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Production of Methyl Acetate using Carbonylation of Dimethyl ether

Method · March 2015

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.24659.07201

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Anil Miriyam
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 1. Introduction

Methyl acetate is a commodity chemical with many uses. There are several processes used for
its production. Methyl acetate is conventionally made by esterification of acetic acid with
methanol over an acid catalyst. However, there is an alternate route in which methanol is first
dehydrated to DME and then carbonylated directly to methyl acetate. For a plant with CO
available on site, this may be a viable option. Recent advances in carbonylation catalysis
promise improved economics for this approach.
Alternative route is also available in literature that consists of two reaction steps: dehydrationof
methanol to form DME, followed by carbonylation with CO to form methyl acetate. In the
present process the second step considered for the production of methyl acetate.

Abstract:
In this report production of methyl acetate process flow sheet has been created in ASPEN user
interface. Initially material and energy balances are calculated manually for the entire process
plant. Steady state simulations are done using the ASPEN PLUS simulating tool.

1
Problem statement:

Goal is to produce 3.6 tons/day of methyl acetate (97% pure) using Dimethyl ether and Carbon
monoxide as raw material. Steady state simulation of the entire process plant is to be done
using ASPEN PLUS as process simulating tool.

2
 2. Physical and chemical properties

Physical and chemical properties should be estimated at the starting of any process. Properties
of components or materials decides the type of unit operations to be selected and the number
of distillation columns (separation operations) to be used in the process plant.
Based on the importance of the properties of the components here properties of the components
are estimated by using group contribution methods.
Here Joback group contribution method is used.
Cp0 = (∑ ni Δa – 37.93) +(∑ ni Δb + 0.210) T +(∑ ni Δc – 3.91*10-4) T2 +
(∑ niΔd + 2.06*107) T3

ΔH0f at 298 0K = 68.29 + ∑ ni ΔH

ΔG0f at 298 0K = 53.88 + + ∑ ni ΔG
Specific heats in terms of molar heat capacity (kJ/mole):
Cp DME =19.875 + (20.946 *10-2) T – (10.375 *10-5 )T2 + (20.042 * 10-9 )T3
Cp CO =28.142 +( 0.167 *10-2 )T + (.537 *10-5 )T2 – (2.221 *10-9 )T3
Cp MEOAC = 33.02 +( 0.1970 ) T – (9.7 *10-6 )T2 – (3.934 * 10-8 )T3

Heat of formation (kJ/mole) at 298 0K

ΔH0f DME = -277.7
ΔH0f CO = -110.5
ΔH0f MEOAC = -350.5
ΔH0f H2O = -285.8
Heat of vaporization (kJ/mole) at 298 0K
ΔH0υ DME = 10.15
ΔH0υ CO = 5.190
ΔH0υ MEOAC = 12.16
ΔH0υ H2O = 40.62
Calculated values are
DIMETHYL ETHER:
Molecular weight = 46.07 gm/mol
Critical temperature = 126.9 0C
Critical pressure = 53.7 bar

3
Critical density = 271.4 kg/cubic m
Auto ignition temperature = 350 0C
Solubility in water = 35 vol/vol
Boiling point = -24.8 0C
Vapor pressure = 5.1 bar
Latent heat of vaporization = 466.9 kJ/ kg
CARBON MONOXIDE:

Molecular weight = 28.01 gm/mol

Critical temperature = -140.3 0C

Critical pressure = 34.98 bar

Critical density = 301 kg/cubic m

Auto ignition temperature = 630 0C

Solubility in water = 0.0227vol/vol

Boiling point = -191.6 0C

Latent heat of vaporization = 214.85 kJ/kg

METHYL ACETATE:

Molecular weight = 74.08 gm/mol

Critical pressure = 20 bar
Critical density = 0.932 gm/cm3
Melting point = -98 0C
Solubility in water = 0.25vol/vol
Boiling point = 56.9 0C
Latent heat of vaporization = 12.16 kJ/mol

