KINGNOMEN

ENGLISH
GRAMMAR
GUIDE
UPPERINTERMEDIATE2

Lic.Paola Izurieta

A BOOKLET FOR
GRAMMAR
Copyright © 2020
by Lic. Paola Izurieta
KINGNOMEN ENGLISH

All rights reserved. No part of

this publication may be reproduced,
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without the prior written
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certain other noncommercial uses
permitted by copyright law.

Calle Rufino Marín E12-49 y Oriental

Quito Ecuador

Editorial Kingnomen English

SUMMARY
This book purpose is improve
the grammar skills for the
Advanced Level of the Institute
Kingnomen Engish. Grammar
is important for comunicating,
for speaking and for writing.
Topics to be seen in this book
are relative clauses, past
continous vs. simple past, past
perfect continous and
conditionals.
 UNIT 1
GRAMMAR
TOPIC:GERUNDS

Afirmative statements Negative

with gerunds Statements
with gerund

I love dancing I hate dancing

I enjoy eating sweet foods I dislike eating weird food
I am good at designing I can't stand designing

SPEAKING

Sort the hobbies that you like and

complete the chart
Love _________
Like__________
Dislike_______

GRAMMAR CHECK

Complete:

I love________________
I enjoy_______________
I am good at________
I can't stand _________
I hate__________
I dislike__________
 UNIT 1.
GRAMMAR
TOPIC:GERUNDS

Negative
Afirmative statements
Statements
with gerunds
with gerund

I love dancing I hate dancing

I enjoy eating sweet foods I dislike eating weird food
I am good at designing I can't stand designing

SPEAKING

Sort the hobbies that you like and

complete the chart
Love _________
Like__________
Dislike_______

GRAMMAR CHECK

Complete:

I love________________
I enjoy_______________
I am good at________
I can't stand _________
I hate__________
I dislike__________
 UNIT 1
GRAMMAR:
CLAUSES WITH
BECAUSE

Rule:
The first clause is I would be a ________
the conector is
the second clause is I I love+gerund

I could be a ______because I couldn't be a ______because

I would be a good doctor because I love I couldn't be a teacher because I am not
hospitals very patient
I would be a good architect because I am good I couldn't be a doctor because I can't stand
at drawing blood

SPEAKING

Make sentences with would or woudn't and the vocabulary

words.

DOCTOR TEACHER HOUSEWIFE ARCHITECT COOK

I would be a good______because______________________________________
I would not be a good _______because_________________________________

Ask questions about different habilities

Are you good at ?
reading drawing painting singing swimming talking listening

GRAMMAR

Complete the sentences

She would be a good manager because__________________________________
He would be a good writer because ______________________________________
My friend would be a good saleswoman because_________________________
My boyfriend would be a good psychologist because_____________________
 UNIT 1
READING
TOPIC:WORK LIFE BALANCE

Presenter: Good morning, everyone. On today's show, we've got Chris Svensson
with us, the author of No more nine to five, the new best-selling book about work–
life balance in the current working world. Good morning, Chris. Thanks for coming.
Chris: Thanks for having me, Anna.
Presenter: So, Chris, tell us about your book and how the concept of a work–life
balance has been changing?
Chris: Well, in the more traditional workplaces, people's working lives and their
private lives are, or were, clearly divided. People often work from nine in the
morning until five or six in the evening. People sometimes stay late in the office
and work in the evenings. This is called working overtime.Presenter: OK, and what
else?
Chris: Well, in these environments it isn't common for people to work at the
weekend or while they're on holiday. They can clearly separate their working lives
and their private lives. And the evenings, weekends and holidays are free to focus
on non-work areas of life, such as hobbies, interests, sports, spending time with
the family and friends, and so on. It's important and healthy not to spend all your
time just working, right?

Presenter: Right! So what has changed? How are things different now?

Chris: Well, for a start, most people can now access their work emails from their
mobile phones. So they are more likely to quickly reply to an important mail in the
evening or at the weekend. The same goes for laptops. It's easier to access your
work in the evenings from home or even from your hotel when you're on holiday.

