RESEARCH ARTICLE

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Vol. 23, 5759–5761, 2017

Linear Polarization Resistance and Open

Circuit Potential Studies for the Corrosion
Behavior of Ni3(Si,Ti) + 4Al Intermetallic
Compound in NaCl Solutions
Gadang Priyotomo1 ∗ and Yasuyuki Kaneno2
1
Research Center for Metallurgy and Material, Indonesian Institute of Sciences 15314, Indonesia
2
Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 599-8531, Japan

The corrosion behaviour of the intermetallic compound Ni3 (Si,Ti) + 4Al has been investigated using electro-
chemical methods in various chloride concentration up to 1 M at ambient temperature. In addition, open circuit
potential (OCP) and linear polarization resistance (LPR) are portion of electrochemical method. It was found
that the addition of chloride concentration up to the chloride concentration of 1 M does not shift OCP toward
active region (negative direction) and dissolve passive film on the surface of compounds. The corrosion resis-
tance of the compound was decreased slightly with increasing chloride concentration at ambient temperature.
Delivered
Furthermore, at ambient temperature, theby Ingenta
passive film ofto:
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even though their corrosion IP:resistances
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stability of film for Ni3 (Si,Ti) + 4Al American Scientific Publishers
in more detail.

Keywords: Intermetallic Compound, Open Circuit Potential, Linear Polarization Resistance, Corrosion.

1. INTRODUCTION such as hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid and nitric acid.6 In

Ni3 (Si,Ti) intermetallic compounds with L12 structure have spe-
cial strength and ductility properties; that is, (1) an increase in
flow strength with increasing temperature and (2) high ductility
over a extensive range of operating temperature.1 2 In particu-
lar, their strength level were extremely high compared to those
of other L12 ordered intermetallic compounds which have been
made as advanced high temperature materials.3 On the other
hand, Ni3 (Si,Ti) intermetallic compounds have excellent mechan-
ical properties compared to those of commercial alloys such as
nickel–base alloys, steel and stainless steel. In addition, this com-
pound was shown an excellent oxidation resistance in open air
at ambient and elevated operational temperatures.4 Furthermore,
an improvement in the mechanical property of the Ni3 (Si,Ti)
intermetallic compound was also attempted with macro-alloying
method, i.e., addition of aluminium, which enhanced high-
temperature yield strength and improve fracture strain at various
high operational temperatures.5
However, Priyotomo and co-worker had already elucidated that
the Ni3 (Si,Ti) with addition of 4 at% aluminium showed the
detrimental effect for its corrosion resistance in acid solutions
∗
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
addition, the pitting corrosion resistance of Ni3 (Si,Ti) + 4Al is
lower that of Ni3 (Si,Ti) intermetallic compound in neutral sodium
chloride.7 Moreover, there are little study on the behaviour of cor-
roded surface of Ni3 (Si,Ti) + 4Al during immersion in corrosive
solutions and its corrosion behaviour using open circuit potential
(OCP) and linear polarization resistance (LPR) methods, respec-
tively. Furthermore, open circuit potential (OCP) is the electrode
potential at which no net current flow through the external circuit
of the electrochemical cell.8 The linear polarization resistance
method is a quick used in material corrosion studies to obtain
corrosion rate data compared to Tafel method.
Therefore, the objective of this work is to indicate cor-
roded surface behaviour of Ni3 (Si,Ti) with addition of 4 at%
Al with various chloride concentrations at ambient temperature
after immersion and to elucidate corrosion behaviour of this
intermetallic compounds.
2. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS
2.1. The Specimens
Ni–11 at.% Si–5.5 at.% Ti–4 at.% Al compound with the addi-
tion of 50 wt. ppm (part per million) of boron was made by
applying an arc melting method under an argon gas atmosphere

