International A Level Mathematics Pure Mathematics 3 Student Book Sample

PEARSON EDEXCEL INTERNATIONAL A LEVEL
PURE MATHEMATICS 3
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Student Book
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Series Editors: Joe Skrakowski and Harry Smith
Authors: Greg Attwood, Jack Barraclough, Ian Bettison, Gordon Davies, Keith Gallick,
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Daniel Goldberg, Alistair Macpherson, Anne McAteer, Bronwen Moran, Su Nicholson,
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Diane Oliver, Joe Petran, Keith Pledger, Cong San, Joe Skrakowski, Harry Smith,
Geoff Staley, Robert Ward-Penny, Dave Wilkins
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Published by Pearson Education Limited, 80 Strand, London, WC2R 0RL. Endorsement Statement
In order to ensure that this resource offers high-quality support for the associated
www.pearsonglobalschools.com Pearson qualification, it has been through a review process by the awarding body.
This process confirms that this resource fully covers the teaching and learning
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website: https://qualifications.pearson.com confirms that it demonstrates an appropriate balance between the development
of subject skills, knowledge and understanding, in addition to preparation for
Text © Pearson Education Limited 2019 assessment.
Edited by Richard Hutchinson and Eric Pradel
Typeset by Tech-Set Ltd, Gateshead, UK Endorsement does not cover any guidance on assessment activities or processes
Original illustrations © Pearson Education Limited 2019 (e.g. practice questions or advice on how to answer assessment questions)
Illustrated by © Tech-Set Ltd, Gateshead, UK included in the resource, nor does it prescribe any particular approach to the
Cover design by © Pearson Education Limited teaching or delivery of a related course.
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The rights of Greg Attwood, Jack Barraclough, Ian Bettison, Gordon Davies, While the publishers have made every attempt to ensure that advice on the
Keith Gallick, Daniel Goldberg, Alistair Macpherson, Anne McAteer, Bronwen qualification and its assessment is accurate, the official specification and
Moran, Su Nicholson, Diane Oliver, Joe Petran, Keith Pledger, Cong San, Joe associated assessment guidance materials are the only authoritative source of
Skrakowski, Harry Smith, Geoff Staley, Robert Ward-Penny and Dave Wilkins to be information and should always be referred to for definitive guidance.
identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance
with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Pearson examiners have not contributed to any sections in this resource relevant to
examination papers for which they have responsibility.
First published 2019
Examiners will not use endorsed resources as a source of material for any
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is the only suitable material available to support the qualification, and any resource
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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library resources.
ISBN 978 1 292244 92 1
Copyright notice
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All rights reserved. No part of this may be reproduced in any form or by any means
(including photocopying or storing it in any medium by electronic means and
whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication)
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without the written permission of the copyright owner, except in accordance with
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The authors and publisher would like to thank the following individuals and
organisations for permission to reproduce photographs:
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158, viktor95 102
Cover images: Front: Getty Images: Werner Van Steen

Inside front cover: Shutterstock.com: Dmitry Lobanov
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All other images © Pearson Education Limited 2019

All artwork © Pearson Education Limited 2019
CONTENTS iii
COURSE STRUCTURE iv
ABOUT THIS BOOK vi
QUALIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW viii
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EXTRA ONLINE CONTENT x
1 ALGEBRAIC METHODS 1
2 FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS 10
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3 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 46
REVIEW EXERCISE 1 C
4 TRIGONOMETRIC ADDITION FORMULAE 70
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5 EXPONENTIALS AND LOGARITHMS 102
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6 DIFFERENTIATION 122
7 INTEGRATION 146
8 NUMERICAL METHODS 158
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REVIEW EXERCISE 2 170

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EXAM PRACTICE 174

GLOSSARY 176
ANSWERS 178
INDEX 214
iv COURSE STRUCTURE
CHAPTER 1 ALGEBRAIC CHAPTER 4 TRIGONOMETRIC

METHODS 1 ADDITION FORMULAE 70
1.1 ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS WITH 4.1 ADDITION FORMULAE 71
ALGEBRAIC FRACTIONS 2 4.2 USING THE ANGLE ADDITION
1.2 IMPROPER FRACTIONS 5 FORMULAE 75
CHAPTER REVIEW 1 8 4.3 DOUBLE-ANGLE FORMULAE 78
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4.4 SOLVING TRIGONOMETRIC
EQUATIONS 81
CHAPTER 2 FUNCTIONS AND
4.5 SIMPLIFYING a cos x ± b sin x 85
GRAPHS 10 4.6 PROVING TRIGONOMETRIC
2.1 THE MODULUS FUNCTION 11
IDENTITIES 90
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2.2 FUNCTIONS AND MAPPINGS 15
CHAPTER REVIEW 4 93
2.3 COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS 20
2.4 INVERSE FUNCTIONS 24
2.5 y =|f(x )| AND y = f(|x |)
2.6 COMBINING TRANSFORMATIONS
2.7 SOLVING MODULUS PROBLEMS
28
32
35 C
REVIEW EXERCISE 1
CHAPTER 5 EXPONENTIALS
97
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CHAPTER REVIEW 2 40
AND LOGARITHMS 102
5.1 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS 103
CHAPTER 3 TRIGONOMETRIC
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5.2 y = eax + b + c 105

FUNCTIONS 46 5.3 NATURAL LOGARITHMS 108
3.1 SECANT, COSECANT AND 5.4 LOGARITHMS AND NON-LINEAR
COTANGENT 47 DATA 110
3.2 GRAPHS OF sec x, cosec x 5.5 EXPONENTIAL MODELLING 116
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AND cot x 49 CHAPTER REVIEW 5 118

3.3 U SING sec x, cosec x
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AND cot x 53
3.4 TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES 57
3.5 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS 62
CHAPTER REVIEW 3 66
COURSE STRUCTURE v
CHAPTER 6 CHAPTER 8 NUMERICAL

DIFFERENTIATION 122 METHODS 158
6.1 DIFFERENTIATING sin x AND 8.1 LOCATING ROOTS 159
cos x 123 8.2 FIXED POINT ITERATION 163
6.2 DIFFERENTIATING EXPONENTIALS CHAPTER REVIEW 8 167
AND LOGARITHMS 126
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6.3 THE CHAIN RULE 128
REVIEW EXERCISE 2 170
6.4 THE PRODUCT RULE 132
6.5 THE QUOTIENT RULE 134
6.6 DIFFERENTIATING EXAM PRACTICE 174
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 137
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CHAPTER REVIEW 6 142 GLOSSARY 176
CHAPTER 7 INTEGRATION
7.1 INTEGRATING STANDARD
FUNCTIONS
7.2 INTEGRATING f(ax + b)
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147
ANSWERS
INDEX
178
214
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149
7.3 USING TRIGONOMETRIC
IDENTITIES 151
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7.4 REVERSE CHAIN RULE 153