Presenter: That doesn't sound like much of a work–life balance. It sounds like all
work.
Chris: Exactly, but this new mobility brings a lot of advantages with it. More people
are now able to work flexibly, so if they need to leave the office early one
afternoon to be with their family, they can catch up on work that evening from
home or somewhere else.
Presenter: That sounds good. So, what you're saying is that although traditional
divisions between work and life are fading, many employees now have more
freedom to do their work from different locations and at different times.Chris: Yes,
that's it.
 READING EXCERCISES

How popular is Chris Svensson's book?

What is the work–life balance like in traditional workplaces?
How often do people do overtime?
In traditional workplaces, do people work at weekends or when on holiday?
How has technology helped people work with more flexibility?
Traditional divisions between work and life are fading. What does this mean
for employees?
 UNIT 2
MECHANICS:
CLAUSES WITH RELATIVE PRONOUNS
Relative pronoun used
as subject
The writer, who writes science fiction
books, has finished his fiction novel..
The girl, who travels every year, has
finished her travel program

Relative pronoun used

as object
The house, which I bought, needs
some improvements

Relative pronoun used as a

possessive

Shakira, whose songs has become famous, has

been singing since she was a girl.

Non defyning clauses

If you are referring to the previous clause as a whole, use which

My friend eventually decided to get divorced, which upset me

a lot.
 Use of whom for persons and of which for things or concepts
after numbers and words such as most, many, some, both,
none.

I saw a lot of new people at the party, some

of whom seemed familiar.

He was always coming up with new ideas,

most of which were absolutely impracticable.

RULES
Use who to refer to people;
Use which to refer to things or to
refer to the previous clause as a
whole;

TIP
If you choose between who or that, use who in
writing;If you choose between which and that,
use which in writing;Do not put a comma
before that.
 5. Do not be misled by a phrase that comes between the subject and
the verb. The verb agrees with the subject, not with a noun or
pronoun in the phrase.

One of the boxes is open

The people who listen to that music are few.
The team capta as well as his players, is anxious.

6. The words each, each one, either, neither, everyone, everybody, anybody,
anyone, nobody, somebody, someone, and no one are singular and require a
singular verb.

Each of these hot dogs is juicy.

Everybody knows Mr. Jones.Either is correct.
7. Nouns such as civics, mathematics, dollars, measles, and news require
singular verbs.

The news is on at six.

 UNIT 2
READING
TOPIC:AN INTERVIEW ABOUT LISTENING SKILLS

Presenter: So, today's expert teacher is Gabriella, a university English teacher

from Leeds. Gabriella, hi and thanks for joining us today.
Gabriella: Thanks for having me!
Presenter: So, I have to confess today's topic is something I am really bad at:
listening. Most people say speaking is the most stressful part of learning a new
language but, for me, with my B1 German, speaking isn't so bad. At least I'm in
control of it. But listening … woah … people speak so fast and it's like my brain
just shuts down. Am I just really strange and bad at listening? Tell me, honestly, I
can take it.
Gabriella: No, you're not strange. In fact, it's really common. You know, in exams
most people do pretty well in speaking compared with listening. Of course,
exams are a different situation from real life because in an exam you can't ask
for something to be repeated or explained. You usually have just one or maybe
two opportunities to listen to the dialogue and then it's gone.
Presenter: Right, but in real life I feel stupid always saying, 'Sorry, can you repeat
that, please?', especially if I still don't understand even when they repeat it. And
people out there listening, I hope you don't do this – quite often the person just
repeats what they said equally as fast and I'm still lost!
Gabriella: They do, don't they? In real life, you've got two strategies. One is to
pretend to understand and get out of the conversation as fast as you can.
Presenter: Yep, sounds familiar!
Gabriella: But, obviously that's not going to help if it's a conversation with high
stakes. It might have important consequences. I mean, if you're just chatting
with a stranger at the bus stop, it doesn't matter. But imagine you're at a
government office or a bank, trying to find out what paperwork you need to get
your ID or open a bank account. What can you do then?
Presenter: I hope you've got the answer,
Gabriella, because I'm coming out in a cold sweat just thinking about either of
those situations!
Gabriella: The other strategy is to summarise what they said.
Presenter: But how can you do that if you didn't understand what they said?
Gabriella: Ah, well, you only start the summary, so you might say, in German in
your case, 'OK, so the first thing I have to do is …?' and make it a question. Or,
for example, 'And which office is that again?' Break it down into smaller
questions and the other person will naturally start answering them. That way
you're controlling the conversation a bit more.Presenter: I get you ...
 UNIT 3
GRAMMAR
TOPIC:PASSIVE VOICE
We change the passive voice by adding the verb to be +the verb in

The president opened the Empire State Building

The Empire State building was opened by the president.

William Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet

Romeo and Juliet was written by William Shakespeare

Murakami wrote the novel IQ84

IQ84 was written by Murakami

Were many photos taken by you

Are your shoes made from leather?
yesterday?

Were many photos taken by you yesterday?

Was an e-mail written by you this year?
Was your cellphone bought last year?
Are you often sent on business trips?

CHECK YOUR GRAMMAR

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES

English is_____:____in the USA, Canada and the United Kingdom
The windows are __________________ by the housemaids
The car is ___________ by my dad
The novel is ____________________ by the author
A lot of bananas are ___________ in Ecuador
The Mona Lisa was ___________________by Leonardo Da vincci
The 5th symphony was _______________________by Bethoven
 UNIT 3
MECHANICS
TOPIC:AGREEMENT

1. When the subject of a sentence is composed of two or more

nouns or pronouns connected by and, use a plural verb.

She and her friends are at the fair.

2. When two or more singular nouns or pronouns are connected by

or or nor, use a singular verb.

The book or the pen is in the drawer.

3. When a compound subject contains both a singular and a plural

noun or pronoun joined by or or nor, the verb should agree with
the part of the subject that is nearer the verb.

His friends or the boy runs every day.

4. Doesn't is a contraction of does not and should be used only with

a singular subject.The exception to this rule appears in the case of
the first person and second person pronouns I and you. With these
pronouns, the contraction don't should be used.He doesn't like
it.They don't like it.
 UNIT 3
READING
TOPIC:A PHONE CALL FROM A CUSTOMER

Junko: Hello, Junko Mori speaking. How can I help you?

Andrea: Hi, Junko, it's Andrea here from Red Band. I'm calling about
our latest order.
Junko: Everything arrived OK, right? We got the delivery confirmation
at our end.
Andrea: Yes, everything's fine with the order. I'm calling about the
invoice and the payment terms. I need a favour.
Junko: A favour? What do you need?
Andrea: This is a little, er ... difficult, but I need an extension on the
payment terms. I know they're usually 30 days, but we're having some
cash flow problems. You'd really be helping us out if you could extend
it to 60 days.
Junko: I'm not sure if I can do that, Andrea. We've got regulations at
our end, and also have to manage our own cash flow.
Andrea: I promise this won't become the norm, Junko. Actually, I also
want to place another new order. The same size order as last time. It's
for an important customer and they pay on delivery.Junko: I see. So
your cash flow problem will be solved after this new order is delivered.
Andrea: Exactly.Junko: That sounds good. Hold on, Andrea. Let me see
what I can do. Yes, I think we can make an exception this time.
Andrea: That's great, Junko. I appreciate your help.
Junko: And we appreciate your business, Andrea. It works both ways.
Andrea: Thanks again, Junko. Can you send me a quick email
confirmation of the payment terms extension?
Junko: Sure, no problem. We're happy to help you.
Andrea: Great. And I'll email you the new order.Junko: Thanks. I'll keep
an eye out for it. Talk to you soon.
Andrea: You too. Goodbye.
 UNIT 4
GRAMMAR
PAST CONTINOUS VS. SIMPLE PAST

The sentence in Past continous is the background activity and is an action

in progress in the past. The simple past is an activity that interrupted the
last activity.

I was sleeping when the phone rang.

I was cooking when my family came.
I was reading my book when I heard a sound.
SPEAKING

Answer to this questions:

What were you doing last vacations? What were you doing last Christmas?

What were you doing yesterday at 8 a.m?

What were you playing two days ago?
What were you doing on last vacations?
What were you doing last Christmas?

CHECK YOUR GRAMMAR

Complete the statements:
I was going to a museum when________
I was visiting this country when _________
I was eating in a restaurant when ___________
I was taking an exam when ____________
I was traveling on a plane when _____________
 UNIT 4
GRAMMAR:
TOPIC:Present perfect continous

Use the present continous when an activity began in the past and has a
relationship with the present. We also use the present perfect for actions that
are unfinished. If you began an action in the past and you are still doing it right
now.

