................................................................................................................

[3]

© UCLES 2016 06_0610_43_2016_1.9 [Turn over

 12

(b) Fig. 4.2 is an electron micrograph of a red blood cell within a capillary.

muscle cell

magnification ×6500

Fig. 4.2

(i) Molecules of carbon dioxide that are produced in muscle cells are transported to the
blood.

Describe the pathway taken by these molecules of carbon dioxide.

Respiration takes place in the mitochondria and that produces

................................................................................................................................
carbon dioxide. Then the co2 diffuses from the cytoplasm through
................................................................................................................................
the cell membrane and then diffuses in the capillaries.
................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [3]

(ii) Explain how capillaries are adapted for their functions.

They are thin and small so they can fit in smaller areas thus increasing
................................................................................................................................

surface area and are thin for better gas exhange

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [3]

© UCLES 2016 06_0610_43_2016_1.9

 13

(c) Mammals have a transport system for carbon dioxide. Plants absorb carbon dioxide from their
surroundings to use in photosynthesis.

Explain how a molecule of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere reaches the site of
photosynthesis in a leaf.

It reaches by the process of diffusion through the stomata down the

...........................................................................................................................................
concentration. When in the leaf it reaches the palisade cell where it diffuses
...........................................................................................................................................
through the cell membrane.
...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [4]

[Total: 17]

© UCLES 2016 06_0610_43_2016_1.9 [Turn over

 14

5 Fig. 5.1 shows an area of forest where some of the trees have been cut down.

Fig. 5.1

(a) Explain the reasons why forests may be cut down as shown in Fig. 5.1.
- For the production of paper
...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
- Housing e.g Furniture
...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
- Tools
...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [3]

© UCLES 2016 06_0610_43_2016_1.9

 15

(b) The loss of forests from parts of the world is assessed by satellite imagery. Table 5.1 shows
data on the forests in Indonesia and Malaysia, two countries in South-East Asia which have
large areas of forest.

Table 5.1
country type of area / thousands of hectares
forest
1990 2000 2005 2010

Indonesia natural 118 545 95 737 94 158 90 883

forest

Malaysia natural 20 420 19 932 19 317 18 649

forest

(i) Calculate the percentage loss of natural forest in Indonesia between 1990 and 2010.
Show your working and express your answer to the nearest whole number.

118545 - 90883 = 27662

27662
---------------- x 100 = 23.3 %
118545

23.3
........................... % [3]

(ii) Use the data in Table 5.1 to compare the loss of natural forest in Indonesia with the
loss of natural forest in Malaysia.

The overall trend is decreasing , but Indonesia has lost more area of
................................................................................................................................

natural forest. From 1990 to 2000 , Indonesia lost 22808 thousands of

................................................................................................................................
hectares while Malaysia only lost 488 thousands of hectares. Malaysia's
................................................................................................................................
overall tree slowed from 2000 to 2005.
................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [3]

© UCLES 2016 06_0610_43_2016_1.9 [Turn over

 16

(iii) Many hectares of natural forest have been cleared in countries such as Malaysia
and Indonesia for oil palm plantations. Both countries have also replanted forests to
grow timber and other forest products.

Suggest why replanted forests and plantations are less useful for conservation than
natural forest.

As biodiversity is lost and nutrient from the soil are removed.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [3]

(c) Discuss the effects of deforestation on areas of land.

- Soil erosion occurs

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

- Increased risk of flooding

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
- Disturbance of Food chain
...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
- Thus extinction of animals takes place
...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [6]

[Total: 18]

© UCLES 2016 06_0610_43_2016_1.9

 17

6 Fig. 6.1 shows the alimentary canals of two mammals, an insect-eating bat, which is a carnivore,
and a rabbit, which is a herbivore.

0 10
cm

0 2 W
cm

insect-eating bat rabbit

Fig. 6.1

(a) Name the organs labelled V and W.

Stomach
V ........................................................................................................................................
Large intestine
W .......................................................................................................................................

[2]

(b) Explain the role of mechanical digestion.

Mechanical digestion is digestion in which food is broken down to smaller

...........................................................................................................................................

pieces by teeth or muscles without the use of chemicals or enzymes. It is done

...........................................................................................................................................

to increase surface area of the food for faster chemical digestion.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [3]

© UCLES 2016 06_0610_43_2016_1.9 [Turn over

 18

Scientists investigated digestion in different species of mammal. The mammals that they studied
ranged in size from an elephant shrew, Elephantulus edwardii, with a mass of 50 g to an ox, Bos
taurus, with a mass of 220 kg.

The scientists added indigestible particles to the animals’ food and timed how long the particles
stayed in the digestive system.

The results for 24 different mammal species are shown in Fig. 6.2.

160

140

120

100
time in
digestive
80
system
/ hours
60

40

20

0
0.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5
relative body mass / arbitrary units

Fig. 6.2

© UCLES 2016 06_0610_43_2016_1.9

 19

(c) The scientists concluded that food stays longer in the digestive systems of larger mammals
compared with smaller mammals.

Discuss the evidence from Fig. 6.2 for and against the statement that food stays longer in the
digestive systems of larger mammals.
For:
...........................................................................................................................................
- As relative body mass increases , the time of digestion increases
...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
Against:
...........................................................................................................................................
- There are some anomalies in the graph
...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [4]

[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2016 06_0610_43_2016_1.9

 20

BLANK PAGE

Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable
effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will
be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.

To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge International
Examinations Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at www.cie.org.uk after
the live examination series.

Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local
Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.

© UCLES 2016 06_0610_43_2016_1.9