CHAPTER REVIEW 7 156
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vi ABOUT THIS BOOK
ABOUT THIS BOOK

The following three themes have been fully integrated throughout the Pearson Edexcel International
Advanced Level in Mathematics series, so they can be applied alongside your learning.
1. Mathematical argument, language and proof

• Rigorous and consistent approach throughout
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• Notation boxes explain key mathematical language and symbols
2. Mathematical problem-solving The Mathematical Problem-Solving Cycle
• Hundreds of problem-solving questions, fully integrated specify the problem
into the main exercises
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• Problem-solving boxes provide tips and strategies interpret results
collect information
• Challenge questions provide extra stretch
process and
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3. Transferable skills represent information
• Transferable skills are embedded throughout this book, in the exercises and in some examples
• These skills are signposted to show students which skills they are using and developing
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Finding your way around the book
Each chapter is mapped to the

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specification content for easy

reference
Each chapter starts with a

list of Learning objectives
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The Prior knowledge check

helps make sure you are
ready to start the chapter
The real world applications of
the maths you are about to learn
are highlighted at the start of the
chapter.
Glossary terms will be

identified by bold blue text
on their first appearance.
ABOUT THIS BOOK vii
Step-by-step worked
examples focus on the
key types of questions
you’ll need to tackle
Transferable skills are

signposted where
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they naturally occur
in the exercises and
examples
Exercise questions
are carefully graded
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so they increase in
difficulty and gradually
bring you up to exam
standard
Exam-style questions
are flagged with E
Exercises are packed
with exam-style
questions to ensure you
are ready for the exams
C Each section begins
with explanation and
key learning points
Problem-solving boxes provide hints,
tips and strategies, and Watch out
boxes highlight areas where students
often lose marks in their exams
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Problem-solving
questions are flagged Each chapter ends with a Chapter review
with P and a Summary of key points
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After every few chapters, a Review exercise

helps you consolidate your learning with
lots of exam-style questions
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A full practice paper at the back of

the book helps you prepare for the
real thing
viii QUALIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW
QUALIFICATION AND
ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW
Qualification and content overview
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Pure Mathematics 3 (P3) is a compulsory unit in the following qualifications:
International Advanced Level in Mathematics
International Advanced Level in Pure Mathematics
Assessment overview
The following table gives an overview of the assessment for this unit.
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We recommend that you study this information closely to help ensure that you are fully prepared for
this course and know exactly what to expect in the assessment.
Unit Percentage Mark Time Availability

P3: Pure Mathematics 3
Paper code WMA13/01
_2
16   3  % of IAL
IAL: International Advanced A Level.

75
C 1 hour 30 min January, June and October

First assessment June 2020
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Assessment objectives and weightings Minimum
weighting in
IAS and IAL
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Recall, select and use their knowledge of mathematical facts, concepts and techniques in a
AO1 30%
variety of contexts.
Construct rigorous mathematical arguments and proofs through use of precise statements,
logical deduction and inference and by the manipulation of mathematical expressions,
AO2 30%
including the construction of extended arguments for handling substantial problems
presented in unstructured form.
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Recall, select and use their knowledge of standard mathematical models to represent
situations in the real world; recognise and understand given representations involving
AO3 10%
standard models; present and interpret results from such models in terms of the original
situation, including discussion of the assumptions made and refinement of such models.
Comprehend translations of common realistic contexts into mathematics; use the results of
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AO4 calculations to make predictions, or comment on the context; and, where appropriate, read 5%
critically and comprehend longer mathematical arguments or examples of applications.
Use contemporary calculator technology and other permitted resources (such as formulae
AO5 booklets or statistical tables) accurately and efficiently; understand when not to use such 5%
technology, and its limitations. Give answers to appropriate accuracy.
QUALIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW ix
Relationship of assessment objectives to units

Assessment objective
P3 AO1 AO2 AO3 AO4 AO5
Marks out of 75 25–30 25–30 5–10 5–10 5–10
_1
33_  3 –40 _2 _1
6_  3 –13_  3  6_  3 –13 _3 
1 2 1 2 1
% 33  3 –40 6  3 –13  3 
Calculators
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Students may use a calculator in assessments for these qualifications. Centres are responsible for
making sure that calculators used by their students meet the requirements given in the table below.
Students are expected to have available a calculator with at least the following keys: +, –, ×, ÷, π, x2,
__ 1
 x  ,  __
√
x  , x , ln x, e , x!, sine, cosine and tangent and their inverses in degrees and decimals of a degree,
y x
and in radians; memory.
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Prohibitions
Calculators with any of the following facilities are prohibited in all examinations:
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• databanks
• retrieval of text or formulae
• built-in symbolic algebra manipulations
• symbolic differentiation and/or integration
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• language translators
• communication with other machines or the internet
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x EXTRA ONLINE CONTENT
Extra online content

Whenever you see an Online box, it means that there is extra online content available to support you.
SolutionBank
SolutionBank provides a full worked solution for questions in the book.
Download all the solutions as a PDF or quickly find the solution you need online.
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Use of technology y
Explore topics in more detail, visualise Online

Find the point of intersection
problems and consolidate your understanding. graphically using technology.
Use pre-made GeoGebra activities or Casio
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resources for a graphic calculator.
GeoGebra-powered interactives
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Graphic calculator interactives
Interact with the maths

you are learning using
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GeoGebra's easy-to-use
tools
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Interact with the mathematics you are Explore the mathematics you are learning and
learning using GeoGebra's easy-to-use tools gain confidence in using a graphic calculator
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Calculator tutorials
Our helpful video tutorials will
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guide you through how to use

your calculator in the exams.
They cover both Casio's scientific
and colour graphic calculators.
Online
Work out each coefficient quickly using Step-by-step guide with audio instructions
the nCr and power functions on your calculator. on exactly which buttons to press and what
should appear on your calculator's screen
3 TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS 2.1
2.2
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Learning objectives
After completing this chapter you should be able to:
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● Understand the definitions of secant, cosecant and cotangent
and their relationship to cosine, sine and tangent → pages 47–49
● Understand the graphs of secant, cosecant and cotangent and
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their domain and range → pages 49–53
● Simplify expressions, prove simple identities and solve equations
involving secant, cosecant and cotangent → pages 53–57
● Prove and use sec  2 x ≡ 1 + tan  2 xand c osec  2 x ≡ 1 + c ot  2 x → pages 57–61
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● Understand and use inverse trigonometric functions and
their domain and ranges → pages 62–65
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Prior knowledge check
1 Sketch the graph of y = sin x for −180° ø x ø 180°.