SPEAKING

TAKE TURNS TO ASK QUESTIONS

Have you been....... lately?

singing in the shower
doing housework
working at the gym
watching a movie
doing a homework
cooking dinner
arguing with your boyfriend

CHECK YOUR GRAMMAR

Complete the following sentences

Sofie and I _________________ the car the whole day. We only need to finish with
the tires.(wash)
They ________________ a game and it is only half of the match.(play)
I _______________ english for two years and I almost get my certificate.
We______________________________ our house and so far we have three offers.
Sorry I am late for the class.! How long have you _____________(wait)
 UNIT 4
READING
TOPIC:A STUDENT DISCUSSION
Teacher: So you've got a few minutes to discuss with your partner.
Student 1: So, as far as I know, the main similarity between Mars and Earth is
that they can both support human life
.Student 2: Yeah, but do we know that's actually true? I mean, Mars is much
colder than Earth, isn't it? It says here it's about minus 55 degrees most of the
time, whereas on Earth only places like Antarctica get that cold.
Student 1: True. Well then, I suppose you could say both planets are a similar
distance from the Sun?
Student 2: No way! Mars is much further away! It says here it's about 228 million
kilometres, while Earth is about 150 million.
Student 1: Yes, but in space that's not that far. Jupiter is, like, almost 780 million
kilometres. That's why we use astronomical units when we talk about distances
in space. Earth is 1 astronomical unit from the Sun and Mars is 1.3. The
difference doesn't sound so big when you look at it that way.Student 2: I see
what you mean. Jupiter is 5.2 astronomical units so I guess you're right. What
other similarities are there between the two planets?
Student 1: Let's see … not the colour, obviously!
Student 2: Yeah! Earth is called the blue planet and Mars is called the red planet
for pretty obvious reasons!
Student 1: Their sizes are pretty different. Mars is about half the size of Earth.
Student 2: What about this? It looks like the days on both planets are almost the
same length. Earth's day is 24 hours but Mars's is about half an hour longer.
Student 1: You're right. OK, any other things they both share?
Student 2: I suppose you could say they have water in common.
Student 1: Could you? How?
Student 2: Well, Earth is 70 per cent water and Mars probably had huge oceans in
the past. It's just that most of the water there now is probably frozen.
Student 1: Ah, I see. I don't think we can say the air is the same, though. Most of
Earth's air is nitrogen and oxygen, but Mars …?
Student 2: Mars doesn't really have air, not compared with Earth. It's got about
one per cent as much air as Earth.
Student 1: Right, and it's mostly carbon dioxide.
Student 2: Gravity is another difference. I didn't know this, but Mars has higher
gravity than the Moon. But it's much less than on Earth, of course.
Student 1: Oh, yes. It says Mars has about 38 per cent of Earth's gravity.Teacher:
OK, let's see what you've found …
 UNIT 5
GRAMMAR
SECOND CONDITIONAL

We use conditional sentences to say one thing depends on another. They

can be used to talk about real or imaginary situations.

If+simple past then s+would+infinitive.

Sometimes you can use could instead of would

SPEAKING

IIf you had the money to buy a If yoy saw an employee stealing money from
car would you buy it the company what would you do?

If you won the lottery what would you do?

If your house was on fire what would you do?

CHECK YOUR GRAMMAR

If I _________ enough money I would buy a car

I would be really bored If I____________my phone
I ___________sleep better If I didn't share my room
If had enough money you know I_____ lend it to you
I________borrow my father`s car, If I had my driving license
 UNIT 5
GRAMMAR
THIRD CONDITIONAL

Conditionals describe the result of a certain condition. The if clause

tells you the condition (If I hadn't been ill) and the main clause tells
you the result (I would have gone to the party). The order of the
clauses does not change the meaning.
The structure is as follows
If +past perfect +Subject+would have+verb in past perfect

If I hadn't been ill, I would have gone to the party.

If I had understood the instructions properly, I would have passed the exam.
We wouldn't have got lost if my phone hadn't run out of battery

SPEAKING

Answer to the following questions in second

conditional

If you would have a chance to live out of the country.

