KINGNOMEN

ENGLISH
GRAMMAR
GUIDE
ADVANCED 2

Lic.Paola Izurieta

A BOOKLET FOR
GRAMMAR
Copyright © 2020
by Lic. Paola Izurieta
KINGNOMEN ENGLISH

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Calle Rufino Marín E12-49 y Oriental

Quito Ecuador

Editorial Kingnomen English

SUMMARY
This book purpose is improve
the grammar skills for the
Advanced Level of the Institute
Kingnomen Engish. Grammar
is important for comunicating,
for speaking and for writing.
Topics to be seen in this book
are relative clauses, past
continous vs. simple past, past
perfect continous and
conditionals.
 1.GERUNDS
PHRASES U
Use gerunds phrases as a subject or as an object as
the following examples.

Designing clothes is I love

interesting designing a
web page
Being a chef sounds fun
I hate being a
chef
SPEAKING
Complete the following statements:
Reading whatsapp messages is________
Tolerate cheating is___________
Cleaning the bathroom is _________
Lending your books is__________
IGoing to China seems
Going to an ecuadorian beach sounds
Going to France could be
Going to Galápagos would be
Complete

GRAMMAR CHECK

Complete:

Do your parents let you_____________after midnight

(stay)
What do you think of _____________ (smoke)
How long do you spend________(do)
When do you start_______ Instagram(use)
How long do you spend________every night? (spend)
 UNIT 1.
Writing mechanics
Independence clause- Expresses an independen though and can
Types of clauses
stand alone
Doesn't express a clomplete though and can't stand alone
An adjective clause provides aditional information that can be
omitted
An esencial clause is when an adjective clause provides information
that is necessary
Noun clause is a subordinate clause used as a noun
You ommit a comma when a dependent clause follows an
independent clause
Use subordinate clauses in the correct place to make it sentences clear
like in the example

Industrial spying is increasing rapidly because of the growing use of

computers to store and process corporate information.

Clear (subordinate clause at the beginning):Because of the growing use of

computers to store and process corporate information, industrial
spyincreasing rapidl

GRAMMAR CHECK

ILast week our dog gave birth to some puppies but We

didn't know where
a)is our cat
b)Our cat is

Now our cat is home again and I can't believe how many
a)kittens does she have
b)she has kittens

Can you imagine how__________

a)Cute they are
b)how they are cute

The kittens are so noisy that I can't understand what

a)You are saying
b)Are saying you
 1.Listening Speaking

WATCH THE VIDEO AND ANSWER TO THE QONS

How many classes were there on The Titanic?

How much did a first class ticket cost?
How much did a third class ticket cost?
Why was class the key to survival?What
happened to the richest man on The Titanic?

Reading
Read and complete
Destination:______________________________________
Duration of the crossing:________________________
Number of Survivor:_____________________________
People who died:________________________________

A fragment taken from the

Times
We were playing bridge when we heard a
strange sound.Through the porthole we could
see a wall of ice. One of the officers laught and
said don't worry We are only . Mr. Charles tolds
us about the Evacuation "I was in the smoking
room when I first heard the collition. I ran up the
deck and saw an enormous. Everyone put on
their belts and the woman and children got into
their lifeboats
 2.COMPARATIVES WITH
ADJECTIVES AND NOUNS
U
Comparative with Comparative
nouns with adjectives
More+adj+than
More+noun+than
adj+er+than
Examples:
Examples:
She has more books than I NY is bigger than Quito
They have more education than we do. The Queen of New York is more
beautiful than the Queen of Guayaquil

Comparative with Comparative with

verbs participles

verb +more than is better+verb with participle than

Examples: Examples:
My friends eat more food than I do Soccer players are better paid than
doctors
Movies are better seen than books
readen
SPEAKING

Which career is better paid?

Being a nurse or being a nurse assistant?
Being a -University Professor or being a primary school teacher?
Which airport has better served to passengers the Manta Airport or
the Guayaquil Airport?
Is Quito as visited as Guayaquil?
Is Miami airport more visited than the Quito airport?
 UNIT 2.
2.Dangling Modifiers
GRAMMAR
DANGLING MODIFIERS
1. Name the appropriate or logical doer of the action as the subject of the main
clause:
We use conditional sentences to say one thing depends on another. They
can bearrived
Having used to talk
late forabout real
practice, or imaginary
a written situations.
excuse was needed.