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Use your sketch to solve, for the given interval, the

equations:
a sin x = 0.8 b sin x = −0.4
← Pure 1 Section 6.5
1 1
2 Prove that  __________ − _____
           = tan x
sin x cos x tan x
← Pure 2 Section 6.3 Trigonometric functions can be used
to model oscillations and resonance in
3 Find all the solutions in the interval 0 ø x ø 2π bridges. You will use the functions in this
to the equation 3 sin  2(2x) = 1 chapter together with differentiation and
← Pure 2 Section 6.6 integration in chapters 6 and 7.
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS CHAPTER 3 47
3.1 Secant, cosecant and cotangent

Secant (sec), cosecant (cosec) and cotangent (cot) are known as the reciprocal trigonometric functions.
1
■ sec x = _____
  cos x    (undefined for values of x for which cos x = 0)
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■ cosec x = _____
       (undefined for values of x for which sin x = 0)
sin x
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1
■ cot x = _____
       (undefined for values of x for which tan x = 0)
tan x
You can also write cot x in terms of sin x and cos x.
cos x
■ cot x = _____
     
sin x
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Example 1
Use your calculator to write down the values of:
a sec 280°
a sec 280° = _________

 
b cot 115° = ________

1
cos 280°
1
b cot 115°
= 5.76 (3 s.f.)
    
C Make sure your calculator is in degrees mode.
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  = −0.466 (3 s.f.)
    
tan 115°
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Example 2
Work out the exact values of:
3π
a sec 210° b cosec  ___   Exact here means give in surd form.
4
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1
a sec 210° = _________
      
cos 210°
y
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S A
30°
30° O x
T C
210° is in the 3rd quadrant, so cos 210° = −cos 30°
__ __
 3  
√ √ 3  
cos 30° = ___  ___  
    so −cos 30° = −
2 2 __
2__ 2√  
 
3
___
So sec 210° = −       Or sec 210° = −  ____   if you rationalise the
 3  
√ 3
denominator.
48 CHAPTER 3 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
3π _______ 1
b cosec  ___  
 =       
sin( ___  
4)
4 3π
 
3π 3π π
 ___  
 is in the 2nd quadrant, so sin  ___  
 = + sin  __   
y 4 4 4
3π
4
S A
π π
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4 4
O x
T C
3π ______ 1
So cosec  ___    =    
π   
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4 sin( __   )
4
π
sin( __   ) = ___
1
  __   
4  2  
√
So cosec ( ___    ) = √  2  

__
3π
Exercise 3A
4
SKILLS ANALYSIS
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1 Without using your calculator, write down the sign of:
a sec 300° b
cosec 190° c cot 110°
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d cot 200° e
sec 95°
2 Use your calculator to find, to 3 significant figures, the values of:

a sec 100° b cosec 260° c cosec 280°
4π
d cot 550° e cot  ___   
  f sec 2.4 rad
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3
11π
g cosec  ____   
  h sec 6 rad
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3 Find the exact value (as an integer, fraction or surd) of each of the following:
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a cosec 90° b
cot 135° c sec 180°
d sec 240° e
cosec 300° f cot (−45°)
g sec 60° h cosec (−210°) i sec 225°
l cosec ( −  ___  
4)
4π 11π 3π
j cot  ___   
  k sec  ____
  
   
3 6
P 4 Prove that cosec (π − x) ≡ cosec x
P 5 Show that cot 30° sec 30° = 2
2π 2π __
P 6 Show that cosec  ___   ___
 + sec     
 = a + b√ 3 ,  where a and b are real numbers to be found.
3 3
Challenge
SKILLS The point P lies on the unit circle, centre O. The radius OP makes an
CREATIVITY acute angle of θ with the positive x-axis. The tangent to the circle at P
intersects the coordinate axes at points A and B.
Prove that: y
a OB = sec θ
b OA = cosec θ
A
c AP = cot θ
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P
θ
O B x
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3.2 Graphs of sec x, cosec x and cot x C
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You can use the graphs of y = cos x, y = sin x and y = tan x to sketch the graphs of their reciprocal
functions.
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Example 3 SKILLS INTERPRETATION
Sketch, in the interval −180° ø θ ø 180°, the graph of y = sec θ
y = sec θ First draw the graph y = cos θ

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y
For each value of θ, the value of sec θ is the
reciprocal of the corresponding value of cos θ.
In particular: cos 0° = 1, so sec 0° = 1;
and cos 180° = −1, so sec 180° = −1
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1 As θ approaches 90° from the left, cos θ is +ve but

approaches zero, and so sec θ is +ve but becomes
–180° –90° O 90° 180° θ increasingly large.
–1 y = cos θ
At θ = 90°, sec θ is undefined and there is a
vertical asymptote. This is also true for θ = −90°
As θ approaches 90° from the right, cos θ is −ve

but approaches zero, and so sec θ is −ve but
becomes increasingly large negative.
■ The graph of y = sec x, x ∈ ℝ, has symmetry in the y-axis and has period 360° or 2π radians.
It has vertical asymptotes at all the values of x for which cos x = 0
y = sec x
y
1 Notation
The domain can also be given as
–450° –270° –90° 90° 270° 450° (2n + 1)π
x ∈ R, x ≠  ________  n ∈ ℤ
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 , 
5π 3π O 3π 5π x
– – –π π 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
–1 ℤ is the symbol used for integers, which are
the positive and negative whole numbers
including 0.
• The domain of y = sec x is x ∈ ℝ, x ≠ 90°, 270°, 450°, … or any odd multiple of 90°
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π 3π ___ 5π π
• In radians the domain is x ∈ ℝ, x ≠  __  ,  ___
   , 
      
,  … or any odd multiple of  __   
2 2 2 2
• The range of y = sec x is y ø −1 or y ù 1
■ The graph of y = cosec x, x ∈ ℝ, has period 360° or 2π radians. It has vertical asymptotes at all
the values of x for which sin x = 0
y
y = cosec x
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1
–360° –180° 180° 360°

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–2π –π O π 2π x
–1 Notation
x ∈ R, x ≠ nπ, n ∈ Z
• The domain of y = cosec x is x ∈ ℝ, x ≠ 0°, 180°, 360°, … or any multiple of 180°