Where would you live?

What would you do if you see a robery or an assault?

If you would have money to give away what would you do

with it?

What three things would you take if your house was on

fire?

If you could make a wish what would you do?

 UNIT 5
GRAMMAR
THIRD CONDITIONAL

Conditionals describe the result of a certain condition. The if clause

tells you the condition (If I hadn't been ill) and the main clause tells
you the result (I would have gone to the party). The order of the
clauses does not change the meaning.
The structure the is
(If +past participle) +Subject+would have+verb in past perfect

If I hadn't been ill, I would have gone to the party.

If I had understood the instructions properly, I would have passed the exam.
We wouldn't have got lost if my phone hadn't run out of battery

SPEAKING

Answer to the following questions

If you would have a chance to live out of the country.

Where would you live?

What would you do if you see a robery or an assault

If you would have money to give away what would you do

with it?

What three things would you take if your house wa on

fire?

If you could make a wish what would you do?

 UNIT 5
READING
TOPIC:A WEATHER FORECAST
Hello and good morning! Well, we're off to a good start in the
south this week, as most of the rain from the weekend has
disappeared – just a few patches of cloud and maybe some
showers here on the east coast. They'll all clear up by
lunchtime, though. Over the next day or so, London and the
area around Kent can expect a couple of isolated showers, but
mostly dry through until Thursday.It's not such good news for
the north-west this week, I'm afraid: more wet weather, and
not a lot of sunshine. Some of today's showers will be heavy –
and even thundery in Manchester and across the Pennines.
Leeds will escape the thunderstorms, with drizzle and light
rain only throughout the rest of the day and tonight.Elsewhere
it becomes dry today, but with some foggy patches towards
Wales. In England, tomorrow morning will see a dry, bright
start in most places, with high temperatures throughout the
week. We might see one or two thunderstorms appearing as
the week goes on, with temperatures everywhere at 29 to 30
degrees. By the weekend, unfortunately, the dry weather will
make way for mostly cloudy skies and rain. The rain will move
from Scotland, down towards the north and reach the south
coast by Saturday afternoon. Temperatures, at least, will stay
mostly warm at around 21 degrees for the weekend. It might
feel like a nice change from the high twenties and early
thirties we'll see in the week. That's all from me until
tomorrow. Enjoy the mini-heatwave while you can!
 UNIT 6
REPORTED SPEECH GRAMMAR:
REPORTED SPEECH

When we want to report what people say, we don't usually try to

report their exact words. We usually give a summary,.
We would naturally use past tense forms to talk about things which
happened in the past

Mary complained (that) she was tired.(verb + that+ clause)

She asked if they could stop for a rest.(verb + if +clause)
Peter told her not to worry.(verb + to-infinitive)
He suggested stopping and having a picnic.(verb + -ing form)

SPEAKING
Change this dialog to reported speech

Mary: Let's go to the cinema. There is a movie

there today.
Gerardo: I haven't been to the movies in long
time

Mary:Have you ever been to Europe?

Gerardo:No, I haven't but I know that is very
clean and safe

Mary:Don't be late for luch, grandma is waiting

for us
Gerardo:Don't worry I'll buy a cake on my way
home

Mary:Can We play here mom?

Ana:No, please your dad is sleeping
 UNIT 6
GRAMMAR
TOPIC:REPORTED SPEECH

GRAMMAR

Change this dialog to reported speech

Mary: "I feel ill

Mary said ________________________________________

Mark:I studied music for five years

Mark said ________________________________________

Sandra: I am going to the beach

Sandra said ______________________________________

Patrick: I am going to the movies

Patrick said ______________________________________

Ana: I've to U.S.A.

Ana said __________________________________________

'
GRAMMAR CHECK

Complete the following sentences using must mustn't or have to or don't have to.

You_____________be late for school.

A teacher__________be a patient person
You _________speak loudly in the library.
You ________ stop when you see the sign.
You ________sleep in class
You ___________forget about mother's day.
You __________ smoke in the hospital
If you have a sore throath you________________eat ice cream

WRITING PROJECT

Suppose that you are the manager of a hotel. Create the rules for a hotel using must and
mustn't. For example you mustn't smoke in the rooms. You must pay in cash only.