Having arrived late forIf+simple past

practice, the then
team s+would
captain needed a written excuse.
TIp: You need to make clear who did the action in the modifying phrase

2.Change the phrase that dangles into a complete introductory clause by naming
the doer of the action in that clause:
SPEAKING
Without knowing his name, it was difficult to introduce him.

IIf you had the money to buy a If yoy saw an employee stealing money from
Because
car would Maria didit not know his name,the
you buy it was difficult
company to introduce
what would youhim.
do?

Who didn't know his name? María So rember to ask who made the action

3. Combine the phrase and main clause into one:

To improve his results, the experiment was done again.

Helottery
If you won the improved
whathis results
would youby doing the experiment again.
do?
If your house was on fire what would you do?
To make this phrase clear we have to combine the phrase and main clause in one
CHECK YOUR GRAMMAR
Example:
If I _________ enough
INCORRECT: moneythe
After reading I would buystudy,
original a car the article remains unconvincing.
I would be really
REVISED: Afterbored If I____________my
reading phone
the original study, I find the article unconvincing.
I ___________sleep better If I didn't share my room
If had enough money you know I_____ lend it to you
I________borrows my father`s car, If I have my driving
license
 Unit 2.
Speaking workshop
TOPIC: MIAMI AIRPORT

Watch the video Miami Airport

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MlWUC41wFU0&list=PLl4i9tVg91tFZAQVF9v46GW_b7n1qqS60&index=6

Answer to the questions:

What do they have in the airport lower part?

Where can you fly to from Miami Airport?
Why did they call the fireman?
What is the problem when they are trying to stop the fire?
 Unit 2.
Reading
Topic:Travel
Whether you're travelling to the islands or the mountains of
Thailand, you're likely to spend at least one night in its capital city on
the way. Bangkok might be noisy and polluted but it's also an
exciting city with plenty of things to see and do. Why not make it a
longer stay?Where to stayThe Khao San Road was a famous traveller
spot even before Leonardo di Caprio's character in the film The
Beach stayed there. But it's noisy, not very pretty and not very Thai.
For something more authentic, Phra Kanong offers an alternative
place to stay, with its fantastic street markets where everyday
Bangkok people eat, work and live. It's not as convenient for the
main tourist sites, but it has a Skytrain station so you can be at the
Grand Palace in 20 minutes.How to get aroundBangkok's traffic can
be a nightmare. Sure, you can easily take a taxi – if you want to
spend hours stuck in traffic jams – but there are two much better
ways to get around the city. To explore the temples and historical
sites, catch an express boat river taxi or a longtail boat along the
Chao Phraya river and the canals. For the modern part of the city,
the Skytrain is a fast, cheap way to travel from the river to the
shopping malls and nightlife of Sukhumvit, and the famous
Chatuchak street market.Where to eatThe simple answer is:
everywhere! Thai street food is among the best in the world, and for
around $5 you can eat a filling and delicious meal. Some food stands
have little plastic seats where you can sit and eat and they cook the
same dish over and over, like fried chicken on rice or Pad Thai
noodles. Head for Chinatown – Yaowarat Street – and choose
whatever looks most interesting from the many excellent Chinese
and Thai restaurants and food stands. What to doAfter you've seen
the main sites like the Giant Buddha at the temple of Wat Pho and
the spectacular Grand Palace, and shopped at Chatuchak market,
check out the snake farm and watch the live snake show. You can
even touch a snake yourself if you want to!
 UNIT 3
GRAMMAR
TOPIC:PAST PERFECT vs.SIMPLE PAST

Use past perfect to talk about an activity that ocured before an event in the past
.
When I got there my friends had already gone.
Lucklily I had saved some money, so I had enough for my medical emergency
When I got to the meeting It had already stared
When they stole my house they already had checked on our routines

SPEAKING
Complete the following statement

By the time I was 18

By the time I was 13
By the time I was 10
By the time I was 7

GRAMMAR

Complete the sentences

She _____________________________ before she was ten.(publish)
The police _______________________before the police got to the place.(arrive)
By the time I could talk to her she _______________to quit her job(decide)
I look at the photo before I realized that I _____________ her befor(met)
 UNIT 3.
Writing mechanics
Paralell Structure

Parallel structure means using the same pattern of words to show that
two or more ideas have the same level of importance. This can happen
at the word, phrase, or clause level. The usual way to join parallel
structures is with the use of coordinating conjunctions such as "and"
or "or."