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• In radians the domain is x ∈ ℝ, x ≠ 0, π, 2π, … or any multiple of π

• The range of y = cosec x is y ø −1 or y ù 1
■ The graph of y = cot x, x ∈ ℝ, has period 180° or π radians. It has vertical asymptotes at all the
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values of x for which tan x = 0

y = cot x
y
1
–360° –180° 180° 360°
–1
• The domain of y = cot x is x ∈ ℝ, x ≠ 0°, 180°, Notation

360°, … or any multiple of 180° x ∈ R, x ≠ nπ, n ∈ Z
• In radians the domain is x ∈ ℝ, x ≠ 0, π, 2π, …
or any multiple of π
• The range of y = cot x is y ∈ ℝ
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Example 4
a Sketch the graph of y = 4 cosec x, −π ø x ø π

b On the same axes, sketch the line y = x
c State the number of solutions to the equation 4 cosec x − x = 0, −π ø x ø π
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a, b
y y = 4 cosec x is a stretch of the graph of
y = 4 cosec x
8 y = cosec x, scale factor 4 in the y-direction.
6 You only need to draw the graph for −π < x < π
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4
2 y=x
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–π
–π π π x
2 –2 2
–4
–6
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–8
c 4 cosec x − x = 0
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4 cosec x = x Problem-solving
y = 4 cosec x and y = x do not intersect The solutions to the equation f(x) = g(x)
for −π < x < π so the equation has no correspond to the points of intersection
solutions in the given range. of the graphs of y = f(x) and y = g(x)
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Example 5
Sketch, in the interval 0° ø θ ø 360°, the graph of y = 1 + sec 2θ

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Online
x
y Explore transformations
y = sec θ
of the graphs of reciprocal
trigonometric functions using technology.
1
Step 1
O 90° 180° 270° 360° θ
Draw the graph of y = sec θ
–1
y = sec 2θ
y Step 2
Stretch in the θ-direction with scale factor _ 12  
1
O 45° 90° 135° 180° 225° 270° 315° 360° θ

–1
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y = 1 + sec 2θ
y Step 3
Translate by the vector (  )
0
1
2
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O 45° 90° 135° 180° 225° 270° 315° 360° θ
C
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Exercise 3B SKILLS INTERPRETATION
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1 Sketch, in the interval −540° ø θ ø 540°, the graphs of:

a y = sec θ b y = cosec θ c y = cot θ
2 a Sketch, on the same set of axes, in the interval −π ø x ø π,

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the graphs of y = cot x and y = −x

b Deduce the number of solutions of the equation cot x + x = 0 in the interval −π ø x ø π
3 a Sketch, on the same set of axes, in the interval 0° ø θ ø 360°,

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the graphs of y = sec θ and y = −cos θ

b Explain how your graphs show that sec θ = −cos θ has no solutions.
4 a Sketch, on the same set of axes, in the interval 0° ø θ ø 360°,

the graphs of y = cot θ and y = sin 2θ
b Deduce the number of solutions of the equation cot θ = sin 2θ in the interval 0° ø θ ø 360°
5 a Sketch on separate axes, in the interval 0° ø θ ø 360°,

the graphs of y = tan θ and y = cot(θ + 90°)
b Hence, state a relationship between tan θ and cot(θ + 90°)
P 6 a Describe the relationships between the graphs of:

π
i y = tan(θ +  __   ) and y = tan θ ii y = cot(−θ) and y = cot θ
2
π π
iii y = cosec(θ +  __   ) and y = cosec θ iv y = sec(θ −  __   ) and y = sec θ
4 4
π π π
b By considering the graphs of y = tan(θ +  __   ), y = cot(−θ), y = cosec(θ +  __   ) and y = sec(θ −  __   ),
2 4 4
state which pairs of functions are equal.
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P 7 Sketch on separate axes, in the interval 0° ø θ ø 360°, the graphs of:
a y = sec 2θ b y = −cosec θ c y = 1 + sec θ
d y = cosec(θ − 30°) e y = 2 sec(θ – 60°) f y = cosec(2θ + 60°)
g y = –cot(2θ) h y = 1 – 2 sec θ
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In each case, show the coordinates of any maximum and minimum points,
and of any points at which the curve meets the axes.
E/P
a sec 3θ b cosec  _2  θ
1
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8 Write down the periods of the following functions. Give your answers in terms of π.
c 2 cot θ
9 a Sketch, in the interval −2π ø x ø 2π, the graph of y = 3 + 5 cosec x

d sec(−θ)
(3 marks)
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b Hence deduce the range of values of k for which the equation 3 + 5 cosec x = k
has no solutions. (2 marks)
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E/P 10 a Sketch the graph of y = 1 + 2 sec θ in the interval −π ø θ ø 2π (3 marks)

b Write down the θ-coordinates of points at which the gradient is zero. (2 marks)
1
c Deduce the maximum and minimum values of _________
       and give the smallest
1 + 2 sec θ
positive values of θ at which they occur. (4 marks)
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3.3 Using sec x, cosec x and cot x

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You need to be able to simplify expressions, prove identities and solve equations involving sec x,
cosec x and cot x.
■ sec x = k and cosec x = k have no solutions for −1 < k < 1
Example 6
Simplify:
a sin θ cot θ sec θ
b sin θ cos θ (sec θ + cosec θ )
θ cot θ sec θ
a sin Write the expression in terms of sin and cos,
1 cos θ 1
1 cos θ _____ 1 using cot θ ≡ _____
    
 and sec θ ≡ _____
      
≡ sin θ ×  _____    ×        sin θ cos θ
sin θ 1 cos θ 1
≡1
1 1 Write the expression in terms of sin and cos,
b sec θ + cosec θ ≡ _____        + ____
       1 1
cos θ sin θ using sec θ ≡  _____
    and cosec θ ≡ ____
       
cos θ sin θ
sin θ + cos θ
≡  ___________
  
    
PY
sin θ cos θ
Put over a common denominator.
So sin θ cos θ (sec θ + cosec θ )
= sin θ + cos θ
Multiply both sides by sin θ cos θ.
O
Example 7
cot θ cosec θ
a Prove that ______________
  
       ≡ cos  3 θ
sec  2 θ + cosec  2 θ
b Hence explain why the equation ______________
a Consider the LHS:

