> M20 2M20 Fe 415 slab is 2s with, as ete. a13 or more than one- oy, "pot be less than “ae, Magn %ey A ee ey wy © %e R.C.C. Columns and Isolated Footings 8.1. INTRODUCTION Columns are vertical compression members used to transfer the loads of the structures ‘such as buildings, factory floors, cinema balconies, auditorium halls, floors of framed buildings ‘tc. to the foundation below. The transfer of load may be () direct from the roof or floor slabs through the columns to the foundation, (i) indirect through a beam to the column and then to the foundation. Columns form the most important part of structure. The failure of any other part (beam or slab) of a structure may not cause so serious a damage as that caused by the failure of a column. It can endanger even the whole structure. As such the columns must be designed very carefully. All vertical members may not be termed as columns. Only those members whose effective length is more than three times the least lateral dimension are called columns and those members whose effective length is less than three times the least lateral dimension are called pedestals. 8.2. CLASSIFICATION OF COLUMNS Columns are classified according to : 1. Materials of construction 2. Line of action of the loads 3. Shape of columns 4, Length of columns.aes | 82 F.C.C. Columns and Isolated Footings 1. Classification of Columns According to the Materials of Construction, (0 Masonry columns (Generally called pillars or piers, used for bridges) (@) Timber columns (Generally called posts, used for lighter toads) Ail) Stee! columns (Steel columns are also known as stanchions, used for heavy loads) ™) B.C.C. columns (used for buildings) ‘assification of Columns According to the Line of Ac () Axially loaded columns. Axially ioaded columns are thos ( Square Rectangular (il) Circular (lv) Hexagonal. oe | Square Rectangular Circular Hexagonal (a) (b) (ce) (a) Fig. 8.1 4. Classification of Columns According to Length. | 1. Short columns | 2, Long columns (Slender columns), i 8.3. TYPES OF R.C.C. COLUMNS “The basic types of reinforced concrete columns are 1. Columns with lateral ties (Links) 2. Columns with helical or spiral reinforcement 3. Composite columns 4. Column concrete filled type. 1. Columns with Lateral Ties (Linxs). Fig. 8.2 shows a Square column reinforced with ‘ongitudinal steel and lateral ties,\d Isolated Footings 83 Lateral Ties Longitudinal Reinforcement Longitudinal Reinforcement .¢. Columns an L. Lateral Ties Sectional Elevation Sectional Plan ©) Square Column with Lateral Ties Fig. 8.2 -Longitudinal Reinforcement ern Lateral Ties (Rings) Longitudinal Reinforcement |_ Lateral Ties Sectional Elevation (a) ‘Sectional Plan ) Circular Column with Lateral Ties (Rings) Fig. 8.384 R.C.C. Columns and Isolated Footings Fig. 8.3 shows a circular column reinforced with longitudinal steel and lateral tes (rings) 2. Columns with Helical or Spiral Reinforcement. Fig. 8.4 shows a circular column feinforced with longitudinal steel and spiral or helical reinforcement. Longitudinal Reinforcement [Longitudinal Reinforcement Spiral or Helical Reinforcement {— Sprial or Helical Reinforcement Sectional Plan (®) Circular Column with Spiral or Helical Reinforcement Fig. 8.4 3. Composite Colums. Fig. 8.5 shows a typical composite column reinforced with Centrally placed I-joist and longitudinal reinforcement. Other steel sections may also be used. ‘Composite columns are used only for heavy loads. Sectional Elevation [ fl j— I-oist Longitudinal Reinforcement Sectional Plan Composite ColumnA.C.C. Columns and Isolated Footings 85 4. Column Concrete Filled Type. A metal or cement pipe filled with or without reinforcement can be used as a column for taking light loads (Fig. 8.6). Metal or Cement Pipe Plan Column Conerete Filled Type Fig. 8.6 Note. In this chapter only R.C.C. columns. (with lateral ties or spiral reinforcement) will | be dealt with. | 8.4. EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF A COLUMN The actual length (£) of the column is column. The length or height of a column which takes part in subjected to loads is called effective length (£49) of the column. ctfective length of a column is actually the unsupported length of the column which Is ‘end conditions of the column. For the purposes of in is considered. Table-8.1 gives the effective length of various end conditions as per IS : 456- the clear distance between the two ends of the buckling when the column is likely to buckle and it depends upon the design, only the effective length of column (é9) of a column in terms of unsupported length (4 2000.TABLE-8.1 Effective Length of Column as per IS : 456-2000 R.C.C. Columns and Isolated Footings Degree of End Restraint of Compression Member Symbol Theoretical | Recommended Value of Effective Length Value of Effective Length Effectively held in position and festrained against rotation at both ends (i.e., both ends are fixed) 05 ¢ 065 ¢ Effectively held in position at both ends, festrained against rotation at one end (Le,, fixed at one end and hinged at the other end) ove 0.80 ¢ Effectively held in position at both ends, but not restrained against ‘tation (i.e.. both ends are hinged) 1.00 ¢ 1.00 ¢ Effectively held in position and restrained against rotation at one end, and at the other end restrained against fotation, but not held in position 1.00 £ 1.206 Effectively held in position and restrained against rotation at one end, and at the other end partially restrained against rotation but not held in position 1.50 € Effectively held in position at one end but not restrained against rotation, and at the other end restrained against fotation but not held in position 2.00 £ 2.00 ¢ Effectively held in position and restrained against rotation at one end but not held in position nor restrained against rotation at the other end (ie., fixed at one end and free at the other end) 2.00 ¢ 2.00 ¢ Note. £ = Unsupported length of column.C.C. Columns and Isolated Footings 87 LONG AND SHORT COLUMN! ‘A column is considered to be short east lateral dimension is less than or equal ofa column to its least lateral dimension is more than 12, the c a long column. sve when the ratio of the effective length to its 1/10 12. When the ratio of the effective length ‘olumn is considered to be L att 42 Short column Slenderness ratio t Slendemmess ratio = “Br > 12 Long column where f= Effective length of the colurnn b= Least lateral dimension (For helical relt is the core diameter). since a long column buckles more easily, the ratio between the column's effective length | and its least lateral dimension have definite relation with the load carrying capacity of the tolumn, On account of its buckling tendency a fong column has less strength than a short column of the same sectional area and hence can carry lesser loads as compared to a short column, uN ‘json Between Short and Long