Mary likes hiking, swimming, and bicycling.

Mary likes to hike, to swim, and to ride a bicycle.
Not Parallel:Mary likes hiking, swimming, and to ride a bicycle.

GRAMMAR EXCERCISES

Correct the following sentences:

My uncle likes to eat in expencive restaurant and going to

the beach.

My friends never judged me by my words or what I did.

Many young people like to skateboard and watching the

techniques of other skateboarders.

Good sense and being thoughtful are two valuable assets

What I said or my actions upset everyone in the room..

 Unit 4
Grammar
NOUN PHRASES VS.REGULAR CLAUSES
Relative pronoun used
as subject

One thing that I really miss is (Clause
Something that _(I am really nervous
about is (Clause)__
Two people I really miss is
(Clause)____________
(Clause) is one thing I really miss
Clause is so,mething I am really nervous
about is
Clause are two people I really love.
___________

GRAMMMAR

What would be something that you would miss of your country?

What is something that scares you?
Who is the two people that you miss the most when you travel?
Who are the people that you really love?

SPEAKING
Complete the following statement

Something I am excited about is __________________________

Something I get sad is ________________________
______________________________Is something I would be embarassed about
Speaking a new language is something
____________ are the people who I miss the most

When you visit someone it is the custom to

 UNIT 4.
WRITING MECHANICS
TOPIC:PARTICIPLES AND INFINITiVES

The gerund is the noun-function and the participle is the adjective-

function. There is a difference between nouns and adjectives as we
see in the next example

The guitarist's finger-picking was extraordinary.(The technique was

extraordinary.)

The guitarist, finger-picking, was extraordinary.(The person was

extraordinary, demonstrating the technique.)

There are verbs that only take infinitives as object direct:

agree-learn-hope-intend-decide-need-want-expects-promised-plan

Verbs that only take gerunds as object direct

deny-postpone-finish-admit-risk-enjoy-recall-apreciate

SPEAKING
Complete the following sentences:

II hope to__________
I He promised________
They agree ______
He needs_________
They want ___________
They expect _________
They planned
 UNIT 5.
GRAMMAR
PASSIVE WITH PREPOSITIONS.
The structure is Passive being +verb in present perfect by +person or thing
after the passive.

The forests are being chopped down by humanity

Cities are growing up due to demographic density
The planet is being cleaned as a result of new mobility laws.
The air is being polluted by cars

Make sentences with the following pictures

Speaking

CHECK YOUR GRAMMAR

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES

1.The castle was _________by a tour guide(show)

2The national park was ________by many touriste3s
3.Best seller books ________by millions of people
4.Her cake______________by all the guests
5.This famous town_______by all the scientists
 UNIT 5.
READING
TOPIC:HORROR MOVIES

Five horror film clichésSince almost the beginning of cinema, we have had scary films.
Of all the genres that exist, horror is perhaps one of the most conventional. Many
horror films rely on specific plot devices, also called tropes, to make their audience
frightened. When a trope is used too much, it can become a cliché. But when used
well, it can really make us jump out of our skin. Here are some of the most used, and
perhaps abused, clichés in horror films