  
   
cot θ cosec θ
C
sec  2 θ + cosec  2 θ
  = 8has no solutions.
E
The numerator cot θ cosec θ
Write the expression in terms of sin and cos,
cos θ ____ 1 cos θ
≡  _____  
 ×        ≡  _____  
  cos θ 1
sin θ sin θ sin2 θ using cot θ ≡ _____
    
 and cosec θ =  ____     
sin θ sin θ
PL
The denominator sec2 θ + cosec2 θ

1 1
≡ ______
    + _____
     2     Write the expression in terms of sin and cos,
cos θ sin θ
2
using sec2 θ ≡ ( _____

     )  ≡ _____
1 2 1
  2    
and
sin2 θ + cos2 θ cos θ cos θ
≡ _____________
         
cos2 θ sin2 θ 1
cosec2 θ ≡ _____
  2     
1 sin θ
≡ ___________    
M
    
cos2 θ sin2 θ
cot θ cosec θ Remember that sin2 θ + cos2 θ ≡ 1
So   ________________
  
   
sec2 θ + cosec2 θ
≡ (  _____
sin2 θ ) ( cos2 θ sin2 θ )
SA
cos θ 1
   ÷ ___________
          
cos2 θ sin2 θ
cos θ ___________ Remember to invert the fraction when changing
≡  _____    ×   
      
sin θ
2 1 from ÷ sign to ×.
≡ cos3 θ
cot θ cosec θ
b Since ________________
  
      ≡ cos  3 θwe are
sec  2 θ + c
osec  2 θ
Problem-solving
required to solve the equation cos 3 θ = 8
cos  3 θ = 8 ⇒ cos θ = 2which has no Write down the equivalent equation, and state
solutions since −1 < cos θ < 1 the range of possible values for cos θ.
Example 8
Solve the equations:

a sec θ = −2.5 b cot 2θ = 0.6
in the interval 0° < θ < 360°
1
1
_____       for sec θ and then simplify to get
Substitute _____
a        = −2.5 cos θ
PY
cos θ an equation in the form cos θ = k
1
cos θ = _____ = −0.4
       
−2.5
y
y = cos θ Sketch the graph of y = cos θ for the given interval.
1 The graph is symmetrical about θ = 180°
Find the principal value using your calculator then
O
subtract this from 360° to find the second solution.
113.6° 246.4°
O 90° 180° 270° 360° θ
C
–0.4
You could also find all the solutions using a CAST
diagram. This method is shown for part b below.
–1
θ = 113.6°, 246.4° = 114°, 246° (3 s.f.)

E
1
1
b  ______
    
= 0.6 Substitute ______
      
for cot 2θ and then simplify to
tan 2θ tan 2θ
get an equation in the form tan 2θ = k
PL
1 5
tan 2θ = ____       = __
    
0.6 3
Let X = 2θ, so that you are solving
5
tan X = __     , in the interval 0° < X < 720°
3
M
S A
Draw the CAST diagram, with the acute angle
59.0° X = tan−1(_  53 )drawn to the horizontal in the
SA
59.0° 1st and 3rd quadrants.
T C
X = 59.0°, 239.0°, 419.0°, 599.0° Remember that X = 2θ

so θ = 29.5°, 120°, 210°, 300° (3 s.f.)
Exercise 3C SKILLS ANALYSIS
1 Rewrite the following as powers of sec θ, cosec θ or cot θ.

1 4 1 1 − sin2 θ
a  _____
    
b  _____
     c  _______
     d  ________   
 
sin θ
3 tan θ
6 2 cos2 θ sin2 θ
________________
sec θ 2 cosec2 θ tan2 θ
e  _____    
f √   
cosec3 θ cot θ sec θ  g  ______
     
_____ h  ____________
    
 
cos4 θ √
 tan θ  
cos θ
PY
2 Write down the value(s) of cot x in each of the following equations:
3 sin x _____cos x
a 5 sin x = 4 cos x b tan x = −2 c  ______  
=     
cos x sin x
O
3 Using the definitions of sec, cosec, cot and tan, simplify the following expressions.
a sin θ cot θ b tan θ cot θ
c tan 2θ cosec 2θ d cos θ sin θ (cot θ + tan θ)
C
e sin3 x cosec x + cos3 x sec x f sec
A − sec A sin2 A
g sec2 x cos5 x + cot x cosec x sin4 x
P 4 Prove that:
E
a cos θ + sin θ tan θ ≡ sec θ b cot θ + tan θ ≡ cosec θ sec θ
c cosec θ − sin θ ≡ cos θ cot θ d (1 − cos x)(1 + sec x) ≡ sin x tan x
PL
cos x 1 − sin x cos θ sin θ

________
 
e + _______
      ≡ 2 sec x
 
    ________
 
f   ≡ ________
        
1 − sin x cos x 1 + cot θ 1 + tan θ
P 5 Solve the following equations for values of θ in the interval 0° < θ < 360°
Give your answers to 3 significant figures where necessary.
__
M
a sec θ = √ 2    b cosec θ = −3 c 5 cot θ = −2 d cosec θ = 2

e 3 sec2 θ − 4 = 0 f 5 cos θ = 3 cot θ g cot2 θ − 8 tan θ = 0 h 2 sin θ = cosec θ
SA
P 6 Solve the following equations for values of θ in the interval −180° < θ < 180°
a cosec θ = 1 b sec θ = −3 c cot θ = 3.45
d 2 cosec2 θ − 3 cosec θ = 0 e sec θ = 2 cos θ f 3 cot θ = 2 sin θ
g cosec 2θ = 4 h 2 cot2 θ − cot θ − 5 = 0
P 7 Solve the following equations for values of θ in the interval 0 < θ < 2π
Give your answers in terms of π.
__
a sec θ = −1 b cot θ = −√  3  
__
θ 2√ 3   __ π 3π
c cosec  __   = ____
       d sec θ = √  2   tan θ, θ ≠  __   , θ ≠  ___  
2 3 2 2
E/P 8 In the diagram, AB = 6 cm is the diameter of the circle and BT is the T
tangent to the circle at B. The chord AC is extended to meet this D
tangent at D and ∠DAB = θ
a Show that CD = 6(sec θ − cos θ) cm. (4 marks)
b Given that CD = 16 cm, calculate the length of the
chord AC. (3 marks)
C
PY
Problem-solving θ
A B
AB is the diameter of the circle, 6 cm
so ∠ACB = 90°
cosec x − cot x
9 a Prove that _____________ ≡ cosec x
O
E/P  
       (4 marks)
1 − cos x
cosec x − cot x
b Hence solve, in the interval −π < x < π, the equation _____________
 