4
Uses and Applications:

1. Used in preparation of Glues, Paints and Nail polish removal.

2. In the preparation of Acetic anhydride by synthesis of Monosanto Acetic acid.
3. Used for decaffeination of soft drinks
4. Used as aerosols
5. Used in printing works of graphic cards
6. Used as coating material in marine industry
7. Used as excellent solvent in recovery process because of its faster evaporation rate
8. It can rapidly bio degradable
9. It is used as inductor for sodium products
10. Used for reducing toxicity in fertilizers while treating the effluent

5
 3. Process selection with reaction scheme
It includes alternative processes available for the production of the selected product and the
selection of the process. Each process should be explained with detailed reactions
By Esterification process
Methyl acetate is produced by esterification of acetic acid with methanol in the presence of
strong acid such as sulfuric acid. This process is famous because of Eastman Kodak’s
intensified process using a reactive distillation.
CH3COOH + CH3OH ↔ CH3COOCH3
(acetic acid) (methanol) (methyl acetate)
In the presence of strong bases such as sodium hydroxide or strong acid such as HCl or sulfuric
acid it is hydrolyzed back in to methanol and acetic acid especially at elevated temperature.
The conversion of methyl acetate back in to its compounds by an acid is a 1st order reaction
with respect to ester. The reaction of methyl acetate and a base for ex: NaOH is a second order
reaction with respect to both reactants.

Reaction kinetics:

The chemistry of the carbonylation involves the reaction of CO with DME.

CO + CH3OCH3↔CH3COOCH3
According to recent research, DME can be carbonylated with high sensitivity. The reaction rate
represented under steady operating conditions by a rate expression in the following
formderived from their mechanism:

rcarbonyl =kcarbonyl (𝑝𝑐𝑜+𝐾𝑤𝑝𝑤)

rcarbonyl = carbonylation, kmol/kgcatalyst/sec/pa
kcarbonyl = carbonylation rate constant, kmol/kgcatalyst/sec/pa
KW =H2O adsorption equilibrium constant pa
Data in Cheng et al. suggest that for DME-pretreated H-mordenite catalysts:
kcarbonyl = 8.2 * 10-5 exp (-8370/T) kmol/ kgcat/S/Pa
Where T = temperature, k.
In practice, the inhibiting effect of water is so strong that it must be removed from the DME
stream prior to feeding the carbonylation step. In this work, it has been assumed that the DME
feed stream is sufficiently dry that the water adsorption term can be neglected. That is reflected
in the constants given in Table 13.1 for implementation in Aspen Plus. An additional issue for

6
simulation arises because this expression is zero-order in one of the reactants, DME. In
theevent thatDME is the limiting reactant, and because the reaction is irreversible, this could
result in calculated conversions of DME in excess of 100% (with corresponding negative DME
outflows). To avoid this occurrence, the above expression was multiplied by a factor that is
equal to unity except at very low DME partial pressures as shown below:
rcarbonyl = kcarbonyl (pco/1+kw pw)(kDME pDME/1+ kDME pDME)
KDME = DME pseudo-adsorption equilibrium constant = 1 Pa-1
CARBONYLATION SECTION
The liquid DME produced in the first section of the plant is fed into the carbonylation
section. Carbon monoxide is available at 5 atm, so this gaseous fresh feed stream must be
compressed to the pressure selected for operation of the carbonylation reactor. This makes
system pressure a critically important design optimization variable. As discussed in Section
13.3.2, higher pressures favor reaction kinetics, so reactor size is reduced and less recycle is
required
to attain high conversion. This saves capital investment in the reactor vessel, the catalyst, and
the recycle compressors. However, higher system pressure means higher capital and energy
costs for the fresh feed CO compressor that must increase the pressure from the supply pressure
of 5 atm. The fresh CO feed contains an impurity of 2 mol% hydrogen, which is assumed to be
inert in the system and must be purged from the process. This makes the concentration of
hydrogen in the gas recycle and purge stream another important design optimization variable.
The higher the hydrogen concentration in the purge steam, the lower the losses of CO, DME,
and methyl acetate in the purge stream. However, higher hydrogen concentrations

