Cambridge International Examinations

Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education

* 2 6 1 6 0 1 8 6 2 8 *

BIOLOGY 0610/43
Paper 4 Theory (Extended) October/November 2016
1 hour 15 minutes
Candidates answer on the Question Paper.
No Additional Materials are required.

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The syllabus is approved for use in England, Wales and Northern Ireland as a Cambridge International Level 1/Level 2 Certificate.

This document consists of 17 printed pages and 3 blank pages.

DC (LK/SW) 117736/5
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1 An in vitro fertilisation (IVF) procedure is outlined in Fig. 1.1.

X
D

E embryo

not drawn to scale

Fig. 1.1

(a) (i) Name structures A, B and D.

Vagina
A ........................................................................................................................................
Fallopian tubes / Oviduct
B ........................................................................................................................................
Sperm
D ........................................................................................................................................
[3]

(ii) State the purpose of syringe C.

To remove the egg from the ovary and placing it in a petri dish.
...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) (i) Name a hormone that would be injected to stimulate egg cell development.

LH
.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) State when, during the menstrual cycle, this hormone should be injected.

At the start of the menstrual cycle

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(iii) Draw an X on Fig. 1.1 at the position where the embryos should be placed.
[1]

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(c) Discuss the social implications of IVF.

- May not be religously acceptable
...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
- Allows infertile parents to have babies.
...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
- It can lead to multiple embryo formations
...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
- High chance of any miscarriage taking place
...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[4]

[Total: 11]

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2 Pectinase is an enzyme used in the production of fruit juice.

(a) Describe in detail how enzymes function, using pectinase as an example.

Enzyme is a protein that speed up chemical reactions by decreasing the

...................................................................................................................................................

activision energy thus allowing successful collsions without being used. It has
...................................................................................................................................................
a complimentary shape that matches with a specific substrate to form a
...................................................................................................................................................
enzyme-substrate complex. Enzymes work at optimum pH and temperature,
...................................................................................................................................................
they get denatured at high or extremely low temperatures.
...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

For example: Pectinase is an enzyme that breaks down pectin. They form a
...................................................................................................................................................

enzyme-substrate complex and the products made is fruit juice.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[6]

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(b) An experiment to test the effect of the size of apple pieces on the activity of pectinase was
performed by a group of students. Some of their apparatus is shown in Fig. 2.1.

filter paper
funnel

measuring
cylinder

Fig. 2.1

Describe how the students should use the measuring cylinder to obtain accurate
measurements of volume.

By placing it on a flat surface and reading it at eye level and reading at the
...................................................................................................................................................
bottom of the miniscus.
...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[2]

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(c) The students added 1.5 cm3 of pectinase solution to pieces of apple in a beaker.

They then poured the mixture into the funnel.

They found that it took 10 minutes to collect 19 cm3 of juice.

(i) Calculate the rate of the enzyme reaction.

Show your working.

Write your answer to the nearest whole number.

19
---------- = 1.9 cm3 per min
10

1.9
...................................... cm3 per min [2]

(ii) The students performed four experiments using different ways to prepare the apples.

The same total mass and type of apple was used each time.

A 0.5 cm3 apple cubes

B 1.0 cm3 apple cubes

C whole peeled small apples

D whole unpeeled small apples

Predict and explain which experiment (A, B, C or D) would result in the fastest rate of
reaction.

Experiment A , 0.5cm3 apple cubes, as surface area of the apple cubes will
...........................................................................................................................................

be more than experiment C and D.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

[Total: 12]

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3 The length of the small intestine was measured in four types of mammal.
The results are shown in Table 3.1.

Table 3.1

length of small
length of small
mammal intestine relative to
intestine / cm
body mass / cm per g
insect-eating bat 19 2.30
domestic cat 104 0.05
rat 98 0.34
human 552 0.01

(a) Use the information in Table 3.1 to compare the length of the small intestine of the four
mammals.
Human has the longest intestine while insect-eating bat has the shortest intestine.
...................................................................................................................................................
The rat and domestic cat have approximately the same length of small
...................................................................................................................................................
intestine. The difference of only 6 cm .
...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[3]

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(b) Fig. 3.1 is a diagram showing a short length of the small intestine of a mammal.

outer surface

inner surface

lumen

Fig. 3.1

A function of the small intestine is absorption.

Describe how a molecule of glucose passes from the lumen of the small intestine into the
blood.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

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...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

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(c) Measurements were taken of the inner and outer surface area of two parts of the small
intestine for the four mammals in Table 3.1. The results are shown in Table 3.2.

Table 3.2

ratio of inner surface area to outer surface area

mammal
duodenum ileum
insect-eating bat 283:1 54:1
domestic cat 15:1 12:1
rat 6:1 4:1
human 7:1 3:1

(i) Suggest which mammal has the most villi per centimetre of small intestine.
Insect-Eating bat
.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) The duodenum is more effective than the ileum at absorption. Use the information in
Table 3.2 to explain why.

As the ratio for surface area is higher for duodenum than iluem. Like for
...........................................................................................................................................
insect-eating bat in duodenum is 283:1 while in ileum is 54:1.
...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

(d) Bile is released into the small intestine from the gall bladder.

Outline the roles of bile.