1No matter what kind of house it is, the basement is a scary place in horror films.
That's usually where something is hiding or where the evil psychopath has hidden
their tools. Basements are always dark and often damp. You can only reach them by
a narrow staircase. And basements are always creepy, even when there isn't anything
down there.
2 In older horror films, when protagonists were in desperation, it was difficult or
impossible for them to call for help or call the police. Mobile phones have made that
situation a bit less believable now. What's the solution to maintain suspense? No
phone coverage! If you're a hero in a horror film, it's almost certain that at a key
moment, just when you absolutely need to call for help, you will not have any
coverage at all. Or your phone battery will die just as you are making the call. Or both.
3.Horror films love uninhabited places. This could be an abandoned hospital, a scary
empty house or a ghost town. There's something about lonely, empty places. What
was it like when people lived there? Why did they leave? Maybe it's also that they are
so quiet, which can be very scary too. Of course, abandoned places are also handy for
horror film directors in that it's more believable that you will have no phone coverage
there either (see above)
4.The hero has been driving for hours. It's night-time and it's beginning to rain.
Suddenly he sees a person on the side of the road. Maybe the company will keep him
awake? In horror films, giving anybody a ride is asking for trouble. The hero always
does it, and it always ends badly
5.This horror film cliché was especially popular with horror films of the late 20th
century. It starts with a group of teenagers all enjoying themselves, and it ends with
everyone dead except one girl. At the beginning the girl is usually innocent, shy and
not particularly strong. By the end, she has become the toughest and most
resourceful person in the world. The last girl almost always wins in the end.
 UNIT 5.
WRITING MECHANICS
ESSAYS FOR EXAMS

GRAMMAR

Argumentative essay

The argumentative essay is a genre of writing that requires

the student to investigate a topic; collect, generate, and
evaluate evidence; and establish a position on the topic in a
concise manner.Please note: Some confusion may occur
between the argumentative essay and the expository essay.
These two genres are similar, but the argumentative essay
differs from the expository essay in the amount of pre-writing
(invention) and research involved. The argumentative essay is
commonly assigned as a capstone or final project in first year
writing or advanced composition courses and involves
lengthy, detailed research. Expository essays involve less
research and are shorter in length. Expository essays are
often used for in-class writing exercises or tests, such as the
GED or GRE.
'
Writing project

Begin with writing the thesis and introductory paragraph for your essay
 UNIT 6.
READING
TOPIC:JOB INTERVIEW
Interviewer: Hello, Maria. Thanks for coming in for the interview.Maria: It's my pleasure. Thanks for
inviting me.Interviewer: Well, as you know, the company has been expanding and we have an
opening in our HR department. We're creating a new role for someone to lead our training and
development within the company.Maria: Yes, I very much think that my skills and experience are a
good fit for what you're looking for.Interviewer: That sounds great. So, your CV looks strong, though
it would be good if you could give us an overview, in your own words, of what you've been doing
over the past four years or so.Maria: Well, in my first job, four years ago, I was working for a small
HR services provider which offered HR services, including L&D, to corporate clients.Interviewer: OK,
so it was only B2B?Maria: Yes, we only offered services to other companies, not B2C.Interviewer:
Right, and it says here you then left that company about three years ago.Maria: Yes, that's right. I
was looking for a little more stability and also to be part of a larger organisation. So I joined a
company with around one hundred staff and a small HR team. As there are only a few of us, we
each deal with a range of HR topics. In addition to payroll, one of the areas I was responsible for
was learning and development.Interviewer: I see. And, so why do you want to change jobs now?
Maria: Well, I very much like the L&D side of my role and I've always had particularly good feedback
for my work in this area. I believe I excel in that field. So, I'm looking to specialise, and as your
company has around 2,000 people, right …? Interviewer: Yes, that's right.Maria: Well, an
organisation of this size would give me the scope to specialise in L&D. I'm also a big follower of your
brand and feel fully aligned with your image and values.Interviewer: Well, that all sounds good. And
I can see you have an L&D qualification.Maria: Yes, I got a diploma two years ago. I am also
currently working on a further diploma in psychology, with a specific focus on learning and
performance management.Interviewer: Very good. Well, it looks like you have the qualifications and
experience we're looking for. What do you think will be the main challenges of coming to a much
larger company?Maria: I can see that it might be perceived as a weakness to not have experience in
an organisation of this size, though I see that it could also be a benefit. I won't be bringing too many
preconceived and possibly inflexible ideas with me to the role. Interviewer: Yes, that would be a
good thing.Maria: Also, I'm used to taking a very personal approach to employee development. I
realise that such an approach with 2,000 staff members will have to happen in a different way, but I
bring many ideas with me that can be replicated on a larger scale.Interviewer: I see what you mean.
Right, so, do you have any questions for me?Maria: Um, I think we've covered many of the areas I
had wanted to address. I have two quick questions though.Interviewer: Go on.Maria: Who would I
mostly work with on a daily basis?Interviewer: Well, there's the HR manager who you would report
to. And then the HR team, which currently has six people in it. There's usually an intern or two who
you can get some support from also.Maria: OK. Thanks. That's all really clear. And my other
question is how performance in this role will be measured. What does success look like?Interviewer:
That's a good question. As you know, we have a performance management system in place, and
from that we have identified some learning and development needs within the organisation. But we
haven't devised a strategy. Your role would be to devise and then successfully implement this
strategy.Maria: Thank you. That sounds interesting. Interviewer: Great. So, thanks again for coming
in today. We'll be discussing all candidates next week and then I'll get back to you by the end of next
week to let you know the outcome.Maria: Thank you for your time. I'd welcome the opportunity to
continue discussing this role with you.
 UNIT 6.
GRAMMAR
TOPIC:PAST PARTICIPLE AS ADJECTIVES
The sock is torn(participle) My dress is stained
The sock has a tear(noun) My dress has a stain