     = 2
  (3 marks)
1 − cos x
E/P  
sin x tan x
10 a Prove that _________
1 − cos x
− 1 ≡ sec x
  
b Hence explain why the equation _________

C
sin x tan x
 
1 − cos x
  
1
 __   has no solutions.
−1=−
2
(4 marks)
(1 mark)
E
1 + cot x
E/P 11 Solve, in the interval 0° < x < 360°, the equation ________
     = 5 (8 marks)
1 + tan x
PL
Problem-solving
1
Use the relationship cot x = _____
      to form a quadratic
tan x
equation in tan x. ← Pure 1 Section 2.1
M
3.4 Trigonometric identities

You can use the identity sin2 x + cos2 x ≡ 1 to prove the following identities.
SA
■ 1 + tan2 x ≡ sec2 x
■ 1 + cot2 x ≡ cosec2 x
Example 9 SKILLS ANALYSIS
a Prove that 1 + tan2 x ≡ sec2 x

b Prove that 1 + cot2 x ≡ cosec2 x
a sin2 x + cos2 x ≡ 1 Unless otherwise stated, you can assume the

sin2 x
______ cos2 x ______ 1 identity sin2 x + cos2 x ≡ 1 in proofs involving
    + ______
        ≡  
       cosec, sec and cot in your exam.
cos2 x cos2 x cos2 x
(   cos x ) + 1 ≡ (   cos x )

2 2
sin x
_____ 1
_____
        Divide both sides of the identity by cos2 x.
so 1 + tan2 x ≡ sec2 x
sin x 1
Use tan x ≡ _____
 cos x   and sec x ≡ _____     
  cos x
PY
b sin2 x + cos2 x ≡ 1
_____ cos2 x _____
sin2 x ______ 1
  2    +   2   
  ≡   2    
  Divide both sides of the identity by sin2 x.
sin x sin x sin x
1 + ( _____  
sin x ) (   sin x )
cos x 2 1 2
____ cos x 1
  ≡      Use cot x ≡ _____
    and cosec x ≡  ____
    
sin x sin x
so 1 + cot2 x ≡ cosec2 x
O
Example 10
Given that tan A = −  __

a sec A
5
C
12    , and that angle A is obtuse, find the exact values of:
a Using 1 + tan2 A ≡ sec2 A

b sin A
E
tan2 A =  ___
25
144   
sec2 A = 1 +   144   = ___ ___
25
169
 144  
  
__
13
sec A = 6  12   
PL
S A
Problem-solving
You are told that A is obtuse. This means it lies
M
in the second quadrant, so cos A is negative,

T C and sec A is also negative.
SA
sec A = −  __
13
 
12  
sin A
b Using tan A ≡  ______   
cos A
sin A ≡ tan A cos A
A = ( −  __
12  )  × ( −  13  
) 
__ 1
So sin 5 12
cos A = −  __
12 _____
13  , since cos A =   sec A
    

= __ 5
  13   
Example 11
Prove the identities:

1 + cos2 θ
a cosec4 θ − cot4 θ ≡ _________
     

1 − cos2 θ
b sec2 θ − cos2 θ ≡ sin2 θ (1 + sec2 θ )
PY
a LHS = cosec4 θ − cot4 θ This is the difference of two squares, so factorise.
≡ (cosec2 θ + cot2 θ )(cosec2 θ − cot2 θ )
≡ cosec2 θ + cot2 θ As 1 + cot2 θ ≡ cosec2 θ, so cosec2 θ − cot2 θ ≡ 1
1 cos2 θ
≡ _____
  2    
+ ______
  2    
sin θ sin θ 1 cos θ
Using cosec θ ≡ ____
       , cot θ ≡ _____
    

 
sin θ sin θ
1 + cos2 θ
≡ _________
     
 
O
sin2 θ
Using sin2 θ + cos2 θ ≡ 1
1 + cos2 θ
≡ _________
    
 
= RHS
1 − cos θ
2
C
b RHS = sin2 θ + sin2 θ sec2 θ Write in terms of sin θ and cos θ.
sin2 θ 1
≡ sin2 θ + ______
      Use sec θ ≡ _____
      
cos2 θ cos θ
≡ sin2 θ + tan2 θ
( cos θ )
2
sin θ
2 sin θ
≡   2  
_____   ≡ _____     ≡ tan2 θ
E
(1 − cos2 θ) + (sec2 θ − 1)  
cos θ
≡ sec2 θ − cos2 θ
≡ LHS Look at LHS. It is in terms of cos2 θ and sec2 θ,
PL
so use sin2 θ + cos2 θ ≡ 1 and 1 + tan2 θ ≡ sec2 θ
Problem-solving
You can start from either the LHS or the RHS when
proving an identity. Try starting with the LHS using
cos2 θ ≡ 1 − sin2 θ and sec2 θ ≡ 1 + tan2 θ
M
Example 12
SA
Solve the equation 4 cosec2 θ − 9 = cot θ in the interval 0° < θ < 360°
This is a quadratic equation. You need to write it
The equation can be rewritten as in terms of one trigonometric function only,
4(1 + cot2 θ ) − 9 = cot θ so use 1 + cot2 θ = cosec2 θ
cot2 θ − cot θ − 5 = 0
So 4
(4 cot θ − 5)(cot θ + 1) = 0 Factorise, or solve using the quadratic formula.
θ =  __
So cot 4   or cot θ = −1
5
∴ tan θ =  __
5   or tan θ = −1
4
For tan θ =  __

4
5  
S A
As tan θ is +ve, θ is in the 1st and 3rd quadrants.

38.7° The acute angle to the horizontal is
38.7° tan−1( _  45 ) = 38.7°
PY
T C
If α is the value the calculator gives for tan−1(_  45 ) ,
then the solutions are α and (180° + α)
θ = 38.7°, 219° (3 s.f.)
For tan θ = −1
As tan θ is −ve, θ is in the 2nd and 4th quadrants.
The acute angle to the horizontal is tan−1 1 = 45°
O
S A
45° If α is the value the calculator gives for tan−1 (−1),

45° then the solutions are (180° + α) and (360° + α),
θ = 135°, 315°
C
C as α is not in the given interval.
Online
Solve this equation numerically
using your calculator.
y
x
E
Exercise 3D SKILLS ANALYSIS
PL
Give answers to 3 significant figures where necessary.