7
 4. Process Flow sheet with detailed explanation

Process flow diagram:

Figure 1. Carbonylation flow diagram

8
 Process flow sheet:

S3
B2 RECYCLE COMPRES S OR2
S16 B12

COMPRES S OR
S4
S10 DME
S22
S19 B14
MIXER B7
B10
S13
HX1
B16
B4 B5

B3

MIXER S6
S7

S5 S11

S21 S20
S2 PRODUCT
FLAS H COLUMN
REACTOR DIS TLN1 DIS TILLN2
B1

VAPORIZER

S1

Figure 2. Carbonylation flow sheet

1. Process Description
Figure 2 shows the flow sheet of the carbonylation section of the process. The liquid DME
from the first section of the plant is pumped to 32 atm and fed to a vaporizer, which operates
at 372 K, so low-pressure steam can be used (6 atm, 433 K). The flow rate of the DME is fixed
in the steady-state design of this section at 250 kmol/h and has a composition of 99.9 mol%
DME and 0.1 mol% methanol. The vapor stream is combined with three gas streams: the fresh
CO feed, a recycle gas stream from a separator tank and a vapor distillate stream from the top
of the reflux- drum of a distillation column. The required flow rate of the fresh CO feed is 262
kmol/h, which is higher than the stoichiometric amount needed to react with the 250 kmol/h of
DME because of the loss of CO in the purge stream. The gas is compressed from 5 to 32 atm
in compressor KCO, which requires 636 kW of compression work. Compressor work is priced
at the cost of electricity ($16.8/GJ).
The total vapor stream is fed to a multi-tube tubular reactor that is packed with solid catalyst.
The reactor has 1000 tubes, 0.05 m in diameter and 10 m in length. The catalyst has a density
of 2500 kg/m3 and a void fraction of 0.4. The total weight of catalyst is 48,800 kg. At a cost
of $50/kg, the catalyst cost is $2,440,000. The capital cost of the reactor vessel is estimated
from its heat-transfer area (1570 m2) to be $872,000. The heat from the exothermic reaction is
9
removed by generating low-pressure steam. A plug flow reactor model in Aspen Plus is used
with the cooling option of Constant medium temperature at 460 K. The heat removal rate is
7.165MW of energy, using an overall heat-transfer coefficient of 0.28 kW K-1 m-2. The low-
pressure steam generated in the reactor represents a credit of $1,760,000/yr. The Ergun
equation is used to calculate pressure drop through the reactor tubes. Total pressure drop
through the gas loop is 2 atm. The hot vapor stream from the reactor at 475 K is partially
condensed in a water-cooled heat exchanger (4.369 MW) and fed to a separator tank, which
operates at 320 K and 30 atm. Most of the gas from the separator is compressed back to 32 atm
in compressor K1, which requires 33.8 kW of compression work with a gas flow rate of 566.6
kmol/h.
A small portion of the separator gas is purged from the system in order to remove all the
hydrogen entering in the fresh CO feed. The required purge flowrate is 13.1 kmol/h when the
hydrogen composition is 40 mol%. The other components lost in the purge stream are CO
(55.24 mol%) and small amounts of DME (2.16 mol%) and methyl acetate (2.59 mol%). As
discussed in Section 13.3.5, lower hydrogen compositions result in higher losses of CO, which
necessitate more fresh feed of CO. The purge stream represents a small credit to the operation,
since it has heating value. Using a value of $6/GJ and estimating the useful energy obtained
from burning the gas in 5% excess air, the value of the purge stream is estimated to be
$1.6/kmol, with a purge gas composition of about 50:50 CO and hydrogen. The liquid from the
separator is fed on stage 2 of a 17-stage distillation column operating at 5 atm. Aspen notation
is used for tray numbers, with the reflux drum being stage 1. The separator liquid contains
small amounts of dissolved light components (essentially no hydrogen but some CO and DME)
that go overhead in the column and are recycled.
The column operating pressure of 5 atm is selected so that low-pressure steam can be used in
the reboiler. The base temperature is 387 K when the bottoms methyl acetate product is 99.9
mol% methyl acetate and 0.1 mol% methanol. The condenser temperature is set at 300 K by
including about 5 mol% methyl acetate in the vapor distillate. This means that refrigeration is
required (at 253 K and $7.89/GJ). However, the condenser duty is fairly small (0.653 MW)
since the vapor distillate is relatively small (52.39 kmol/h) and the RR is 1.32. The vapor
distillate is compressed in compressor K2 to 32 atm, requiring 101.6 kW of compression work.
The optimization of the column in terms of the number of trays and feed-tray location is
discussed in Section 13.3.5. The methyl acetate product is produced at a rate of 249.7 kmol/h
and a purity of 99.9 mol%. The impurity is the small amount of methanol that comes in with
the DME feed.