The blender is damaged The roof is leaking

The blender has a damage The roof has a leak

SPEAKING

Play charades with the images and make a

sentence

excited relaxed surprised frightened

PLAY A GAME

To pass with flying

colors To play hooky

A.To pass an exam

A.To go fishing
B.To know all of your
colors B.To skip school
C.To get a high test C.To play a new
score game

The University An eager beaver

of Life
A.To be
A.to learn from enthusiastic
Experience B.To be hard
B.To go to College working
C.To take an C.To hesitate
online course
 UNIT 6.
GRAMMAR
TOPIC:PAST PARTICIPLE AS ADJECTIVES
GRAMMAR

The book was very ________I fall slept after reading it inspired
The worker was very _________. He was up the whole day tired.
The hostess was very_________ to receive the guests pleased
The groom was ________with the bride fascinated
The movie was __________everybody was eyes wide open boring
The poet was very inspired when he wrote a poem interesting
 UNIT 6.
WRITING MECHANICS
TRANSITIONAL DEVICES

Transitional devices are like bridges between parts of your paper.

They are cues that help the reader to interpret ideas a paper
develops. Transitional devices are words or phrases that help carry a
thought fThere are several types of transitional devices, and each
category leads readers to make certain connections or assumptions.
Some lead readers forward and imply the building of an idea or
thought, while others make readers compare ideas or draw
conclusions from the preceding thoughts.
To Add:and, again, and then, besides, equally important, finally, further, furthermore, nor, too, next,
lastly, what's more, moreover, in addition, first (second, etc.)
To Compare:whereas, but, yet, on the other hand, however, nevertheless, on the contrary, by
comparison, where, compared to, up against, balanced against, vis a vis, but, although, conversely,
meanwhile, after all, in contrast, although this may be true
To Prove:because, for, since, for the same reason, obviously, evidently, furthermore, moreover,
besides, indeed, in fact, in addition, in any case, that isTo Show Exception:yet, still, however,
nevertheless, in spite of, despite, of course, once in a while, sometimes
To Show Time:immediately, thereafter, soon, after a few hours, finally, then, later, previously,
formerly, first (second, etc.), next, and then
To Repeat:in brief, as I have said, as I have noted, as has been notedTo Emphasize:definitely,
extremely, obviously, in fact, indeed, in any case, absolutely, positively, naturally, surprisingly, always,
forever, perennially, eternally, never, emphatically, unquestionably, without a doubt, certainly,
undeniably, without reservation
To Show Sequence:first, second, third, and so forth. A, B, C, and so forth. next, then, following this,
at this time, now, at this point, after, afterward, subsequently, finally, consequently, previously, before
this, simultaneously, concurrently, thus, therefore, hence, next, and then, soon
To Give an Example:for example, for instance, in this case, in another case, on this occasion, in this
situation, take the case of, to demonstrate, to illustrate, as an illustration, to illustrate
To Summarize or Conclude:in brief, on the whole, summing up, to conclude, in conclusion, as I
have shown, as I have said, hence, therefore, accordingly, thus, as a result, consequently
 UNIT 7.
READING
TOPIC:BEHAVIOR BUSINESS
Much of today's business is conducted across international borders, and while the majority of the
global business community might share the use of English as a common language, the nuances and
expectations of business communication might differ greatly from culture to culture. A lack of
understanding of the cultural norms and practices of our business acquaintances can result in
unfair judgements, misunderstandings and breakdowns in communication. Here are three basic
areas of differences in the business etiquette around the world that could help stand you in good
