Solid Waste Management

10/9/2014 SWM 1
10/9/2014 SWM 2
 What are solid wastes?
 All wastes happening from human and animal
activities
 Normally solid
 Discarded as useless or unwanted
 Urban community, Agricultural, Industrial and
Mineral wastes

10/9/2014 SWM 3
10/9/2014 SWM 4
 Materials Flow and Waste
Generation
Raw Materials Residual debris

Manufacturing Residual waste

material

Processing and Secondary

recovery manufacturing

Raw materials, products,

Consumer and recovered materials

Final disposal Waste materials

10/9/2014 SWM 5
 Solid Waste Management
 The discipline associated with the control of
generation, storage, collection, transfer and
transport, processing, and disposal of solid
wastes in a manner that is in accord with the
best principles of public health, economics,
engineering, conservation, aesthetics, and
other environmental considerations, and that is
also responsive to public attitudes.

10/9/2014 SWM 6
10/9/2014 SWM 7
 Solid Waste Management
(continued)
 Complex interdisciplinary relationships among
political science, city and regional planning,
geography, economics, public health,
sociology, demography, communications, and
conservation, as well as engineering and
materials science

10/9/2014 SWM 8
 Interrelationships between the functional elements in a solid
waste management system

Waste generation

Waste handling, separation, storage, and

processing at the source

Collection

Transfer and Separation and processing and

transport transformation of solid waste

Disposal
10/9/2014 9
SWM
Waste handling, separation, storage,
and processing at the source

 Handling and separation involve the activities

associated with management of wastes until
they are placed in storage containers for
collection.
 The best place to separate waste materials for
reuse and recycling is at the source of
generation (currently, also for hazardous
wastes).

10/9/2014 SWM 10
 Collection
 Include the gathering and the transport of these
materials
 In large cities, where the haul distance to the
point of disposal is greater than 15 miles, the
haul may have significant economic
implications.
 Transfer and transport facilities are normally
used where long distances are involved

10/9/2014 SWM 11
 Separation and processing and
transformation of solid waste

 Separated wastes are recovered by three means, i.e.

curbside collection, drop off, and buy back centres.
 Processing includes; e.g. the separation of bulky items,
size reduction by shredding, separation of ferrous
metals using magnets.
 Transformation processes are used to reduce the
volume and weight of waste requiring disposal and to
recover conversion products and energy.

10/9/2014 SWM 12
 Transfer and Transport
1. The transfer of wastes from the smaller
collection vehicle to the larger transport
equipment
2. The subsequent transport of the wastes,
usually over long distances, to a processing
or disposal site

10/9/2014 SWM 13
 Disposal
 Landfilling or landspreading is the ultimate
fate of all solid wastes.
 A modern sanitary landfill is not a dump; it is
an engineered facility used for disposing of
solid wastes without creating nuisances or
hazards to public health or safety.
 EIA is required for all new landfill sites.

10/9/2014 SWM 14
 Integrated Solid Waste
Management
“The selection and application of suitable
techniques, technologies, and management
programs to achieve specific waste
management objectives and goals”

10/9/2014 SWM 15
Hierarchy of Integrated Solid Waste
Management
 Source reduction: the most effective way to reduce
waste quantity
 Recycling: involves the separation and collection; the
preparation for reuse, reprocessing; the reuse,
reprocessing
 Waste transformation: the physical, chemical, or
biological alteration of wastes
 Landfilling: the least desirable but indispensable
mean for dealing with wastes

10/9/2014 SWM 16
 Sources, Types, and
Composition of Industrial
Solid Wastes

10/9/2014 SWM 17
 Sources of Solid Wastes
 Residential
 Commercial
 Institutional Municipal solid waste
(MSW)
 Construction and Demolition
 Municipal services
 Treatment plant sites
 Industrial
 Agricultural
10/9/2014 SWM 18
 Plastic Materials
 Polyethylene terephthalate (PETE/1)
 High-density polyethylene (HDPE/2)
 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC/3)
 Low-density polyethylene (LDPE/4)
 Polypropylene (PP/5)
 Polystyrene (PS/6)
 Other multilayered plastic materials (7)
10/9/2014 SWM 19
 Hazardous Wastes
“Wastes or combinations of wastes
that pose a substantial present or
potential hazard to human health or
living organisms”

10/9/2014 SWM 20
 Industrial Solid Waste Excluding Process
Wastes

10/9/2014 SWM 21
 Industrial Solid Waste Excluding Process
Wastes (cont.)