Columns inforcement, least lateral dimension | ‘S.No. Item Type of Column Short Column | __Long Column 1 Effective length of column <12 212 Least lateral dimension Effective length of column E Least radius of gyration a ae 3. Tendency to buckle Less ‘More 4 Strength More Less than short column .C. COLUMNS 8.6, PERMISSIBLE STRESSES IN F.C. ‘As per IS : 456-2000 the permissil 8.2) and for various types of steel reinforcement (Table-8.3) to be consi column are given below blo stresses for various grades of concrete (Table- idered in the design ofR.C.C. Columns and Isolated Footings TABLE-8.2 Permissible Stresses in Concrete Grade of Permissible Stress in Characteristic Concrete Compression Compressive / Bending Direct Strength of Column | | { (Seb¢) (cc) (fer) (Nimm2) (N/mm?) (N/mm?) i Mi0 30 25 10 | M15 5.0 40 15 | M20 7.0 5.0 20 M25 85 60 25 | M30 10.0 80 30 | Mas 115 9.0 35 | M40 13.0 10.0 40 M45 145 11.0 45 M50 16.0 12.0 50 = Table-8.3 Permissible Stresses in Stee! Reinforcement [ Type of Stee! Permissible Stress in Stee) Characteristic 7 Reinforcement in Strength of Tension Compression | Helical Steel (ost) (oye) (ty) (Nim?) (Nimm2) (Nimm2) Mild steel bars 140 130 250 Grade | (Fe 250) High Yield Strengih Deformed bars (HYsp) (Fe 415[c.C. Columns and Isolated Footings 89 P = Gq Ae + uc Ase where P = Permissible load on column (Safe load the column can carry) Gee = Permissible stress in concrete in direct compression ae = Permissible compressive stress for column bars Age = Cross-sectional area of longitudinal stee! A = Net area of concrete = Ag~ Ase where A, = Gross cross-sectional area of the column. 2. Safe load for a short column with spiral (helical) reinforcement. Columns of giccular section are usually spirally reinforced. Helical reinforced columns are very ductile as ‘compared with the columns with lateral ties. Hence, columns with helical reinforcement are most desirable in highly seismic zones, The safe load for columns with helical reinforcement shall be taken as 1.08 times the strength of a simitar column with lateral ties or ings, provided the following requirement Is fulfilled Volume of helical stool 9.45 (8 - } box Volume of core can 4 where A, = Gross cross-sectional area of column Al = Area of the core of helically reinforced column measured 10 the outside diameter of the helix (Fig. 8.7) fox = Characteristic compressive strength of concrete {= Characteristic compressive strength of helical steel! but not exceeding 415 Nimm2. Core Diameter Fig. 8.7 (8) Permissible Load on a Long Column. Due to buckling tendency, & jong column an camry lesser loads as compared to short column. Thus in long colurnns the permissible ohn conorete and steel cannot be used directly. These are reduced by multiplying the eg by a reduction co-efficient C, 5 bot <1.25- 23 48810 R.C.C. Columns and Isolated Footings where C, = Reduction co-efficient - fat = Effective length of column b = Least lateral dimension of column (Fo colurnn with helical reinforcement, {east lateral dimension is core diameter). For more exact calculations, if the ratio of the effective length to its least radius of gyration exceeds 40, the column is a long one, and the permissible stresses are multiplied by the reduction co-efficient C, . Where lm = The least radius of gyra Hence, the safe load that a column can carry is obtained by multiplying the value of load which a short column of the same sectional area can carry by the reduction co-efficient C,, P =, (Gq Ag + O56 Asc) The value of C, is always less than 1 8.8, REINFORCEMENT FOR COLUMNS There are two types of reinforcement in a column : 1. Longitudinal reinforcement 2. Transverse reinforcement. 1. Longitudinal Reinforcement. It is also called main steel. Functions of longitudinal reinforcement. () To assist the concrete in resisting compression jointly, so as to reduce the overall size of column, (i) To resist any tension that may develop due to bending caused by the transverse load, eccentric loads or moments. (ii) To reduce the effect of creep and shrinkage. Creep and shrinkage tend to increase the longitudinal steel stress and reduce the concrete stress. (iv) To impart ductility to the column to prevent sudden failure. Longitudinal stee! is 0.8% to 6% of the gross cross-sectional area of a column. Why limit of minimum and maximum % of main steel ? (a) The object of stipulating a minimum percentage of steel is to make provision to Prevent buckling of column due to an accidental eccentricity of load on it. (b) The object of stipulating a maximum percentage of stee! is to provide reinforcement within such a limit to avoid congestion of reinforcements which would make it very difficult to Place the concrete and consolidate it. For practical purposes, steel upto 4% of the gross sectional area is provided. In square or rectangular columns, a minimum of four bars are provided. In circular columns, a minimum of six bars are required. In columns with five or more sides, the minimum, number of bars are one for each side.foColumns and Isolated Footings eat iS. Recommendations (!S 456-2000) regarding longitudinal reinforcement. {) The cross-sectional area of longitudinal reinforcement in a column shall not be less F 0.8% nor more than 6% of gross cross-sectional area of the column. {i The minimum number of longitudinal bars provided in a column shall be four in Jar column and six in circular columns. F ii) A column having helical reinforcement must have atleast six bars of longitudinal Ginforcement within the helical reinforcement. (jv) Ina helically reinforced column, the longitudinal bars shall be in contact with the ical reinforcement and equidistant around its inner circumference. (v) The bars shall not be less than 12 mm in diameter. (vi) Spacing of longitudinal bars measured along the periphery of the column shall not xed 300 mm (Fig. 8.8). (a) (b) Fig. 8.8 (vil) Where itis necessary to splice the longitudinal reinforcement, the bars shall over- lap for a distance of not less than 24 times the diameter of the bar (when bars of two different diameters are to be spliced, the lap length shall be calculated on the basis of diameter of the ‘smaller bar). (Vil In case of pedestals in which the steel reinforcement is not taken into account in © strength considerations, nominal longitudinal reinforcement not less than 0.15% of the cross- sectional gyé@ shall be provided. n nsverse Reinforcement. Zunctions of transverse reinforcement. The functions served by the transverse () To prevent buckling of longitudinal steel (Fig. 8.9 (a)} (i) To prevent longitudinal splitting of concrete (Fig. 8.9 (b)] (ii) To resist diagonal tension due to transverse shear [Fig. 8.9 (C)] {iv) To confine the concrete in the core, thus improving ductility and strength.a ‘ol e12 R.C.C. Columns and Isolated Footings (¥) To hold the tongitudinal reinforcement in position, {should be noted that