stead when you next find yourself working with someone from a different culture.Addressing
someoneWhen discussing this topic in a training course, a German trainee and a British trainee got
into a hot debate about whether it was appropriate for someone with a doctorate to use the
corresponding title on their business card. The British trainee maintained that anyone who wasn't a
medical doctor expecting to be addressed as 'Dr' was disgustingly pompous and full of themselves.
The German trainee, however, argued that the hard work and years of education put into earning
that PhD should give them full rights to expect to be addressed as 'Dr'.This stark difference in
opinion over something that could be conceived as minor and thus easily overlooked goes to show
that we often attach meaning to even the most mundane practices. When things that we are used
to are done differently, it could spark the strongest reactions in us. While many Continental
Europeans and Latin Americans prefer to be addressed with a title, for example Mr or Ms and their
surname when meeting someone in a business context for the first time, Americans, and
increasingly the British, now tend to prefer using their first names. The best thing to do is to listen
and observe how your conversation partner addresses you and, if you are still unsure, do not be
afraid to ask them how they would like to be addressed.SmilingA famous Russian proverb states
that 'a smile without reason is a sign of idiocy' and a so-called 'smile of respect' is seen as insincere
and often regarded with suspicion in Russia. Yet in countries like the United States, Australia and
Britain, smiling is often interpreted as a sign of openness, friendship and respect, and is frequently
used to break the ice.In a piece of research done on smiles across cultures, the researchers found
that smiling individuals were considered more intelligent than non-smiling people in countries such
as Germany, Switzerland, China and Malaysia. However, in countries like Russia, Japan, South Korea
and Iran, pictures of smiling faces were rated as less intelligent than the non-smiling ones.
Meanwhile, in countries like India, Argentina and the Maldives, smiling was associated with
dishonesty.Eye contactAn American or British person might be looking their client in the eye to
show that they are paying full attention to what is being said, but if that client is from Japan or Korea,
they might find the direct eye contact awkward or even disrespectful. In parts of South America and
Africa, prolonged eye contact could also be seen as challenging authority. In the Middle East, eye
contact across genders is considered inappropriate, although eye contact within a gender could
signify honesty and truthfulness.Having an increased awareness of the possible differences in
expectations and behaviour can help us avoid cases of miscommunication, but it is vital that we also
remember that cultural stereotypes can be detrimental to building good business relationships.
Although national cultures could play a part in shaping the way we behave and think, we are also
largely influenced by the region we come from, the communities we associate with, our age and
gender, our corporate culture and our individual experiences of the world. The knowledge of the
potential differences should therefore be something we keep at the back of our minds, rather than
something that we use to pigeonhole the individuals of an entire nation.
 UNIT 7.
GRAMMAR
TOPIC:BY+GERUND

The structure is sentence by+gerund and the english use is how to do

things

You could improve your writing by reading

You could relax by doing excercises
You could learn vocabulary by having a dictionary of your own with
new words

SPEAKING

A good way to learn ldioms is _______

Students can become better writers by _______
One way to practice conversation is by______
The best way to get confidence in the language is by ______________
You can express better by_________