Adv. Sci. Lett. Vol. 23, No. 6, 2017 1936-6612/2017/23/5759/003 doi:10.1166/asl.2017.8824 5759
RESEARCH ARTICLE
in a high vacuum electric furnace. It was homogenized at 1323 K
for 48 hours under argon atmosphere and then cooled in the high
vacuum furnace with cooling rate of 283 K/min.
2.2. Electrochemical Test
The specimens were polished with silicon carbide paper to 1000
grit and then were rinsed with distilled water. The test solutions
were neutral sodium chloride solutions with various sodium chlo-
ride concentrations (0.0001 M to 1 M), which were prepared with
the distilled water and high grade chemical reagent. Furthermore,
all prepared specimens and solutions were applied to following
two types of experiments:
2.2.1. Open-Circuit Potential (OCP)
Open-circuit potential, Ecorr changes were measured against a
standard saturated calomel electrode (SCE) placed in the same
cell. This type of electrochemical experiment was carried out in a
round bottom cell of 400 ml capacity using a potentiostat instru-
ment (Gamry Instrument), interfaced to a personal computer. The
potential changes were monitored using a saturated calomel elec-
trode (SCE) as a reference electrode in accordance with ASTM
G3-89. The surface of the working electrode was covered with
hardened resin to expose an effective area of 0.6 cm2 . A platinum
wire served as the counter electrode. Furthermore, this experi-
ment was conducted within the period of 1800 seconds.
2.2.2. Linear Polarization Resistance (LPR)
For determining polarization resistance (Rp), the working elec-
trode containing specimen are polarized,Delivered bythe
typically on Ingenta
order to:aGadang
of ± 10 mV, relative to its open circuitIP: 202.62.19.37
potential (OCP) at On:
a rateTue, measured
Copyright:
of 0.1 mV/s. Polarization resistance was determined by American
the slope Scientific
of the potential versus current line. The polarization resistance
can then be used to find the corrosion rate of the material using
the Stern-Geary equation.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. OCP in Various Concentration of Chloride
Figure 1 shows open circuit potential as a function of immersion
time for Ni3 (Si,Ti) + 4Al intermetallic compound at various chlo-
ride concentration at ambient temperature. The variation of OCP
Fig. 1. Open circuit potential [mV vs. (SCE)] over time for Ni3 (Si,Ti) + 4Al
electrode at various chloride concentration at ambient temperature; (a) 0 M,
(b) 0,0001 M, (c) 0,001 M, (d) 0,01 M, (e) 0,1 M, (f) 1 M.
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Adv. Sci. Lett. 23, 5759–5761, 2017
of the compounds with the immersion time commonly gives
valuable information on their corrosion phenomena at which
there is no current. In addition, this potential may vary with time
because changes in the nature of the surface of the working elec-
trode occur such as oxidation, formation of the passive layer or
immunity.9
During the first period of immersion, all EOC displacements
towards positive potentials were showed in Figure 1 until a final
period. These initial increase of OCP values indicate to be cor-
responded to the formation and thickening of the oxide film
on the metallic surface, improving these corrosion protection
resistances.10 Moreover, it is clear from Figure 1 (curve f) that
the potential shifts rapidly goes down from −3993 mV (the time
of 22 secs) to −422,5 mV (the time of 116 secs) even though
at the early moments of immersion, OCP increases toward the
positive direction. It means that the decrease of OCP exhibits the
dissolution of an immersion formed oxide layer.11 Afterwards, in
the range of the time of 116 secs–359 secs, the rapid increase of
OCP also indicates the oxide passive recovery on the surface of
Ni3 (Si,Ti) + 4Al. Therefore, it implies that the addition of chlo-
ride concentration up to 1 M does not shift OCP toward active
region (negative direction) and dissolve oxide film, respectively.
However, the indication of oxide film growth is revealed due to
increases the OCP for all various chloride concentrations.
3.2. Polarization Resistance and Corrosion Property
Figure 2 shows linear polarization results in various chloride
concentrations at ambient temperature. Linear polarization resis-
tance (LPR) are conducted to measure the polarization resistance,
quantity Priyotomo
corresponded to the corrosion rate. The current is
17 Oct 2017 16:10:34
as a function of potential in the vicinity of corrosion
Publishers
potential.12 Furthermore the polarization resistance is the slope
of the curves at the corrosion potential as shown in Figure 2.
On the other hand, Table I shows parameters obtained from LPR
measurement. The parameters are corrosion rates, polarization
resistances (Rp), corrosion potentials (Ecorr  and corrosion cur-
rent densities. Moreover, the magnitude of corrosion rates for
the compounds tends to increase slightly with increasing chloride
concentration up to 1 M. The magnitude of polarization resis-
tances decrease slightly with increasing chloride concentrations,
whereas that of corrosion rates increases slightly with increasing
Fig. 2. Linear polarization results (potential vs. current density plots) in var-
ious chloride concentration at ambient temperature; (a) 0 M, (b) 0,0001 M,
(c) 0,001 M, (d) 0,01 M, (e) 0,1 M, (f) 1 M.
Adv. Sci. Lett. 23, 5759–5761, 2017 RESEARCH ARTICLE