- Emulsification of fats
...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
- thus increasing surface area of fat
...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
- so lipase can act on it efficiently
...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
- Bile also neutralises stomach acid
...................................................................................................................................................

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[Total: 14]
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4 Tobacco smoke is made up of over 7000 chemicals.

Nicotine is a component of tobacco smoke.

(a) Explain why nicotine is a drug.

Nicotine is a chemical substance taken that affects chemical reactions in the body
...................................................................................................................................................
and it can cause addictions.
...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[2]

(b) Describe the effect on the gas exchange system of the following components of tobacco
smoke:

It binds to the red blood cells and makes carboxyhaemoglobin.

carbon monoxide ......................................................................................................................
That reduces the amount of oxygen taken.
...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

Tar produces more mucus and causes lung cancer

tar .............................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[4]

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(c) A study compared the percentages of men and women aged between 35 and 54 years who
smoked cigarettes. The annual death rate caused by lung cancer was also recorded.

The results are shown in the two graphs in Fig. 4.1.

90
Key
men
80 women

70

60 60
Key
men
smoking 50 50
women
/%
40 40
mean annual
30 death rate 30
from lung cancer
20 / cases per 20
100 000 people
per year
10 10

0 0
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
year year

Fig. 4.1

(i) Use the data shown in Fig. 4.1 to compare the percentages of men and women who
smoked cigarettes between 1950 and 1998.

Overall , the smoking % has decreased and women have smoked less.The
...........................................................................................................................................

smoking percentage for women increased till 1970 and after that it decreased
...........................................................................................................................................

till 2000.
...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

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.......................................................................................................................................[4]

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(ii) Use the information from both graphs in Fig. 4.1 to discuss the link between smoking
and lung cancer.
Both smoking and lung cancer show the same trend meaning it is decreasing.
...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
Men lung cancer is overall more than women but is decreasing while
...........................................................................................................................................
women lung cancer is increasing.
...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
Other than that it is impossible to make a correct link.
...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[4]

(d) Explain why it is recommended that pregnant women do not smoke.

As toxins pass through the placenta and can reduce oxygen supply to the baby
...................................................................................................................................................
thus causing a miscarriage.
...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[3]

[Total: 17]

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5 (a) (i) Describe the structure of a DNA molecule.

It is a double helix with for bases A, T , G , and C. A links with T and G links with
...........................................................................................................................................

C.
...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

(ii) State the function of a gene.

They code for a specific protein

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) Molecular biologists identified a gene found in all species of bacteria and in mitochondria.

State the function of mitochondria.

Mitochondria is used in aerobic respiration to produce energy
...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[2]

(c) Some scientists think that mitochondria evolved from bacteria because they are similar in
size and structure. Bacteria belong to the Prokaryote kingdom.

Give two features of all prokaryotes.

Cytoplasm
1 ................................................................................................................................................

Uni-Cellular
2 ................................................................................................................................................
[2]

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DNA can be used to distinguish between different species of bacteria.

Molecular biologists compared the DNA sequences of the gene in mitochondria and six species of
bacteria. They counted the number of differences.

Table 5.1 shows the number of differences between the DNA sequences.

Table 5.1

mitochondria A

species B

species C

species D

species E

species F

species G
mitochondria A
29 26 34 25 3 23

species B
18 12 17 26 24

species C
19 10 19 14

species D
28 29 30

species E
19 6

species F
16

species G

The most closely related species have:

• the least number of differences between their DNA sequences

• the shortest distance from a branching point on a classification tree.

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(d) Use the information in Table 5.1 to complete the classification tree in Fig. 5.1. Place the letter
for each species or the mitochondria in the box next to the correct branch of the classification
tree. Two have been done for you.

Fig. 5.1
[3]

(e) Suggest why using DNA sequences is a useful method for identifying species of bacteria.
As it is more accurate and efficient
...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[1]

[Total: 12]

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6 (a) Name one feature of dicotyledonous leaves that distinguishes them from monocotyledonous
leaves.
Dicotyledons have broad leaves
...............................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) Explain why a leaf is an organ.

As it is made up of tissues that perform a specific function
...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[1]

(c) Photosynthesis occurs in leaves.

State the balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis.

Light
6CO2+6H2O ---------> C6H12O6+6O2
...............................................................................................................................................[3]

(d) Fig. 6.1 is an image of a section through a dicotyledonous leaf from a scanning electron
microscope.

K
J

Fig. 6.1

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Identify the layers labelled in Fig. 6.1 and explain how their adaptations allow photosynthesis
to occur in the leaf.

(i) Palisade Cells

layer J ...............................................................................................................................

adaptation for photosynthesis Contain abundant chloroplast so more photosynthesis

...........................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) Epidermis
layer K ...............................................................................................................................

It is transparent thus allowing sufficient light

adaptation for photosynthesis ...........................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(iii) Mesophyll Cells

layer L ...............................................................................................................................

They have air spaces between them for gas exchange

adaptation for photosynthesis ...........................................................................................

and efficient diffusion

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(e) Plants need nitrate ions for growth.

Explain why.
Nitrates are used to make amino acids which further turn into proteins. Proteins are
...................................................................................................................................................
needed for the growth and repair of the cells as well as the production of DNA.
...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

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...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[3]

[Total: 14]

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