1 Simplify each of the following expressions.
a 1 + tan2(_  2  )
θ
b (sec θ − 1)(sec θ + 1) c tan2 θ (cosec2 θ − 1)
d (sec2 θ − 1) cot θ e (cosec2 θ − cot2 θ )2 f 2 − tan2 θ + sec2 θ
M
tan θ sec θ cosec θ cot θ

g  _________    
  h (1 − sin2 θ )(1 + tan2 θ ) i  ___________
      
1 + tan2 θ 1 + cot2 θ
j (sec4 θ − 2 sec2 θ tan2 θ + tan4 θ ) k 4 cosec2 2θ + 4 cosec2 2θ cot2 2θ
SA
k
P 2 Given that cosec x =  _______ , where k > 1, find, in terms of k, possible values of cot x.
    
cosec x
__
3 Given that cot θ = −√ 3 ,  and that 90° < θ < 180°, find the exact values of:
a sin θ b cos θ
4 Given that tan θ =  _4   , and that 180° < θ < 270°, find the exact values of:
3
a sec θ b cos θ c sin θ
5 Given that cos θ = __

24
  25   , and that θ is a reflex angle, find the exact values of:
a tan θ b cosec θ
P 6 Prove the following identities:

a sec4 θ − tan4 θ ≡ sec2 θ + tan2 θ b cosec2 x − sin2 x ≡ cot2 x + cos2 x
c sec2 A(cot2 A − cos2 A) ≡ cot2 A d 1 − cos2 θ ≡ (sec2 θ − 1)(1 − sin2 θ )
1 − tan2 A
e  _________    ≡ 1 − 2 sin2 A f sec2 θ + cosec2 θ ≡ sec2 θ cosec2 θ
1 + tan2 A
g cosec A sec2 A ≡ cosec A + tan A sec A h (sec θ − sin θ )(sec θ + sin θ ) ≡ tan2 θ + cos2 θ
PY
P 7 Given that 3 tan2 θ + 4 sec2 θ = 5, and that θ is obtuse, find the exact value of sin θ.
P 8 Solve the following equations in the given intervals:

a sec2 θ = 3 tan θ, 0° < θ < 360° b tan2 θ − 2 sec θ + 1 = 0, −π < θ < π
O
c cosec2 θ + 1 = 3 cot θ, −180° < θ < 180° d cot θ = 1 − cosec2 θ, 0 < θ < 2π
e 3 sec  _2   θ = 2 tan2  _2   θ, 0° < θ < 360°
1 1
θ − cos θ )2 = tan θ − sin2 θ, 0 < θ < π
f (sec
__ __
g tan2 2θ = sec 2θ − 1, 0° < θ < 180° h sec2 θ − (1 + √  3 )  tan θ + √  3  = 1, 0 < θ < 2π
E/P 9 Given that tan2 k = 2 sec k,

a find the value of sec k
b deduce that cos k = √
__
 2  − 1.
C (4 marks)
(2 marks)
E
c Hence solve, in the interval 0° < k < 360°, tan2 k = 2 sec k,
giving your answers to 1 decimal place. (3 marks)
PL
E/P 10 Given that a = 4 sec x, b = cos x and c = cot x,

a express b in terms of a (2 marks)
16
b show that c 2 = _______
  2     
(3 marks)
a − 16
M
E/P 11 Given that x = sec θ + tan θ,

1
a show that __
  x   = sec θ − tan θ (3 marks)
SA
1
b Hence express x2 + __   2   + 2 in terms of θ, in its simplest form. (5 marks)
x
p−1
E/P 12 Given that 2 sec2 θ − tan2 θ = p, show that cosec2 θ = _____
     , p ≠ 2 (5 marks)
p−2
3.5 Inverse trigonometric functions

You need to understand and use the inverse trigonometric functions arcsin x, arccos x and arctan x
and their graphs.
■ The inverse function of sin x is called arcsin x.

y
π
2 y = arcsin x
PY
Hint
The sin−1 function on your calculator will
give principal values in the same range as arcsin.
–1 O 1 x
π
–2
O
● The domain of y = arcsin x is −1 ø x ø 1
π π
● The range of y = arcsin x is −  __   ø arcsin x ø  __   or −90° ø arcsin x ø 90°
C
2 2
Example 13
E
Sketch the graph of y = arcsin x
π π
y = sin x, −  __   < x < __
     
2 2
PL
Step 1
y
Draw the graph of y = sin x, with the restricted
1 y = sin x π π
domain of −  __   < x < __
     
2 2
π O π x Restricting the domain ensures that the inverse
– function exists since y = sin x is a one-to-one
2 2
M
–1 function for the restricted domain. Only one-to-

one functions have inverses. ← Pure 1 Section 2.3
y = arcsin x
y Step 2
π
SA
2 y = arcsin x Reflect in the line y = x

The domain of arcsin x is −1 < x < 1; the range is
π π
−  __   < arcsin x < __
     
2 2
–1 O 1 x
Remember that the x and y coordinates of points
interchange (swap) when reflecting in y = x
π For example:
–
2
π π
(   2    , 1) → ( 1,   2   )
__ __
■ The inverse function of cos x is called arccos x.

y
π
π
2 y = arccos x
PY
–1 O 1 x
● The domain of y = arccos x is −1 ø x ø 1

● The range of y = arccos x is 0 ø arccos x ø π or 0° ø arccos x ø 180°
O
■ The inverse function of tan x is called arctan x.
y
π
2 y = arctan x
Watch
out Unlike arcsin x and
–π
2
O x
C arccos x, the function arctan x is

defined for all real values of x.
E
● The domain of y = arctan x is x ∈ ℝ
π π
● The range of y = arctan x is −  __   ø arctan x ø  __   or −90° ø arctan x ø 90°
2 2
PL
Example 14
Work out, in radians, the values of:

__
a arcsin(−  ___  )
M
√ 2   __
b arccos(−1) c arctan(√ 3 ) 
2
a
π
SA
2 π π
S A You need to solve, in the interval −  __   < x < __       ,
__ 2 2
√
 2  
___
the equation sin x = −     
2
π π
4 The angle to the horizontal is __      and, as sin is −ve,
4
it is in the 4th quadrant.
T C
π
–
2 y
Online
x
__ Use your calculator to evaluate

arcsin(−  
2)
√
 2  
___ π
   = −  __    inverse trigonometric functions in radians.
4
b y
1 y = cos x
You need to solve, in the interval 0 < x < π,
O π π x the equation cos x = −1
2
–1
Draw the graph of y = cos x
PY
arccos(−1) = π
c π
2 π π
You need to solve, in the interval −  __   < x < __
      ,
S A __ 2 2
the equation tan x = √  3  
π
3 π
     and, as tan is +ve,
The angle to the horizontal is __
3
O
it is in the 1st quadrant.
T C
π
–
2
__
arctan(√ 3  ) = __
π
     
3
C You can verify these results using the sin−1, cos−1

and tan−1 functions on your calculator.
E
Exercise 3E SKILLS INTERPRETATION
In this exercise, all angles are given in radians.