10/9/2014 SWM 22
10/9/2014 SWM 23
10/9/2014 SWM 24
 Determination of the Composition
of MSW in the Field
 Residential MSW: 200 lb (90.72kg) of samples is
considered enough. To obtain a sample, the load is
first quartered. One part is then selected for
additional quartering until a sample size of about
200 lb (90.72kg) is obtained.
 Commercial and Industrial MSW: Samples
need to be taken directly from the source, not from
a mixed waste load in a collection vehicle.

10/9/2014 SWM 25
 Physical, Chemical, and
Biological Properties of
MSW

10/9/2014 SWM 26
 Physical Properties of MSW

 Specific weight
 Moisture content
 Particle size and size distribution
 Field capacity
 Compacted waste porosity

10/9/2014 SWM 27
10/9/2014 SWM 28
 Chemical Properties of MSW
 The four most important properties if solid
wastes are to be used as fuel are;
1. Proximate analysis
2. Fusing point of ash
3. Ultimate analysis (major elements)
4. Energy content
 The major and trace elements are required
if the MSW is to be composted or used as
10/9/2014 feedstock SWM 29
 Proximate Analysis
 Moisture (moisture lost after heated at
105°C for 1 hr.)
 Volatile combustible matter (additional loss
of weight after ignited at 950°C)
 Fixed carbon (combustible residue after
volatile matter removal)
 Ash (weight of residue after combustion)
10/9/2014 SWM 30
 Ultimate Analysis of Solid Waste
Components
 Involves the determination of the percent
C, H, O, N, S, and ash
 Due to the chlorinated compounds
emission, the determination of halogens is
often included.
 Moreover, they are used to define the
proper mix of waste materials to achieve
suitable C/N ratios for biological
conversion processes.
10/9/2014 SWM 31
10/9/2014 SWM 32
 Energy Content of Solid Waste
Components

Determined by;
1. A full scale boiler as a calorimeter

2. A laboratory bomb calorimeter

3. Calculation, if the elemental

composition is known
1
Btu / lb  145C  610( H 2  O2 )  40S  10 N
8
10/9/2014 SWM 33
10/9/2014 SWM 34
10/9/2014 SWM 35
 Physical Transformations

1. Component separation
2. Mechanical volume reduction
3. Mechanical size reduction

10/9/2014 SWM 36
 Chemical Transformations

1. Combustion (chemical oxidation)

2. Pyrolysis
3. Gasification

10/9/2014 SWM 37
10/9/2014 SWM 38
 Biological Transformations

 Aerobic Composting
 Anaerobic Digestion

10/9/2014 SWM 39
10/9/2014 SWM 40
10/9/2014 SWM 41
 Waste Handling and
Separation, Storage, and
Processing at The Source

10/9/2014 SWM 42
 Waste Handling and Separation
at Commercial and Industrial
Facilities
 Relatively large containers mounted on
rollers are utilised before being emptied.
 Solid wastes from industrial facilities are
handled in the same way as those from the
commercial facilities.

10/9/2014 SWM 43
 Storage of Solid Wastes at
The Source
 Effects of Storage on Waste Components;
biological decomposition, absorption of
fluids, contamination of waste components
 Types of Containers

10/9/2014 SWM 44
10/9/2014 SWM 45
10/9/2014 SWM 46
 Processing of Solid Wastes at
the Source

 Grinding of Food Wastes

 Separation of Wastes
 Compaction
 Composting
 Combustion

10/9/2014 SWM 47
 Collection of Solid Waste

10/9/2014 SWM 48
 Introduction
 Difficulties arise from the complexity
of the sources of solid wastes.
 Due to the high costs of fuel and labour,
~50-70% of total money spent for
collection, transportation, and disposal
in 1992 was used on the collection
phase.

10/9/2014 SWM 49
 Definition of Collection
“Gathering or picking up of solid wastes,
including the hauling to and unloading at
the site”

10/9/2014 SWM 50
10/9/2014 SWM 51
10/9/2014 SWM 52
 Types of Collection Systems
 Hauled Container Systems (HCS)
 Stationary Container Systems (SCS)

10/9/2014 SWM 53
 HCS: Conventional Mode

10/9/2014 SWM 54
 HCS: Exchange Container Mode

10/9/2014 SWM 55
 Hauled Container Systems (HCS)