WRITING

The artist made the model to look thinner by ________

The company improved sale by _________________
He learned about the house on sale by_____________
He opened the can by _____________________
 Unit 7.
Writing Mechanics
Topic:Essay thesis
Thesis and SupportTypical questions:"Discuss X.""A noted authority has said X. Do you
agree or disagree?""Defend or refute X.""Do you think that X is valid? Defend your
position."Thesis and support involves stating a clearly worded opinion or interpretation
and then defending it with all the data, examples, facts, and so on that you can draw from
the material you have studied.Example:Q: "Despite criticism, television is useful because
it aids in the socializing process of our children."A: Television hinders rather than helps in
the socializing process of our children because .......A......., .......B......., and .......C....... .The
rest of the answer is devoted to developing arguments A, B, and C.Useful transition
words:thereforefor this reasonit follows that as a result because however consequently
Exercises
A. Which of the following two answers is the better one? Why?Question: Discuss the
contribution of William Morris to book design, using as an example his edition of the
works of Chaucer.a. William Morris's Chaucer was his masterpiece. It shows his interest in
the Middle Ages. The type is based on medieval manuscript writing, and the decoration
around the edges of the pages is like that used in medieval books. The large initial letters
are typical of medieval design. Those letters were printed from woodcuts, which was the
medieval way of printing. The illustrations were by Burn-Jones, one of the best artists in
England at the time. Morris was able to get the most competent people to help him
because he was so famous as a poet and a designer (the Morris chair) and wallpaper and
other decorative items for the home. He designed the furnishings for his own home,
which was widely admired among the sort of people he associated with. In this way he
started the arts and crafts movement.b. Morris's contribution to book design was to
approach the problem as an artist or fine craftsman, rather than a mere printer who
reproduced texts. He wanted to raise the standards of printing, which had fallen to a low
point, by showing that truly beautiful books could be produced. His Chaucer was
designed as a unified work of art or high craft. Since Chaucer lived in the Middle Ages,
Morris decided to design a new type based on medieval script and to imitate the format
of a medieval manuscript. This involved elaborate letters and large initials at the
beginnings of verses, as well as wide borders of intertwined vines with leaves, fruit, and
flowers in strong colors. The effect was so unusual that the book caused great
excitement and inspired other printers to design beautiful rather than purely utilitarian
books.From James M. McCrimmon, Writing with a Purpose, 7th ed. (Boston: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 1980), pp. 261-263.B.
How would you plan the structure of the answers to these essay exam questions?
 UNIT 8.
GRAMMAR
TOPIC:I'd rather +infinitives
Use I rather +infinitive for the positive
and I rather +not inifinite for the negative
Use prefer+gerund

Would you rather take french or english lessons?

I'd rather take french lessons
Would you rather travel to Europe or to the United States?
I'd rather travel to Europe
Would you prefer going to the beach or to the mountains?
I prefer going to the beach
SPEAKING
1.Would you prefer to go to the beach or to the farm on vacations?
2.Would you rather learn english en the U.S or in England?
3.Would you prefer to have a class or a private tutor?
4.Would you rather work in an office or outdoors?
5.When you make a mistake in english speaking would you rather to correc it
or ignore it?
6.would you prefer to speak english with a native speaker or non native
speaker?

CHECK YOUR GRAMMAR

Complete the grammar excercises use the gerund or the infinitive.

I prefer coffee than_____

I don't go to the movies. I'd rather_________ to the cinema
Although I like going to the beaches. I prefer____________ through the beaches.
I prefer taking a cab than______________
I prefer________by train
I think I'd rather_________in Paris
 Unit 8
Writing Mechanics
Topic: FRAGMENTS

Fragments are incomplete sentences. Usually, fragments are pieces of

sentences that have become disconnected from the main clause. One
of the easiest ways to correct them is to remove the period between
the fragment and the main clause. Other kinds of punctuation may be
needed for the newly combined sentence.

Fragment: Purdue offers many majors in engineering. Such as

electrical, chemical, and industrial engineering.
Possible Revision: Purdue offers many majors in engineering, such
as electrical, chemical, and industrial engineering.

Fragment: Coach Dietz exemplified this behavior by walking off the

field in the middle of a game. Leaving her team at a time when we
needed her.
Possible Revision: Coach Dietz exemplified this behavior by
walking off the field in the middle of a game, leaving her team at a
time when we needed her.

CHECK YOUR WRITING

Write what is the problem with the fragment if its fragment or
independent clause.

1. Then I attended Morris Junior High. A junior high that was a bad
experience.

2. He talked for fifty minutes without taking his eyes off his notes.
Like other teachers in that department, he did not encourage
students' questions.

3. The magazine has a reputation for a sophisticated, prestigious,

and elite group of readers. Although that is a value judgment and in
circumstances not a true premise.