10
Carbonylation Kinetics
The chemistry of the carbonylation involves the reaction of CO with DME.
CO + CH3OCH3 ↔ CH3COOCH3
According to recent research, DME can be carbonylated with high selectivity to form MeOAc
(Cheung et al.5). The reaction rate data given by Cheung et al. may be reasonably represented
under steady operating conditions by a rate expression in the following form derived from their
mechanism:
rcarbonyl =kcarbonyl(𝑝𝑐𝑜1+𝐾𝑤𝑝𝑤)
rcarbonyl = carbonylation, kmol/kgcatalyst/sec/pa
kcarbonyl = carbonylation rate constant, kmol/kgcatalyst/sec/pa
KW =H2O adsorption equilibrium constant ,Pa

Data in Cheung et al. suggest that for DME-pretreated H-mordenite catalysts:

kcarbonyl= 8.2 * 10-5 exp(-8370/T) kmol/ kgcat/S/Pa

where T = temperature, K.
In practice, the inhibiting effect of water is so strong that it must be removed from the DME
stream prior to feeding the carbonylation step. In this work, it has been assumed that the DME
feed stream is sufficiently dry that the water adsorption term can be neglected.
That is reflected in the constants given in Table 1 for implementation in Aspen Plus. An
additional issue for simulation arises because this expression is zero-order in one of the
reactants, DME. In the event that DME is the limiting reactant, and because the reaction is
irreversible, this could result in calculated conversions of DME in excess of 100% (with
corresponding negative DME outflows). To avoid this occurrence, the above expression was
multiplied by a factor that is equal to unity except at very low DME partial pressures as shown
below:
rcarbonyl = kcarbonyl (pco/1+kw pw)(kDME pDME/1+ kDME pDME)
KDME = DME pseudo-adsorption equilibrium constant = 1 Pa-1

This overall rate expression remains zero-order in DME up to very high conversions but
approaches first-order behavior as 100% DME conversion is approached, so that the rate goes
to zero as DME approaches complete disappearance.

11
Modified flow sheet:

B5
B4

B2
8
B1
B3
6
1
3
4
5

Description
The liquid DME from the first section is fixed in the steady-state design and fresh CO feed is
sent into a mixer initially at room temperature . The total vapor stream is fed to a multi-tube
tubular reactor that is packed with solid catalyst. The catalyst has a density of 2500 kg/m3 and
a void fraction of 0.4. The total weight of catalyst is 48,800 kg. The heat from the exothermic
reaction is removed by generating low-pressure steam.