Table I. Parameters obtained from LPR measurements. 1. The addition of chloride concentration up to the chloride con-
Concentration of Corrosion Icorr
centration of 1 M does not shift OCP toward active region (neg-
NaCl (Molar) rate (mpy) Rp (kOhm) Ecorr (mV) (uA/cm2 ) ative direction) and dissolve passive film, respectively.
0 005111 3882 −379 006711 2. It was found that the corrosion resistance of the compound
0.0001 00786 2524 −305 01032 was decreased slightly with increasing chloride concentration at
0.001 00803 2471 −367 01054 ambient temperature.
0.01 008756 2266 −387 0115
3. A further experiment may be conducted to clarify the stability
0.1 009286 2137 −359 01219
1 01202 1651 −355 01578 of film for Ni3 (Si,Ti) + 4Al in more detail.

those. In addition, from LPR method, it was found that the cor- Acknowledgments: This research was supported by
rosion resistance of the compound was decreased slightly with Research Center for Metallurgy and Material, Indonesian Insti-
increasing chloride concentration. However, the magnitudes of all tute of Sciences. We thank our colleagues from Osaka Prefecture
their corrosion rates up to 1 M NaCl solution are lower because University who provided raw intermetallic compound and exper-
of less than corrosion rate of 1 mpy.
tise that greatly assisted the research.
As described in the previous sections, the addition of chlo-
ride concentration up to 1 M does not indicate to influence
significantly the dissolution of oxide film on the surface of References and Notes
Ni3 (Si,Ti) + 4Al intermetallic compound. This means that the 1.
T. Takasugi, M. Nagashima, and O. Izumi, Acta Metall. Mater. 38, 747 (1990).
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T. Takasugi and M. Yoshida, J. Mater. Sci. 26, 3517 (1991).
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Y. Kaneno, T. Myoki, and T. Takasugi, Int. J. Mater. Res. 99, 1229 (2008).
4.
Y. Kaneno and T. Takasugi, Mater. Sci. Forum. 561–565, 411 (2007).
increase in temperature, the corrosion rates of material increase
5.
Y. Fujimoto, Y. Kaneno, M. Yoshida, and T. Takasugi, Mater. Sci and Eng.
significantly.13 It implies that the main role of temperature may A528, 4104 (2011).
be possible to influence of the kinetic of electrochemical process 6. G. Priyotomo, S. Wagle, K. Okitsu, A. Iwase, Y. Kaneno, R. Nishimura, and
corresponded to the magnitude of corrosion rates due to at ambi- T. Takasugi, Corr. Sci. 60, 10 (2012).
ent temperature. Therefore, at ambient temperature, the passive 7. G. Priyotomo, P. Sebleku, and Y. Kaneno, Int. J. Sci. Eng. 6, 81 (2014).
8. K. B. Kabir and I. Mahmud, J. Chem. Eng. 25, 13 (2010).
film of the compounds is still relative a stable condition, even 9. Y. J. Y. Santana, G. M. Tejera, G. M.Torrado, L. S. Baltes, and R. J. C. Mirza,
though their corrosion resistance increase slightly. Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Brasov. 2, 197 (2009).
10. S. Canary, N. Hersek, A. Culha, and S. Bilgic, J. Oral Rehabilitation 25, 759
(1998).
4. CONCLUSION Delivered by Ingenta to: Gadang Priyotomo
11. E. S. M. Sherif, H. S. Abdo, K. A. Khalil, and A. M. Nabawym, Metals 5, 1799
IP: 202.62.19.37 On: Tue, 17(2015). Oct 2017 16:10:34
Linear polarization resistance and open circuit potential
Copyright: stud- Scientific Publishers
American 12. I. Miroslav and M. I. Marek, Fundamental of Corrosion, Metals Handbook
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Desk Edition, Second Edition, Asm International, 13, 61 (1987).
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Received: 12 December 2016. Accepted: 19 December 2016.

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