transverse reinforcement does not contribute to the strength of a column, rv 4, T : ; yy | { i {it 4 4, Buckling of Longitudinal Diagonal Tension Longitudinal Stee! Splitting of Concrete (b) (c) a “or (b) © “ Fig. 8.9 The transverse reinforcement may be in the form of : (A) Lateral ties (Links) (8) Spirals or Continuous ties or Helical reinforcement, (A) Lateral ties (Links) (a) Diameter of bars for lateral ties should be greater than (6mm 1 (i) | * Diameter of the largest diameter longitudinal bar (8) Pitch or Spacing of latoral ties should be least of the following: ()) The least lateral dimension of the colym (i) 16 x Diameter of the smailest diametpr Jonghudh ¥ (ii) 300 mm 7 $88 Helical (Spiral) reinforcement. (@) Diameter of bars for helical reintorceme (6mm SRT a RET RSted Footings he strength R.C.C. Columns and Isolated Footings 813, Pitch ¥ 75 mm. 1 or # & x Diameter of core Pitch £ 25 mm. or # 8 x Diameter of helix bar However columns with lateral ties are generally simple, economical and are widely used. Arrangement of transverse reinforcement as per IS : 456-2000. The arrangement of transverse reinforcement shall be as under : effective lateral supports (Fig. 8.10 (a)}. (b) Ifthe longitudinal bars spaced at a distance of not exceeding 48 times the diameter Of the tle are effectively tied in two directions, additional longitudinal bars in between these bars need to be tied in one direction by open ties [Fig, 8.10 ). I the distance between comer bars in one face is more than 48 times the diameter Of the tle, then additional longitudinal bars in between those bars should also be tied [Fig. 8.10 (c)}. (6) Where the longitudinal reinforcing bars in a compression member are placed in more than one row, effective lateral support to the longitudinal bars in the inner rows may be assumed to have been provided if : {i} no bar of the inner row is closer to the nearest compression face than three times the diameter of the largest bar in the inner row Fig. 8.10 @) (6) Where the the longitudinal bars in a compression member are grouped (not in contact) and each group is adequately tied with transverse reinforcement in accordance withR.C.C. Columns and Isolated Footings ° (s* [5486 (b) bE poor 300 mm 234 0 > 484, 224, 5500 y ee 4 (c) }<300 mm (a) ‘Transverse Reinforcement ch ARS Individual Groups (e) Note. All demensions are in mm Arrangement of Transverse Reinforcement Fig. 8.10F @.0.C. Columns and Isolated Footings B15 Cover to reinforcement. A minimum clear cover of 40 mm or dia. of longitudinal bar {whichever is greater) to the columns ties is recommended by the code. A reduced clear cover of 25 mm is permitted in small sized columns (D < 200 mm and whose longitudinal bars do not exceed 12 mm). EXAMPLE 8.1. ‘A.column 350 mm x 350 mm is reinforced with 4 bars of 25 mm diameter. Find the safe load on the column. Use M 20 concrete and Fe 415 steel. SOLUTION. Gross cross-sectional area of column, Ay = 360 x 350 = 122500 mm? Cross-sectional area of steel, Ay, = 4x 5 x 25° = 1963.5 mm? Net area of concrete, A; = Ay ~ Ase = 122500 ~ 1963.5 = 120596. mm? Go = 5 Nimm? (For M 20 concrete) gq = 190 Nimm? (For Fe 415 steel) | 2. Safe load on the column, P = Gg Ae + Ose Ase =5 x 1205365 + 196 x 1963.5 P = 9757475 N = 975.75 kN Sate ‘A reinforced concrete column 5 m long (effective) and 500 mm in diameter is reinforced with 6 bars of 25 mm diameter. Find the safe load the column can carry. Use M 20 concrete and Fe 415 steel, If the effective length of the column is increased to 8 m, what will be the safe load the column can carry ? SOLUTION. Gross cross-sectional area of column, Ay x 5002 = 196349.5 mm? x | Cross-sectional area of steel, Ag, = 6 x GX 25% = 2945.2 mm? | Net area of concrete, Ac = Ag - Ase | 196349.5 ~ 2945.2 = 193404.3 mm? i ce = § Nim? (For M 20 concrete) ge = 190 Nimm? (For Fe 415 steel) For 5 m effective length. First, check whether the column is long or short.8.16 F.C.C. Columns and isolated Footings 5 x 1000 b 500 =10<12 Hence itis a short column, Sale load on the column, P = as: Ae + Og Aye = 5 x 193404.3 + 190 x 2045.2 = 1526609.5 N | P = 1526609.5 N = 1526.61 kN i For 8 m effective length. First, check whether the column is long or short. fey _ 8 x 1000 “b > 800 =16>12 | Hence it is a long column, A fot Reduction co-efficient, C, = 1.25 — as | i 8000 48 x 500 = 092 Sale load on long column = G, x Safe load on short column = 125~ the safe load the column can e: ined at the ends.The stresses. | allowable in steel and concrete are 190 Nimm? and § Nimm? respectively, | | Design the lateral ties and examine the percentage of steel, and comment on it. SOLUTION. Gross cross-sectional area of column, A, 400 x 400 = 160000 mm? x Cross-sectional area of steel, Ag = 4 x GX 222 = 1520.5 mm? Net area of concrete, A, = Ay — Ae 160000 ~ 1520.5 = 158479.5 mm? | Actual length of column, ¢ = 8 m End conditions : Both ends restrained, Effective length of column, ly = 0.65 ¢ = 0.65 x 8 = 5.2 m = 5200 mm First, check whether the column is long or short.4 Foot {Columns and Isolated Footings fot _ 5200 “b ~ 400 =13>12 It is @ long column, bot iction co-efficient, C, = 1.25- —St Reduction i tt 6200 Wx 400 = 0.98 = 1.25- Safe load on column, P = C, (oge Ac + Ose Asc) = 0.98 x (5 x 158479.5 + 190 x 1520.5) g P = 1059667 N = 1059.67 KN Design of lateral ties. (a) Diameter of bars for lateral ties should be greater than : () 6mm 1, we (i) q x 22=5.5 mm Provide 6 mm ¢ lateral ties. (b) Spacing or Pitch of the lateral ties should be least of the following (i) Least lateral dimension of column = 400 mm (ii) 16 x Diameter of longitudinal bar = 16 x 22 = 352 mm (ii) 300 mm \. Find . Provide 6 mm ¢ lateral ties @ 300 mm cic. ‘esses Percentage of steel. onit. Percentage of steel, py = 10 se 9 100 x 18205 _ 4 9,5, 760000 Comment. Percentage of steel is between 0.8 to 6% as prescribed by I ARC. how many 18 mm @ bars are required. Design the links. SOLUTION. Load on column, P = 300 kN = 300 x 109 N Gross cross-sectional area of column, Ay = 200 x 200 = 40000 mm? | EXAMPLE 8.4. | column 200 mm x 200 mm carries an axial load of 300 KN. The effective length of column is 5 m. If grade of concrete is M 25 and grade of steel is Fe 415, find818 R.C.C. Columns and isolated Footings Net area of concrete, Ay = Ay ~ Ase = 40000 — A, mm2 First, check whether the column is long or short, fog _ 5 x 1000 fl “b> 200 d =25>12 Iisa long column. Reduction co-efficient, C, = 1.25 - fe 2 48b 5000 21.25 ~ Gp = 0.73 Gee = 6 Nimm? (For M 25 concrete) Ose = 190 Nimm? (For Fe 415 steely Safe load on long column, P = C, (age As + se Age) 300 x 108 = 0.78 x [6 x (40000 ~ A) + 190 Ae] Age = 929 mm? Area of one 18 mm @ bar = 7 x 182 = 254.5 mm? 929 Number of bars required = 3e¢¢ 65 or say 4 bars Provide 4 bars of 18 mm ¢. (Actual area of steel provided = 4 x 254.5 = 1018 mm2) Design of links. (a) Diameter of bars for lateral ties (Links) should be greater than : () 6 mm 1 (i) x18 = 4.5 mm Provide 6 mm ¢ lateral ties. (b) Spacing or Pitch of lateral ties should be the least of the following () Least lateral dimension of column = 200 mm (il) 16 x Diameter of longitudinal bar = 16 x 18 = 288 mm {iy 300 mm Provide 6 mm ¢ links @ 200 min c's.10 mm carries an axial load of 900 KN. If the re 5 Nimm? and 190 Nimm? respectively, imum length do you recommend for the © n short R.C.C. column 250 mm x 50 F issible stresses in concrete and steel a the necessary reinforcement. What maxi ftimn to be short ? ‘SOLUTION. Gross cross-sectional area of column, Ag = 250 x 500 Net area of concrete, Ac = Ag Ase = 125000 ~ Ag, mm? Load on column, P = 900 KN = 900 x 10° N Safe load on column, P = Og, Ar + Osc Asc 900 x 109 = 5 x (125000 — Ase) + 190 Asc 25000 mm? ae | Age = 1486.5 mm? 15 st eo = a Minimum steel in column = 0.8% of Ag = 28, 425000 = 1000 mm? -a* = 1000 me Provide area of steel, As: = 1486.5 mm? Let the diameter of the bar used be 18 mm ‘Area of one 18 mm pbar= 5 x 18? = 254.5 mm? 1486.5 254.5 Number of bars required = = 5.84 or say 6 bars Provide 6 bars of 18 mm >. (Actual arca of steel provided = 6 x 254.5 = 1827 mm?) Design of links. (a) Diameter of bars for the lateral ties should be greater than () 6 mm 1 (i qx 18=45 mm Provide 6 mm @ lateral ties. (b) Spacing or Pitch of lateral ties should be the least of the following y (i) Least lateral dimension of column = 250 mm (i) 16 x Diameter of longitudinal bar = 16 x 18 = 268 mm | i) 300 mm Provide 6 mm ¢ lateral ties @ 250 mm cic.! —_ ' 820 A.C.C. Columns and Isolated Foot For a column to be short. fot 42 b Lot = imum, " or E12 (For maximum length) fey = 12 b = 12 x 250 = 3000 mm = 3m Maximum length for the column to be short = 3 m A short R.C.C, column is 400 mm in diameter and is reinforced with 8 bars of 22 mm diameter. Use M 20 concrete and Fe 415 steel. Find the safe load : (a) if the column is wound with 10 mm @ helical steel at 60 mm pitch. (b) if 6 mm ¢ lateral ties @ 60 mm c/c are used. SOLUTION. Oe = 5 Nim? (For M 20 concrete) Og¢ = 190 Nimm? (For Fe 415 steel) Gross cross-sectional area of column, Ay = 7% 4008 = 125663.7 mm? Cross-sectional area of steel, Ay, = 8 x | x 222 = 3041 mm? Net area of concrete, Ay = Ag — Asc = 125663.7 ~ 3041 = 122622.7 mm? Safe load if helical steel is used. Core diameter (Outside diameter of helix) = 400 ~ (2 x cover) = 400 - (2 x 40) = 320 mm Safe load on column (without helical stee!), P= Gg. Ae + Sse Ase = 5 x 122622.7 + 190 x 3041 = 613113.5 + 577790 P = 1190903.5 N = 1190.9 kN Safe load on column with helical reinforcement = 1.05 (Ge. Ae + Ose Ase) ft A Volume of helical reinforcement» 9.35 (fe E } tok it Volume of core AK y A, = Area of core of the helically reinforced column measured to the outside diameter of helixiymns and Isolated Footings a Ag = FX 920? = 80425 mm “ Siamoter ofthe core upto centr of helix A = 400 — (2 x cover) - One helix 6 = 400 ~ (2 x 40) - 10 = 310 mm Volume of helical reinforcement per mm height of column length) __ Circumference of spiral x Area of spiral - Pitch of spiral x 1 ya - oe 3a = nx 810K FX 10? x Go = 1275 mm Volume of core per mm height of column = Ay x 1 = 80425 x 1 = 80425 mm Volume of helical re me forcement 1275. Volume of core 80425 = 0.015 fo = 20 Nimm2 (For M 20 conorete) and ty = 415 Nimm? (For Fe 415 steel) : A i 125663.7 20 Aa _ 4) be = 0.06 «(258882 - 9) x Fe i ose (32 4 fy 80425 415 = 0.0097 Hence, 0.015 # 0.0097 . Safe load with helical reinforcement = 1,05 x P = 1.05 x 1190.9 = 1250.45 kN Volume of helical reinforcement _ 4g (Ao _ } fk (Note . If (Note ‘Volume of core AK y ‘Then safe load with helical reinforcement = P) (b) Safe load if lateral ties are used. Safe load on column with lateral ties, P = ogc Ae + Sse Asc x 122622.7 + 190 x 3041 P = 1190903.5 N = 1190.9 kN EXAl We Design a column to carry an axial load of 600 KN. The length of the column is 4 m and the ends of column are properly restrained in position but not restrained against rotation. Use concrete M 20 and Fe 415 steel.e22 F.C.C. Columns and Isolated Footings SOLUTION. Load on column, P = 600 kN = 600 x 103 N ce = 5 Nimm? ©y¢ = 190 Nim? ‘Actual length of column, ¢ = 4m Etfective length of column, fyi = ¢ = 4m = 4000 mm Longitudinal stee! in column varies trom 0.8% to 6% Assume 1% steel (For M 20 concrete) | (For Fe 415 steely 1 Acc = 795 % Ag = 0.01 Ay Ae = Ay Ac = Ay~ 0.01 Ay = 0.99 Ay | P= O¢/Ae + Og¢ Age | 600 x 108 = § x 0.99 A, + 1900.01 Ay } 800 x 10 = 6.85 A, ay = BT an | The column can be designed as square column or circular column, | 1. Square Section. ‘Assuming the column to be square. Side of the square column required = /8769i = 296 mm Hence adopt size of column = 300 mm x 300 mm, Ag (Provided) = 300 x 300 = 90000 mm? ‘Check whether the column is long or short. Itis a long column, t Reduction co-efficient, C, = 1.25 ~ fot 48 4000 125 ~ aap = 09) + (cz Ae + Fac Ase) = Cr [oe (Ay — Ase) + O50 Ase] 800 x 109 = 0.97 x [5 x (80000 - Ay.) + 190 Ac) 7 Pp 163500 = 179.45 A,, j 163500 : se = 479.45 = 911.1 mm Minimum stee! required in column = 0.8% of Arwitev6l3 lenoitoa? oui § com BE —y,on A.C.C. Columns and Isolated Footh Lateral Ties 6 mm ¢ @280 mm cle 4 f—Clear Cover to Ties = 40 mm soo my |, 300mm Sectional Plan Sectional Plan Square Column Circular Column (a) (b) Fig. 8.11 Check whether the column is fong or short eth ae a0 ee et = Gag = 118 12 itis a short column P = G66 Ae + Ose Ase P = 02 (My ~ a) + O50 Age 600 x 103 = 5 x (90792 — Acc) + 190 Age 146040 = 185 Age a,, - 146040 e865) 789 mm? 4 +} 4-18 mm 6 Bars . i 6-14 mm 6 Bars Lateral Ties “ Lateral Ties 6 mm 6mm @200 mm ole 280 mm céc Sectional Elevation Sectional Elevation 4-18 mm ¢ Bars Glear Cover to Ties = 40 mm }- 6-14 mm » Bars Lateral Ties 6mm 6 @200 mm cle's amie Columns and Isolated Footings 825 0.8% of Ay Minimum steel required in colum x 90792 = 726 mm? Provide Ag, = 789 mm? Assuming 14 mm § bars to be used as longitudinal ste! ‘Avea of one 14 mm bar = 4 x 142 = 154 mm? 789 Number of bars required = 7gq = 5.12 or say 6 bars Provide 6 bars of 14 mm ¢. (Actual area of steel provided = 6 x 154 = 924 mm?) Design of links. (a) Diameter of lateral ties should be greater than (6mm ee Provide 6 mm ¢ lateral ties, (b) Spacing oF Pitch of lateral ties should be the least of the following (i) Least lateral dimension of column = 340 mm {ii) 16 x Diameter of longitudinal bar = 16 x 14 = (ii) 300 mm Provide 6 mm 4 lateral ies @ 200 mm cl. ‘Summary of design. Size of column = 340 mm diameter Main steel = 6 bars of 14 mm ¢ | Links = 6 mm @ @ 200 mm cf. | | For reinforcement details, refer Fig. 8.11 (b) Bere Design a short R.C.C. column to carry an axial load of 1400 kN. The materials are M 20 grade concrete and Fe 415 steel. SOLUTION. Load on column, P = 1400 kN = 1400000 N Nim? (For M 20 concrete) og, = 190 Nim? (For Fe 415 