____________________________________________________________________________________
 UNIT 6
GRAMMAR
TOPICS:MODAL VERBS

VERB MUST, HAVE

Use must when you have a personal obligation. Must expresses a

strong obligation or necessity. It often shows us that the obligation
comes from the speaker (or the authority that wrote the sentence).
We use must not to talk about what is not permitted. It is common on
public signs and notices informing people of rules and laws.

I must call the electrician and get that light fixed.

You mustn't worry about me. I'll be fine.
You have to have a licence to drive a car.
You don't have to have a licence to cycle on the roads
SPEAKING

Must we help other people?

ANSWER TO THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS

Must we be late for school?
Must we help other people?
Must We help our parents?
Must We help other people '
 Nina: As you know, our team has grown a lot in the past year and we feel we
need to address the diversity in the team.
Brenda: How do you mean, 'address the diversity'?
Nina: Well, we all know that diversity in teams is a good thing, but it can also
be a challenge for some people to respect and value people's differences.
We've got a really diverse team here – people of different nationalities,
backgrounds, religions, ages … and sometimes I don't feel we make the most of
this.Stefano: Yes, and even if it isn't specifically challenging, many people are
simply unaware of the isolation that some team members may feel because
they are different.
Brenda: So, what does this mean? What are we going to do?
Nina: Well, we need to create a workplace charter. You know, one that
promotes equality, diversity and inclusion.
Brenda: That sounds like a good idea. But will people just see it as something
the management team has created? Maybe they won't even pay attention to it.
Nina: I know. That's why we're going to involve everyone in creating it.Stefano:
That's a good idea. We could run some workshops and get ideas from the
employees about how we can create a more inclusive workplace.
Nina: Exactly. I was thinking that before that we could run some team-building
sessions so they can experience the value of diversity for themselves.
Brenda: Yes, I like that. Many people see diversity as something negative, often
because there are different opinions or ways of doing things.
Nina: Yes, I know, but if there's no diversity, then the risk is that we all work in
the same way, think the same and see the world the same. This makes it hard
to be creative and to innovate.
Stefano: I completely agree, Nina. OK. So, what do you want us to do?
Nina: Stefano, can you look for a successful trainer who specialises in running
workshops and team-building sessions on diversity and inclusion?Stefano: Sure. I'll
be happy to
Nina: And Brenda, can you find a fun venue? Somewhere that is quite diverse itself.
Something that's not the usual seminar-style environment?
Brenda: Sure. That'll be fun.
Nina: And I'm going to do some further research into how other organisations are
benefiting from their diversity. I can share this with the whole team.
 UNIT 7
GRAMMAR
MODAL VERBS OF POSSIBILITY

MIGHT Means perhaps there is 50% of possibility

50% It might rain tomorrow

75% COULD Means probably is 75% of possibility

It could be the weather
95% MUST means definitively is 95% of possibility
It must be the flue
SPEAKING
What might you do if its raining?
Why might a person say God Bless you?
What might happen if you have an allergy to something?
Why might a person gain too much weight?
Why are some reasons you might steal?
GRAMMAR EXCERCISE

Say the sentence according to the case

You are expecting David to ring the phone rings
__________________________________________________________
A letter arrives it is possible that it is from your cousin
__________________________________________________________
You see somebody wearing a custome you thing there is the
strong probability of she going to a customs party.
__________________________________________________________
You see your friend sad after the exam. You thing there is the
possibility of he failing the test.
__________________________________________________________
 UNIT 7
GRAMMAR
TOPIC:ACTIVE VERB TENSES
Simple present
Present or action condition General truths
I hear you There are 30 days in september

Habitual action Future time

I like music The train leaves at 4

Present progressive
Activity in progress Verbs of perception
I am playing soccer now. He is feeling sad

Past progressive
Past action that took a place over a period Past action interrupted by another
of time
We were watching t.v when the phone
They were traveling by one month rang

Future EXCERCISE
GRAMMAR Will/Won't Future going to
Activity or event that won't exist or will Future in relation to circumstances in the
happen in the future. present

They were traveling by one month They were traveling by one month

Present perfect
With verbs of state that began in the past and To express habitual and continued action.
lead up to and include the present.

He has lived here for many years He has worn glasses all his life