Pros Cons
 Suited for the removal of  Each container requires a round
wastes from high rate of trip to the disposal site (or
generation sources because transfer point)
relatively large containers are  Container size and utilisation
used are of great economic
 Reduce handling time, importance
unsightly accumulations and
unsanitary conditions
 Require only one truck and
driver to complete the
collection cycle

10/9/2014 SWM 56
10/9/2014 SWM 57
 Personnel Requirements for HCS

 Usually, a single collector-driver is used

 A driver and helper should be used, in
some cases, for safety reasons or where
hazardous wastes are to be handled

10/9/2014 SWM 58
 SCS

10/9/2014 SWM 59
 Stationary Container Systems (SCS)

 Can be used for the collection of all types of wastes

 There are two main types: mechanically loaded and

manually loaded

 Internal compaction mechanisms are widely use thanks

to their economical advantages

10/9/2014 SWM 60
 Transfer Operations
Can be economical when;
1. Small, manually loaded collection vehicles are
used for residential wastes and long haul
distances are involved
2. Extremely large quantities of wastes must be
hauled over long distances
3. One transfer station can be used by a number of
collection vehicles

10/9/2014 SWM 61
 Personnel Requirements for SCS

Mechanically Manually
 The same as for HCS  The number of collectors
 A driver and two helpers varies from 1 to 3
are used if the containers
are at the inaccessible
locations, e.g. congested
downtown commercial
area

10/9/2014 SWM 62
 Separation and Processing
and Transformation of Solid
Waste

10/9/2014 SWM 63
 Uses for recovered materials
 Direct reuse
 Raw materials for remanufacturing and
reprocessing
 Feedstock for biological and chemical
conversion products
 Fuel source
 Land reclamation

10/9/2014 SWM 64
 Unit Operations Used For The
Separation and Processing of Waste
Materials
 To modify the physical characteristics of the
waste
 To remove specific components and
contaminants
 To process and prepare the separated materials
for subsequent uses

10/9/2014 SWM 65
Shredders (a) hammermill (b) fail mill (c) shear shredder

Trommel
10/9/2014 SWM 66
 Baler

Magnetic Separators

10/9/2014 SWM Can Crusher 67

 Facilities for Handling, Moving, and Storing Waste Materials

10/9/2014 SWM 68
10/9/2014 SWM 69
10/9/2014 SWM 70
10/9/2014 SWM 71
 Waste Transformation Through
Combustion

10/9/2014 SWM 72
 Waste Transformation through
Aerobic Composting

10/9/2014 SWM 73
 Objectives of Composting

1. To stabilise the biodegradable organic

materials
2. To destroy pathogens, insect eggs, etc.
3. To retain the maximum nutrient (N,P,K)
4. To produce fertilizer

10/9/2014 SWM 74
 Windrow
Composting

Static Pile
Composting

10/9/2014 SWM 75
 Transfer and Transport

10/9/2014 SWM 76
 The Need for Transfer Operations

 Direct hauling is not feasible

 Illegal dumping due to the excessive haul
distances
 Disposal sites are far from the collection
routes more than 10 mi
 Use of small-capacity collection vehicles
(< 20 yd3)
 Low-density residential service area
10/9/2014 SWM 77
 The Need for Transfer
Operations (continued)

 The use of HCS with small containers for

commercial sources waste
 The use of hydraulic or pneumatic
collection systems
 Transfer operation is an integral part of
the operation of a MRF

10/9/2014 SWM 78
 Types of Transfer Station
Direct-load

Storage-load

Storing Combined direct-

capacity and discharge-load
1-3 days

10/9/2014 SWM 79
Disposal of Solid Wastes
and Residual Matter

10/9/2014 SWM 80
10/9/2014 SWM 81
 Development and completion
of a landfill
Preparation of the
site for landfilling

The placement of
wastes

Postclosure
management

10/9/2014 SWM 82
 Concerns with the Landfilling
of Solid Wastes
 The uncontrolled release of landfill gases
 The impact of landfill gases as the greenhouse
gases
 The uncontrolled release of leachate
 The breeding and harbouring of disease
vectors
 The adverse effects of the trace gases arising
from the hazardous materials
10/9/2014 SWM 83
 “The goal for the design and
operation of a modern landfill
is to eliminate or minimize the
impacts associated with these
concerns.”

10/9/2014 SWM 84
10/9/2014 SWM 85
10/9/2014 SWM 86
10/9/2014 SWM 87
10/9/2014 SWM 88
10/9/2014 SWM 89
10/9/2014 SWM 90
10/9/2014 SWM 91