steel) Longitudinal steet in column varies from 0.8% to 6% Assume 1% steel.826 F.C.C. Columns and Isolated Footings Ac = Ay~ Ase = Ay ~0.01 A, P= Oe Ae + O56 Ase 1400000 = 5 x 0.99 Ay + 190 x 0.01 Ay 1400000 = 6.85 A, 1400000 740000 204380 mm? 99, ‘Assuming the column to be square. Vo = 204380 = 452 mm or say 450 mm Hence adopt size of column = 450 mm x 450 mm Ag (Provided) = 450 x 450 = 202500 mm? P = Orc Ae + Ose Age P= ace (Ag— Age) + 190 Age 1400000 = § (204380 ~ A,.) + 190 Aye Side of the square column required 378100 = 185 A, _ 378100 _ 4 Boo = pe = 2044 mer Minimum steel required in column = 0.8% of Ay = Provide Aj, = 2044 mm2 Assuming 22 mm 4 bars to be used as longitudinal steel (00 ‘tea of one 22 mm bar = * x 22? = 360 mm? ber of b = ON 5.38 or say Number of bars requited = 2244 «5.98 or say (Actual area of steel provided = 6 x 380 = 2280 mm?) 622mm ¢ | ij > 300mm 450 mm (Slight variation) x 202500 = 1620 mm? Lt (Assuming 6 men ¢ 450 mf Wrong Arrangement Fig. 8.12 {Lateral Tes at Clear Cover 10 mm)riation) nm 6 40 mm) G.¢, Columns and Isolated S02 = 336 mm) excee’ anged. Thus Fig. 8.12 give 827 Footings: we note that the distance between corn fe 300 men, hence the arrangement of reinforcement ves wrong arrangement of reinforcement <) 18 mm & bars fo be used as longitudinal reinforcement ‘or bars (450 - 2 x 40-2x 6 t should be ‘As trom Fig. 8.12, ‘Assuming 20 mm ¢ anK ‘Area of one 20 mm @ bar E 2g? = 914.1 me A x 182 = 254.5 mm? ‘Area of one 18 mm 6 bar wm 6 and 4 bars of 18 mm @. Provide 4 bars of 20 ™m idod = 4 x 314.1 + 4 x 254. (Actual area of steel provi Design of lateral ties. {a) Diameter of bars for (6 mm 5 = 2274 mm?) lateral ties should be greater than 1 (iy) x20=5mm (Dia. of largest ba) Provide 6 mm @ lateral ties. (b) Spacing or Pitch of lateral ties {i Least lateral dimension of colurnn = {i 16 x Diameter of longitudinal bar = (i) 300 mm. Provide 6 mm 4.20 mm @ Bars 4-18 mm 6 Bars Lateral Ties 6 mm & should be least of the following 400 mm texte = 288 mm (01a, of smallest Bat) ‘lateral ies @ 280 mm cle (Fig, 8.13 (a Lateral Ties 6 mm § @260 (Dovbie Ties) 4-18 mm ¢ Bars yn ele @280 mmcie 40 mm 450. mm 450 mm 40 mm. 338 mm - 4-20 min 6 Bat ee 0 mam 9 Bars LL rl 45mm ‘Wrong Arrangement Correct Arrangement (a) (b) Fig. 8.13828 used [Fig. 8.13 (b)), Summary of design Size of column = 450 mm x 450 mm Main steel = 4-20 mm and 4-18 mm $ bars Lateral ties = 6 mm ¢ @ 260 mm cic (Double ties) For reinforcement details refer Fig. 8.19 (b). SOLUTION. Load on the column, P = 590 kN = 590 x 102 N Effective length of column, fy = 3.5 m Assuming 1% steel O1A, Ae = Ay~ Age = Ay— 0.01 A, = 0.99 A, Ps 6. Ae + O4e Age £00 % 103 = § x 0.89 Ay + 190 0.01 Ay 590 x 10? = 6.85 Ay Ag = 86131 mme 0 (One side of column is 250 mm ; hence the other side 344.5 mm or say 350 mm Size of column = 250 mm x 350 mm i Check whether the column is tong or short far _ 9500 b> 250 14912 IIs a tong column, Reduction co-efficient, ¢,Footing -2 ‘ould by sctive, Wionen? 36. Columns and Isolated Footings 829 590 x 10° = 0.96 x [5 x (250 x 350 ~ Ase) + 190 Ase] 1590 x 103 = 420000 ~ 4.8 Age + 182.4 Ase 170000 = 1776 Age Age = 957.2 mm? Minimum steet required in column = 0.8% of Ay 08 100 Provide Ag. = 957.2 mm? Let the diameter of the bar used be 18 mm x 250 x 350 = 700 mm? ‘roa of one 18 mm @ bar = 4g x 18? = 254.5 mm? 957.2 Number of bars required = 954.6 = 3.76 or say 4 bars Provide 4 bars of 18 mm 6. (Actual area of steel provided = 4 x 254.5 Design of links. (a) Diameter of the lateral ties = 10 mm (Given) {(b) Spacing or Pitch of lateral ties should be the least of the following (i) Least lateral dimension of column = 260 mm {i) 16 x Diameter of longitudinal bar = 16 x 18 = 288 mm (ii 300 mm Provide 10 mm ¢ lateral ties @ 250 mm ele. Summary of design. Size of column = 250 x 350 mm Main steel = 4 bars of 18 mm > Links = 10 mm @@ 250 mm cle. For reinforcement details, refer Fig. 8.14. 440mm = 1018 mm?) | |_ Lateral Ties 10 mm @ @ 250 mm cic asa 1 4.18 mm ¢ Bars ' Fig. 8.14830 F.C.C. Columns and Isolated Foot Saree ‘ 4 short column has to support a load of 1540 KN. The size of the column is to pe 500 mm square. Design the column reinforcement. Use M20 Concrete and og. = 190 Nimm?, SOLUTION. Load of column, P = 1540 kN = 1540 x 103 N See = 5 Nim? (For M 20 concrete) 500 x 500 = 250000 mm? = Ay ~ Ace = 250000 ~ Age P= Gee Ae + O50 Age 1840 x 103 = 5 x (250000 ~ A,.) + 190 A, 2900000 = 185 A,, Age = 1867.6 mm? Let the diameter of the bar used be 16 mm, Area of one 16 mm § bar = © x 162 = 201 mm? * 1567.6 Number of bars required = 1587 = 7.8 or say 8 bars Provide 8 bars of 16 mm 6, {Actual area of steel provided = 8 x 201 = 1608 mn?) Design of links. (2) Diameter of lateral ties should be greater than (6mm 1 i) | x16 = 4mm Provide 6 mm ¢ lateral ties (©) Spacing or Pitch of lateral ties should be the least of the following (i) Least lateral dimension of column = 500 mm (W) 16 x Diameter of longitudinal bar = 16 x 16 = 256 mm or say 250 mm (ii) 300 mm . Provide 6 mm @ lateral ties @ 250 mm ele The distance between comer bars (500 ~ 2 x 40 ~ 2x 6 ~16 « 392 mm) in one face is inate han 48 64, (48 x 6 - 268 my, hence double tes (wo sets) of lara es shoud be used Note. It the distance between comer bars in one face is less than 48, 4h, then open ties for internal bars would be sufficient.¢. Columns and Isolated Footings Summary of design. Size of column Links = 6 mm 831 500 mm x 500 mm Main steel = 8 bars of 16 mm @ @ 250 mm ole (Double ties) For reinforcement details, refer Fig. 8.15. tt] Lateral Ties 6 mm ¢ @ 250 mm cic (Double Ties) —L eu 40 mm. Sectional Elevation 16 mm ¢ Bars Lateral Ties 6 mm ¢ @250 mm cic (Double Ties) 4. en Sectional Plan See Design a circular short colum 1100 KN. Use helical ties. Take M 40 mm to helical ties. SOLUTION. ‘n 400 mm in diameter to support an axial load of ‘20 concrete and Fe 415 steel. Assume cover ofA.C.C. Columns and Isolated Footings F > 400° « 1256697 me Load on column, P = 1100 kN = 1100 % 103 1N Gross cross-sectional area of column, A, 94.25 Ay. Ase = 2266.5 mm? Let the diameter of the bar used is 22 mm, Area of one 22 mm $ bar = z x 22? = 380.13 mm? ied = 2266.5 Number of bars required = Sena = 5.96 or say 6 bars Provide 6 bars of 22 mm 6. (Actual area of steel provided = 6 x 380.19 = 2280.78 mm2) The 6 bars will be uniformly spaced on a cirsle of diameter = 400 - 2.x 40 ~ 2x 10-20 = 278 mm (Assuming 10 mm 4 spirals) x 278 Circumterencial spacing of bars = 6 = 146mm <300mm (Hence 0.k,) 0 = 400 mm 400 o, o, 101mm ¢ Helical Reinforcement 6-22 mm 9 Bars Cover 40 mm833 ign of spiral reinforcement. ‘the diameter of the bar used for helical reinforcement =10 mm Core diameter (Outside diameter of helix), O; = 400 - (2 x cover) 400 ~ (2 x 40) = 320 mm x x = xD = F x 3207 = 80425 mm? Diameter of the core upto centre of helix, Dz = 400 ~ (2 x cover) - One helix & = 400 ~ (2 x 40} ~ 10 = 310 mm Let Pitch of spiral = p mm Volume of helical reinforcement per mm height of column xD, x © x10" Circumference of spiral x Area of spiral pen Pitch of spiral Pp x 1 76489 =x 310 x 5 x 10? x — I 4 p™ pom Volume of core per mm height of column. = A, x 1 = 80425 x 1 = 80425 mm? 2K) e ot helical reinforcement _ _76489__ 0.95 0 Volume of core px 80425 “ p ~ 026(A9 - 9) ek = a6 x (1286882 _ 4) . 