The hot vapor stream from the reactor at 475 K is partially condensed in a water-cooled heat
exchanger (4.369 MW) and fed to a distillation column, which operates at 320 K and 30 atm.
Most of the gas from the separator is sent back to the mixer to remove all the hydrogen entering
in the fresh CO hydrogen compositions result in higher losses of CO, which necessitate more
fresh feed of CO. The liquid enters the flash column operating at 320 k. The separator liquid
contains small amounts of dissolved light components (essentially no hydrogen but some CO
and DME) that go overhead in the column and are recycled. The column operating pressure of
5 atm is selected so that low-pressure steam can be used in the reboiler. The base temperature
is 387 K when the bottoms methyl acetate product is 99.9 mol% methyl acetate and 0.1 mol%
methanol. The condenser temperature is set at 300 K by including about 5 mol% methyl acetate
in the vapour distillate.

12
Process flow sheet:

B5
B4

B2
8
B1
B3
6
1
3
4
5

Stream id:

1. DME entering the mixer

2. CO entering the mixer
3. Stream leaving the mixer i.e. stream entering the reactor
4. Stream leaving the reactor i.e. stream entering the heat exchanger
5. Stream leaving the heat exchanger i.e. stream entering the distillation column-1
6. Product leaving from the top of distillation column-1 i.e. stream entering into distillation
column-2
7. Product leaving from the bottom of distillation column-1
8. Product leaving from the top of distillation column-2
9. Product leaving from the bottom of distillation column-2

13
 5. Material and Energy balances

B5
B4

B2
8
B1
B3
6
1
3
4
5

Material and energy balances:

Basis: 100 kg/hr of dimethyl ether, 100 kg/hr of carbon monoxide
Mixer:
Mass balance:
Feed entering into mixer:
Di methyl ether: 2.17 kmol/hr
Carbon monoxide: 3.57 kmol/hr
Feed leaving out of mixer:
Di methyl ether: 2.17 kmol/hr
Carbon monoxide: 3.57 kmol/hr
Energy balance;
The heat effect for the mixer is too low as it enters from room temperature. Hence it is
neglected.

3
B1

14
Reactor:
Mass balance:
Assuming 95% convergence of dimethyl ether

Streams entering into the reactor:

Di methyl ether: 2.17 kmol/hr
Carbon monoxide: 3.57 kmol/hr
Streams leaving the reactor:
Di methyl ether: 0.043 kmol/hr (trace)
Carbon monoxide: 1.45 kmol/hr
Methyl acetate: 2.126 kmol/hr
Energy balance:
Reactor temperature is at 475 K
298 298
Enthalpy of reactants = (m ∫273 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 )DME + (m ∫273 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 )CO
= (0.602*1792) + (0.975*725.124)
=1799.3 kW
475 475
Enthalpy of products = (m ∫298 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 )DME + (m ∫298 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 )CO +
475
(m ∫298 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 )MEOAC
= (0.011*15272.3) + (0.402*5215.96) + (0.590*18637.36)
= 13289.67 kW
Heat of formation ΔH0f = (ΔH0f)products - (ΔH0f)reactants
= (-350.5) – (-184.1 – 110.5) = -55.9 kJ/mol
DME rate of conversion = (2.17 – 0.043)*(-55.9)
= –32.91 kW
Enthalpy of reaction = 13289.67 – 32.91 – 1799.3
=11457.45 kW

3
B10

15
Heat exchanger:
Mass balance:
Streams entering into the Heat exchanger:
Carbon monoxide: 1.45 kmol/hr
Methyl acetate : 2.126 kmol/hr
Streams leaving the Heat exchanger:
Carbon monoxide: 1.45 kmol/hr
Methyl acetate : 2.126 kmol/hr
Energy balance:
Enthalpy in = 11457.45 kW
Products are cooled from 475 0K to 320 0K
320 320
Enthalpy out = (m ∫475 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 ) MEOAC + (m ∫475 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 )CO
= (0.402*-4575.64) + (0.590*-16617.65)
= - 11656.6 kW