22. AK fy \“soaas 415 = 0.0097 Ail) Equating equations (i) and (ii), we get 095 _ 0.0097 P 095 wa >= puoer = 979mm However as per code the pitch of the helix should not be more than the least of the followingsa R.C.C. Columns and Isolated Footings 1 1 1 q ( & * Core diametor upto centre of helix @ %O2= § x 310 = 52 mmor say 50 mm (i) 75 mm Also the minimum pitch of helix should be greater of tho following () 25 mm (il) 3 x 4 of helix = 3 x 10 = 30 mm Provide 10 mm § helical reinforcement @ at a pitch of 50 mm For reinforcement details, refer Fig. 8.17, | Pitch = 50 mm 40 mm +4 10 mm Spiral at 50 mm Piten rl} Sectional Elevation 10 mm 4 Sprial at 50 mm Pitch (Clear Cover to Spiral = 40 mm) 6-22 mm § Bars 400 mm Jf Sectional Plan Fig. 8.17 eeootings 50 mm for a load of 2100 KN. Use M 25 grade of Design a helically reinforced column ther data required for providing 4% area of oncrete and Fe 250 steel. Assume any of! 1 of gross area of column. SOLUTION. Load on column, P = 2100 KN = 2100 x 103 N Gee = 6 Nimm? and fox = 25 Nimm? Ge = 130 Nimm2 and {, = 250 N/mm? there is no mention of column tength, the column will be design (For M 25 concrete) (For Fe 250 steel) Since ied as a short 4 Age = 4% Of Ag = Fog * Aa = 0.04 Ay (Given) Ae = Ag Asc = Ag 0.04 Ay = 0.96 Ay ‘The load carrying capacity of the circular column with spiral reinforcement may be taken equal to 1.05 times the load carried by a similar circular column with fateral tes P = 1.05 (0¢¢ Ac + Ose Ase) , 2100 x 103 = 1.05 x [6 x 0.96 Ag + 130 x 0.04 Ag] 2100 x 108 = 11.51 A 210010" _ ag4s0 mn? 1151 me | i a Let D = Diameter of the circular column. A= gx? 192450 = 7 x D? 1D = 482 mm or say 500 mm ‘Area of longitudinal steel, Ase = 4% of Ag | = 4x % x 500? = 7854 mm? | 700 © 4 1 Let the diameter of the bar used is 32 mm. ‘Area of one 32 mm @ bar = 7 x 32? = 804.2 mm? Number of bi od — lumber of bars requited = oq 9.77 or say 10 bars Provide 10 bars of 32 mm~~ 896 A.C.C. Columns and Isolated Footings Providing clear cover of 40 mm to lateral ties 10 mm 4, the 10 bars will be uniformly ‘Spaced on a circle of diameter = 500-2 x 40~ 2x 10 ~ 32 = 368 mm nx 368 Circumferencial spacing of bars 115.6 mm < 300 mm (Hence 0.K.) Design of spiral reinforcement. Let the diameter of the bar used for helical reinforcement = 10 mm ___0= 500mm 10 mm 6 Helical Reinforcement 10-32 mm ¢ Bars Clear Cover to Helical Reinforcement = 40 mm Fig. 8.18 Core diameter (Outside diameter of helix), D, = 600 — (2 x clear cover) 500 ~ 2x 40 = 420 mm Ax = Area of core of the helically reinforced column measured to the outside diameter of helix x x FD ee * x az0e 38544 mm? Diameter of the core upto centre of helix. Op = 500 ~ (2 x clear cover) ~ One helix 4 100 ~ 2 x 40 10 = 410 mm4 Footin ea "iG.C. Columns and Isolated Footings aa uniform) ¥ Let Pitch of spiral = p mm ‘Volume of helical reinforcement per mm height of column Circumference of spiral x Area of spiral Pitch of spiral se O.K.) ex 40x 2x 102 x 1, 101168 4 Pp Volume of core per mm height of column = Ay x 1 = 198544 x 1 = 138544 mm? Volume of helical reinforcement 1o1163_ 078 ' Volume of core p « 138544 =p o ir 2 | | A ® 500 } o96(42 . 4) & = 096/42 - 1] x B | LAR J 138544 250 = 0.015 Oy Equating equations (i) and (ii), we get 073 7 0015 073 P= pig = 486mm However as per code the pitch of the helix should not be more than the least of the following 1 ti) 6% Core diameter upto centre of helix 1 1 ‘ameter J xDy= 5 x 410= 68.3 mm i) (i) 75 mm, Also the minimum pitch of helix should be greater of the following (i) 25 mm (li) 3 @ of helix = 3 x 10 = 30 mm *. Provide 10 mm @ helical reinforcement at 45 mm pitch,a F.C.C. Columns and Isolated Footings 10.92 mm ¢ Bars 40 mm —+4 Tow = 45mm a 10.mm ¢ Spiral at 45 mm Piich Sectional Elevation 10 mm ¢ Spiral at 45 mm Pitch (Clear Cover = 40 mm) 10-32 mm 4 Bars, le 00mm __y Sectional Plan Fig. 8.19 8.9. FOOTINGS Footing is that portion of the foundation which ultimately delivers the load of super- Structure {0 the soil on which i rests. Footing is thus in contact withthe soi Objectives of Footing, The objectives of footings are (i) to spread the toad from superst tructure over a larger area of soil so that the maximum Pressure on the soil does not exceed i its bearing capacity.smns and Isolated Footings 839 ture within the permissible limits. the struct R.C.C. structure are mon types of footings used for to limit the total settlement of 1s of Footings. The most corn | Isolated footing 2. Combined footing 3. Strap footing “4, Mat or Ratt foundation. 4 Isolated footing. A footing that supports a single icolated footing supporting a single colurmn is commonly used where : {i the loads on columns are small i) columns are not closely spaced Isolated footings may be square, square footing works out to be economical ‘column, rectangular footings are used. In case the load on the column i ‘small requiring small depth of footing 18.20). It is called isolated footing of unifo ‘column is known as isolated footing. tectangular or circular in plan. It is seen that the for square and circular columns. Under rectangular of footing works out to be footing is kept uniform (Fig is not large or the size then the thickness of f 1m thickness. Elevation Elevation Elevation Elevation \ Plan Plan Plan Plan Square Footing _—_—“Rectangular Footing Square Footing Circular Footing (For Square (For Rectangular (For Circular (For Circular ‘per. Column) Column) Column) Column) fa) (b) (c) (a) Isolated Footings of Uniform Thickness num Fig. 8.20840 R.C.C. Columns and Isolated Footings In case the depth of the footing works out to be more, it is common practice to gradually reduce the depth of the footing towards the edges to achieve economy. The footing in such a case Is termed as isolated sloped footing (Fig. 8.21) Elevation Plan Isolated Footing (Sloped Type) Fig. 8.21 2. Combined footing. A common footing provided for two or more columns is known as combined footing. Combined footing is provided (i) when the individual footings (Isolated footings) are either very near to each other or overlap. (i) an isolated footing for column on property line would extend beyond the property line. It can be avoided by combining such footing with that of interior column, (il) when the bearing capacity of the soil is so low that isolated footing work out to be of uneconomical size. | |vally cha own ror arty of .C, Columns and Isolated Footings Combined footings may be ro a ae Bat .ctangular, trapezoidal