Total enthalpy = enthalpy out – enthalpy in

= -23114.05 kW

B6
4 5

Distillation column-1:
Mass balance:
Feed:
Carbon monoxide :1.45 kmol/hr
Methyl acetate: 2.126 kmol/hr
Feed entering into the distillation column =3.576 kmol/hr( CO + methyl acetate)
XF =moles of CO in feed / total moles of feed.
=1.45/3.576 = 0.405
Let XD = 0.95 and XW = 0.05

16
Overall material balance:
F=D+W
Component balance:
F XF = D XD + W XW
Distillate flow rate = 1.410 kmol/hr
Residue flow rate = 2.165 kmol/hr
Distillate:

Carbon monoxide in distillate = 1.339 kmol/hr

Methyl acetate in distillate = 0.0705 kmol/hr
Residue:
Carbon monoxide in residue = 0.108 kmol/hr
Methyl acetate in residue = 2.056 kmol/hr
Energy balance:
Enthalpy in = -23114.05 kW
The distillate is at 300 K and residue is at 385 K

300 300
Enthalpy of distillate = (m ∫320 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 –m Hv )CO +(m ∫320 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 - mHv)MEOAC
= 0.402 (-582.19 – 5.190) + 0.590(-1839.68 - 12.16)
= -1330.2 kW
385 385
Enthalpy of residue = (m ∫320 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇+ m Hv )CO +(m ∫320 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇+ m Hv )MEOAC
= 0.402 (1904.61 + 5.190) + 0.590(6468.54 + 12.16)
=4596.43 kW

B5
6

17
Distillation column-2:
Mass balance:
Feed:
Carbon monoxide: 1.339 kmol/hr
Methyl acetate: 0.0705 kmol/hr
Feed entering into the flash column =1.409 kmol/hr (CO+MEOAC)
XF =moles of CO in feed / total moles of feed.
=0.0705/1.409 = 0.05
Let XD = 0.98 and XW = 0.02
Overall material balance:
F=D+W
Component balance:
F XF = D XD + W XW
Distillate flow rate = 0.0439 kmol/hr
Residue flow rate = 1.365 kmol/hr
Distillate:
Carbon monoxide in distillate = 0.0430 kmol/hr
Methyl acetate in distillate = 0.0008 kmol/hr
Residue:
Carbon monoxide in residue = 1.296 kmol/hr
Methyl acetate in residue = 0.0697 kmol/hr

Energy balance:
Enthalpy in = -1330.19 kW

The distillate is at 300 K and residue is at 385 K

300 300
Enthalpy of distillat = (m ∫300 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 – m Hv )CO +(m ∫300 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇- m Hv)MEOAC
= -2.090 – 7.181
= -9.271 kW
385 385
Enthalpy of residue = (m ∫300 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇+ m Hv )CO +(m ∫300 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇+ m Hv )MEOAC
=0.3719 (2486.805+5.190) +0.0195(8308.229+12.16)
=1089.01 kW

18
B5

19
 6. Process simulation
Figure 1. Process flow diagram:

Figure 2. Process flow sheet

20
Figure 3. Results summary control panel

Figure 4. Plant view

21
Material and energy balance:
Heat exchanger:
Total Units In Out Rel. diff
Mole-flow kmol/hr 250 250 0
Mass-flow kg/hr 11513.7533 11513.7533 0
Enthalpy cal/sec -3413298.23 -3163582.44 -0.0731596729

22
Reactor:
Total Units In Out Generated Rel. diff
Mole-flow kmol/hr 1140.41194 1076.5358 -63.8761424 0
Mass-flow kg/hr 47312.2319 47312.2319 -7.68929864E-16
Enthalpy cal/sec -12228251.6 -12228251.6 -1.52323097E-16

23
HX1:
Total Units In Out Rel. diff
Mole-flow kmol/hr 1076.5358 1076.5358 0
Mass-flow kg/hr 47312.2319 47312.2319 0
Enthalpy cal/sec -12228251.6 -12227131.4 -9.16064939E-05