or T-shaped in plan (Fig. 8.22). Elevation Elevation Plan Pian Combined Rectangular Footing Combined Trapezoidal Footing fa) (b) ma ny pq ry Elevation Elevation k— Property Line a Plan Plan Shaped Footing (a) (c) Combined Footings Fig. 8.22Os ual Re A.C.C. Columns and Isolated Footings Rectangular shape is provided when the two column loads are equal in magnitude Trapezoidal shape is provided when the two column loads are unequal in magnitude or under any condition of loading 3. Strap footing (Cantilever footing). It is one of the types of combined footing, it cia es OF an isolated footing of two columns connected by a beam called stiap beam ‘the Strap beam does not remain in contact with the soil and thus does not transfer any load to the Soil. A strap footing may be adopted when (i) the distance between the columns is so large that a combined rectangular or trapezoidal footing works out to be uneconomical (ii) one of the the columns is on the property line : ' Strap Beam Elevation Plan Strap Footing Fig. 8.23, 4. Mat or Raft foundation. A mat or raft is a combined footing that covers the entire foundation area under a building or under a number of columns in more than one row. I is Provided when () the bearing capacity of the soil is so low that independent column footings are impracticable. (i) pile foundations cannot be used advantageously, (iil) the column toads are heavy.tire tis are Columns and Isolated Footings 8.43 he Aq Section X-X Main Beams L ] Column x x fi + LK Secondary Beams Plan Mat or Raft Foundation Fig. 8.24 8.10, DESIGN STEPS FOR ISOLATED FOOTING OF UNIFORM DEPTH FOR SQUARE R.C.C. COLUMN ‘The following steps are followed in the square R.C.C. column Step 1. Find design constants (Ie. k, | and Q) Step 2. Find size of footing. design of isolated footing of uniform depth for we Wy ‘Area of footing = Po Load on the column Weight of footing (may be assumed as 10% of W) Safe (allowable) bearing capacity of soll One side of the square footing, Let——— R.C.C, Columns and Isolated Footings 8 = /Area of footing Step 3. Find net upward soil pressure (p) w PrBxB Note. The weight of footing does not induce any shear or moment as the footing dead [02d I8 in opposite direction to the soil pressure. Thus in calculating the net upward soil Pressure, only load on column is considered Step 4. Find depth of footing The depth of footing should be sutficien by the upward soil pressure The depth of footin: bending moment. t to resist the bending moment and shear caused '9 shall be calculated for shear and the same shall be checked for (2) Depth of footing (For shear). For isolated footings shear reinforcement is no! Provided. In this case shear stress at ertcal section should not exceed k, t, Ty Ske te where k, = (0.5 +f) butk, 51 le [For solid slabs) fi, = Short dimension of colurmn I. = 1 for square coun) | Cong dimension of column Shear strength of concrete = 0.16 fey {For M 20 concrete, t, = 20 Nimm? and for M 25 concrete, fy = 25 Nimm2] ty = Nominal'shear stress. There will be two cases for calculating depth of footing (for shear) Case |. One way action of footing (Footing acting as a wide beam) : [F0-o)- Critical Section For One-way Shear #—+tings 1 dead pee soil ed for 5 no’ abs) mn} mm} A.C.C. Columns and Isolated Footings 845 The critical section is taken at a distance d (effective depth of footing) from the face of column (Fig. 8.25) 1 section =px Bx | 5 (B-b) ection = px Bx | 5 Shear force at the critical Shear force resisted by concrete = t,x Bx d Equating shear force at the ctitical section and shear force resisted by concrete, we get tx Bud pxBx 5 Find d trom the above equation Case Il, Two-way action of footing (Punching shear), a section is taken at a distance 5 from the periphery of the face of the colurnn The ert a 2 opel Caticat Section For Two-w Fig. 8.26 Shear force at the critical section = p (B? ~ (b + 4}? Shear force resisted by concrete = +, x Periphery of the critical section x d tex dibed)xd at the critical section and shear force resisted by concrete, we get Equating shear force p(B? = (b +d)? =r. x4(b+d)xd Find d from the above equation Depth of footing shall be greater of case | and case should be provided in case d comes out to be less than 150 mm, (b) Depth of footing (Check for bending moment). Find depth of footing required for 4 & minimum thickness of 160 mm bending moment,846 R.C.C. Columns and Isolated Footings Critical section is considered at the face of the column. Critical Section lor Bending Moment Fig. 8.27 Bending moment about critical section =pxBx (25°) x B px g x (Bb? Moment of resistance = QBd? Equating bending moment about critical section and moment of resistance, we get 8 (bP - ane px g x (B—bP =a Find d from the above equation, d calculated from this equation should he less than Provided (i.e. from greater value of case | and case I). Step 5. Find steel required. The reinforcement is uniformly distributed over the entire width of the fooling in each direction. Step 6. Check for development length The development length is checked at a section along the face of the column i.e. the section for maximum B.M Step 7. Write down the summary of design and draw a neat sketch. Bama Design a square footing of uniform thickness for an axially loaded column of© g.¢.C. Columns ard Isolated Footings aay ‘400 mm x 400 mm in size. The safe bearing capacity of soil 1s 200 kNim?, load on ‘column = 1000 KN. Use M 20 grade of conerete and HYSO bars: SOLUTION Boaring capacity of Soll, pp = 200 KN/m? = 200 x 10° Nim? b= 400 mm « 0.40 cue = 7 Nimm? and fg, = 20 Nimm? (For M 20 concrete} oq) = 230 Nin? (For HYSD bars) step 1. Design constants. 280 260 200, 280. 13.99 | i aaa Spee _mmoeme ___1393*7 {| Mogee + Og ~ 13337 + 230 = 029 ‘| £24292? 090 4 3 3° = dae ik = % x7 x 090 x 0.29 = 0.91 Nim? 2b nage Ke $7 ~ 090% 029-091 Ni Step 2. Size of footing. Load on column, W = 1000 KN = 1000 x 10? N 10 Weight of footing and back fil, W, = 1000 x jgq = 100 = 10° N =100 kN (Assume W, as 10% of W) panies ‘Area of footing = Gearing capacity of soil 4000 » 10% + 100 « 10° 200 » 10° = 55m" Let 8 = One side of the square footing. BxB=55m or @ = (55 = 2.345 m orsay 24m Adopt sie of footing = 2.4m x 24 m Step 3. Net upward soil pressure (Pp). « ‘ a Net upward soil pressure, p =8.48, R.C.C. Columns and Isolated Footings fe { 1000 « 10% t = a = 173611 Nim? | 2a 2d Nie Step 4. Depth of footing. | re | where k=05 +, | 400 =05+1=15> pe - SR 4) O5+1=15>1 Be = F095 0.16 Vix = 0.16 J20 = 0.72 Nimm? ye = 0.72 Nimm? = 720000 Nim? Case |. (One-way action of the footing) i The critical section for one-way action of footing is considered at a distance ‘a’ from the face of the column, Shear force at the ertical section 5 (B-b)-4 4 1 = 179611 x24 x5» (24-040) o | = 720000 x 24 xd iy Equating equations (i) and (ii), we get | 1 173611 x 24x 5 *(24 040)-d) = 720000 x 24x4 | t-d=415d S18d=1 a- =0.194m 518 Case Il. (Two-way action of the footing) The ci itical section of two-way action of footing (Punching shear) is considered at a d distance of 5 from the periphery of the face of column Shear force at the critical section = p | 8 ~ (b + d)2} _ = 1796; 1 (2.4? ~ (0.40 + d)?