24
Flash column:
Total Units In Out Rel. diff
Mole-flow kmol/hr 1076.5358 1076.5358 2.11208652E-16
Mass-flow kg/hr 47312.2319 47312.2319 1.53785973E-16
Enthalpy cal/sec -12227131.4 -13842959.1 0.116725596

25
Distillation column 1:
Total Units In Out Rel. diff
Mole-flow kmol/hr 778.969319 778.969319 0
Mass-flow kg/hr 37396.7726 37396.7724 4.18198407E-09
Enthalpy cal/sec -11248802.4 -10649720.6 -0.0532573881

26
Distillation column 2:
Total Units In Out Rel. diff
Mole-flow kmol/hr 155.793864 155.793864 0
Mass-flow kg/hr 8947.40848 8947.40824 2.66803585E-08
Enthalpy cal/sec -3091680.89 -3055072.92 -0.0118407978

27
Compressor 2:
Total Units In Out Rel. diff
Mole-flow kmol/hr 623.175455 623.175455 0
Mass-flow kg/hr 28449.3639 28449.3639 0
Enthalpy cal/sec -7558039.67 -7267152.98 -0.0384870563

28
Mixer:
Total Units In Out Rel. diff
Mole-flow kmol/hr 890.415455 890.411944 3.94280891E-06
Mass-flow kg/hr 35798.6519 35798.4786 4.84086888E-06
Enthalpy cal/sec -9064710.19 -9064669.15 -4.52643398E-06

29
Mixer1:
Total Units In Out Rel. diff
Mole-flow kmol/hr 1140.41194 1140.41194 0
Mass-flow kg/hr 47312.2319 47312.2319 0
Enthalpy cal/sec -12228251.6 -12228251.6 1.52323097E-16

30
Compressor 1:
Total Units In Out Rel. diff
Mole-flow kmol/hr 267.24 267.24 0
Mass-flow kg/hr 7349.28801 7349.28801 0
Enthalpy cal/sec -1934292.2 -1797557.21 -0.0706899347

31
 Sensitivity analysis

Variation in production with pressure change

Sensitivity Results Curve
64.3
64.2 PRODUCT KMOL/HR
64.1
64.0
63.9
63.8
63.7
63.6
63.5
P RODUCT KMOL/HR

63.4
63.3
63.2
63.1
63.0
62.9
62.8
62.7
62.6
62.5
62.4
62.3
20.0 20.5 21.0 21.5 22.0 22.5 23.0 23.5 24.0 24.5 25.0 25.5 26.0 26.5 27.0 27.5 28.0 28.5 29.0 29.5 30.0 30.5 31.0 31.5 32.0 32.5 33.0 33.5 34.0 34.5 35.0 35.5 36.0 36.5 37.0 37.5 38.0 38.5 39.0 39.5 40.0
PARAM PRES ATM

32
 Conclusions

1. Properties of the components present in the process are estimated by

using Group contribution methods.
2. Material and energy balances are performed manually.
3. Steady state simulations are performed for the entire process plant.
4. Sensitivity analysis is done for the process conditions of the process.

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 13. Bibliography

 The properties of Gases & Liquids by Robert C. Reid John M. Prausnitz Bruce E. Poling

 Chemical Biochemical and Engineering Thermodynamics by Stanley I. Sandler

 Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics byY.V.C.Rao

 Process control and dynamic simulation by William. L. Luyben

 Principles and case studies of simultaneous design by William. L. Luyben

 Coulson & Richardson's Chemical Engineering. Vol. 6

 Chemical engineering design by Sinnott Towler 5th edition
 Perry and Chilton, Chemical Engineers Hand Book 4th edition

 Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers by Max S.Peters and Klaus
D.Timmerhaus

 Chemical Process Engineering Design and Economics - Silla

 Perry and Chilton, Chemical Engineers Hand Book 5th edition

 ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDELINES - distillation column - Rev 03 web

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