} (iy Shear force resisted by concrete = % x4 (b +d) xd = 720000 x 4 x (0.40 +d) xd wyC. Columns and Isolated Footings 8.49 Equating equations (ili) and (iv), we get 473611 [2.42 ~ (0.40 + d)? } = 720000 x 4 x (0.40 +d) xd 5.76 ~ (0.4 + dj? = 16.59 (0.4 +d) xd 5.76 ~ {0.16 + 2 + 0.8 d) = 6.64d+ 16.59 F 5.60 - o? ~ 0.8d = 6.64d + 16.59 0? 17.59 d? + 7.44 d ~ 5.60 = 0 & + 0.426 ~ 0.32 =0.42 + 1.20 2 d = 039m (Neglecting -ve sign) Depth of footing shall be greater of case | and case I d = 0.39 m = 390 mm Check for bending moment for depth of footing. Critical section for B.M. is considered at the face of the column. B BM. = px 3 (B-b)? 24 = 179611 x > x (2.4 ~ 0.407? = 208333 Nm = 208333 x 103 Nm w Moment of resistance = Q6d? = 0.91 x 2.4 x 1000 x wo. (vi) Equating equations (v) and (vi), we get 208393 x 10? = 0.91 x 2.4 x 1000 x ‘d= 308.8 mm < 390 mm (Provided value) This is all right Step 5. Steel required. ‘Area of steel required in each direction, Ast = _ 208333 » 10° * 230 x 0.90 = 390 = 2580.6 mm? Providing 16 mm } bars850 FLCC. Columns and Isolated Footings ‘Area of one bar of 16 mm $= * x 16? = 201 mm? 25806 201 = 12.83 or say 13 bars Hence provide 13 bars of 16 mm @ bars (HYSD bars) uniformly spaced in the width of 2.4 m in each direction at right angles to each other. Number of bars required = Step 6. Check for development length. $0, Development length, Ly = toms 16 = 230 Gia = 718.75 mm 8 N/mm? for M20 and using plain bars of mild stee! 6 x 0.8 = 1.28 Nimm? for HYSD bars} Fg and tq = Providing side cover of 50 mm, 1 Available length = > (2400 ~ 400) ~ 50 = 950 mm which is more than Ly, hence safe. Step 7. Summary of design. bas 4 cearener 16 390 + * + 50 = 448 mm or say 450 mm Steel : 13 bars of 16 mm ¢ both-ways. The reinforcement details are shown in Fig, 8.28,Footings A.C.C. Columns and Isolated Footings b=400mm {Cotumn (490 mm = 400%) g-remnn ¢ Bars (Bothways) pon se [ De eto \ ' Ba24m= 2400 mm 4 E Section A-A, ear Cover = 50mm lear Cover = 50 mm - of de - ; i A 24m Sectional Plan : Reinforcement Details of !solated Foot Fig. 8.28 ing of Unit Thickness estase F.C.C. Columns and isolated Footings EXERCISES (A) Objective Type Questions |. Fill in the blanks/say ‘Yes’ or ‘No? 1. The minimum percentage of steel in an R.C.C. column is... and the maximum percentage of steel should not exceed 2. For a short column the ratio of effective length of column to least lateral dimension shal not exceed 3-_The circular coluran with helical reinforcement shall be reinforced with aleast.... numbers of longitudinal bars. 4. The column is 6 m tong and is restrained at both ends, its effective length is 5. Minimum clear cover to outside of tes in a column shallbe...... mm or diameter ol the longitudinal bar whichever is more. 8. The minimum diameter of the longitudinal bars shall not be less than ..... mm 7 The vertical members whose effective length is less than 3 times the least lateral dimension are called 8. The diameter of the transverse reinforcement should not be more than Where t's necessary to splice the longitudinal reinforcement, the bars shall overlap for a distance of not less than... limes the diameter of the smaliest bar. 10. The minimum number of longitudinal bars in rectangular column shall be 11 Aeilorced conerete column having hetcal reinforcement shallhave atleast. bars of ongtudinal reinforcement enthin the helix, 12, The vertical members whose effective length is more than three times the least lateral dimension are catled columns. 18, 4 column is considered to be a short when the ratio of the effective length to is least lateral : dimension exceeds 12 14 Along column can carry lesser load as compared to a short column of the same cross-sectional area. 15. Spacing of longitudinal bars measured along the periphery of the column shallnot exceed 300 mm 16. The effective tength of a column with restrained ends is 0.65 / {7 Transverse reinforcement safeguards the longitudinal reinforcement against buckling, 18, Transverse reinforcement does not contribute tothe strength of a column, 'S Wile designing @ column footing, self weight of the footing should not be considered in finding the net upward pressure of soil on the footing 70. Inreinforced columns, higher percentage of steel may cause diffcullyin placing and compacting the concrete 21. The value of co-efficient of reduction (C,) is always less than 1 \l- Multiple Choice Questions (Indicate the Most Appropriate Choice) : 1. When the ratio of effective longth of column to its feast lateral dimension does not exceed 12, is termed as (a) tong column (b) short column (©) vertical column (@) none of these.ated Footi 3 Footing Zlumns and Isolated Footings 853 diameter of longitudinal bars of a column should never be less than 6mm (0) 12mm amm (10mm {atoral ties ina reinforced concrete rectangular column under axial comperssion are used 10 ‘avoid the buckling of the longitudinal steel under compression provide adequate shear capacity provide adequate confinement to concrete reduce the axial deformation of the column minimum percentage of reinforcement in R.C.C. columns is 0.8% (b) 2.5% ) 6.0% (8) 8.0% ‘maximum percentage of reinforcement in R.C.C. columns is ) 1% (b) 6% (0) 16% (@) 25% » [Lap length or Splice length of longitudinal bars ina column should be © @) not less than 24 x diameter of smaller bar |) not more than 24 x diameter of smaller bar (6) not less than 30 x diameter of larger bar {@ not more than 30x diameter of larger bar ‘The pitch of lateral ties in a column should not be more than *@) 300mm {b) 4x diameter of longitudinal reinforcement bars (6mm >| (@) 2xLeast lateral dimension of compression member Dercentage of sion shall not numbers of e longitudinal imension are oradistance longitudinal 8. Asper!.S. 456-2000 recommendations the thickness of footing edge on soils should nat be less aldimension sy, than B @ 100mm () 120mm least lateral 4 ©) 150mm (@) 200mm '8.. The shape of a column should be ‘clonal area (@) circular (0) rectangular 204 300 mm, (e) square ()_ hexagonal (@) any of these ; 10. The diameter of lateral ties, in no case, shall be less than (@) 6mm (o) 10mm n finding the koa ma (@) 20mm 11, Fora longitudinal reinforcing bar in a column, the cover should not be less than compacting oa (neon 8 (6) 30mm () 40mm 7 |. Fill in the blanks/say ‘Yes’ or ‘No’: 1.08%, 6% 2.12 3.six 4.52m 5.40 6.12 7. pedestals 6.20 9.24 10. Four tisix 12.Yes 13.No 14.Yos 15.Yes 16.Yes 17.Yes 18.Yes 19.Yes 20.Yes 21.Yes i, Multiple Choice Questions : 4.(b) 2.(b) 3. (a) 4.(a) 5.(b) 6.la) 7-(a) 8.(c) 9.(e) 10.(a) 11. (4) ee