1 Without using a calculator, work out, giving your answer in terms of π:
PL
d arcsin(−  _2 ) 
1
a arccos (0) b arcsin(1) c arctan(−1)
h arcsin(sin  ___  
( √  2  ) 3)
π
g arcsin(sin  __   )
1__ 1__ 2π
e arccos −  ___     −  ___
f arctan       
  3 
√ 3
M
2 Find:
a arcsin(_  2 )  + arcsin(−  _2 )  b arccos(_  2 )  − arccos(−  _2  )
1 1 1 1
c arctan(1) − arctan(−1)
SA
P 3 Without using a calculator, work out the values of:

a sin(arcsin( _2  )) b sin(arcsin(−  _2 )  )
1 1
c tan(arctan(−1)) d cos(arccos 0)
P 4 Without using a calculator, work out the exact values of:

__
c tan(arccos(−  ___  ))
√ 2  
()
sin(arccos _  2   ) ( )
cos(arcsin −  _2   )
1 1
a b
2
__
f sin (2arcsin(___
    ))
__ √
 2  
d sec(arctan(√ 3 )  ) e cosec(arcsin(−1))
2
P 5 Given that arcsin k = α, where 0 < k < 1, write down the first two positive values of x satisfying
the equation sin x = k
π
E/P 6 Given that x satisfies arcsin x = k, where 0 < k < __
      ,
2
a state the range of possible values of x (1 mark)
b express, in terms of x,
i cos k ii tan k (4 marks)
PY
π
Given, instead, that −  __   < k < 0,
2
c how, if at all, are your answers to part b affected? (2 marks)
P 7 Sketch the graphs of:

π
O
a y = __
     + 2 arcsin x b y = π − arctan x
2
c y = arccos (2x + 1) d y = −2 arcsin (−x)
E/P
and the function g is such that g(x) = f(2x)
C
8 The function f is defined as f : x ↦ arcsin x, −1 < x < 1,
a Sketch the graph of y = f(x) and state the range of f.

b Sketch the graph of y = g(x)
(3 marks)
(2 marks)
E
c Define g in the form g: x ↦ … and give the domain of g. (3 marks)
d Define g−1 in the form g−1: x ↦ … (2 marks)
PL
______
E/P 9 a Prove that for 0 < x < 1, arccos x = arcsin √ 1 − x2   (4 marks)
b Give a reason why this result is not true for −1 < x < 0 (2 marks)
M
Challenge
π
SKILLS a Sketch the graph of y = sec x, with the restricted domain 0 < x < π, x ≠ __      
2
INTERPRETATION
π
b Given that arcsec x is the inverse function of sec x, 0 < x < π, x ≠ __
    , 
2
SA
sketch the graph of y = arcsec x and state the range of arcsec x.

Chapter review 3
Give any non-exact answers to equations to 1 decimal place.

E/P 1 Solve tan x = 2 cot x, in the interval −180° < x < 90° (4 marks)
E/P 2 Given that p = 2 sec θ and q = 4 cos θ, express p in terms of q. (4 marks)
PY
E/P 3 Given that p = sin θ and q = 4 cot θ, show that p2q2 = 16(1 − p2) (4 marks)
P 4 a Solve, in the interval 0° < θ < 180°,

i cosec θ = 2 cot θ ii 2 cot2 θ = 7 cosec θ − 8
b Solve, in the interval 0° < θ < 360°,
O
i sec(2θ − 15°) = cosec 135° ii sec2 θ + tan θ = 3
c Solve, in the interval 0 < x < 2π,
π
i cosec(x + ___
     ) = −√  2   
__
ii sec2 x = _  3  
4
C
15
E/P 5 Given that 5 sin x cos y + 4 cos x sin y = 0, and that cot x = 2, find the value of cot y. (5 marks)
P 6 Prove that:
E
cosec x
a (tan θ + cot θ )(sin θ + cos θ ) ≡ sec θ + cosec θ b  _____________
      ≡ sec2 x
cosec x − sin x
cot x cos x
c (1 − sin x)(1 + cosec x) ≡ cos x cot x d  __________ − ________
       ≡ 2 tan x
   
PL
cosec x − 1 1 + sin x
1 1 (sec θ − tan θ )(sec θ + tan θ )
e  __________ + __________
       ≡ 2 sec θ tan θ
     f  ________________________
         ≡ cos2 θ
cosec θ − 1 cosec θ + 1 1 + tan2 θ
sin x 1 + cos x
E/P 7 a Prove that  ________ + ________
      ≡ 2 cosec x
   (4 marks)
M
 
1 + cos x sin x
sin x 1 + cos x 4__

b Hence solve, in the interval −2π < x < 2π, ________
  + ________
      = −  ___
  
      (4 marks)
1 + cos x sin x √ 3   
SA
1 + cos θ
E/P 8 Prove that ________
     
≡ (cosec θ + cot θ )2 (4 marks)
1 − cos θ
π
E 9 Given that sec A = −3, where __     < A < π,
2
a calculate the exact value of tan A (3 marks)
__
3√ 2  
____
b show that cosec A =        (3 marks)
4
10 Given that sec θ = k, |k| > 1, and that θ is obtuse, express in terms of k:
a cos θ b tan2 θ c cot θ d cosec θ
π
E 11 Solve, in the interval 0 < x < 2π, the equation sec(x + __   ) = 2,
4
giving your answers in terms of π. (5 marks)
12 Find, in terms of π, the value of arcsin(_  2 )  − arcsin(−  _2 ) 

1 1
E/P (4 marks)
__
2√ 3  
E/P 13 Solve, in the interval 0 < x < 2π, the equation sec2 x − ____
     tan x − 2 = 0,
3
giving your answers in terms of π. (5 marks)
PY
E/P 14 a Factorise sec x cosec x − 2 sec x − cosec x + 2 (2 marks)
b Hence solve sec x cosec x − 2 sec x − cosec x + 2 = 0 in the interval 0° < x < 360° (4 marks)
π
E/P 15 Given that arctan(x − 2) = −  __    , find the value of x. (3 marks)
3
O
E 16 On the same set of axes, sketch the graphs of y = cos x, 0 < x < π, and y = arccos x,
−1 < x < 1, showing the coordinates of points at which the curves meet the axes. (4 marks)
C
Given that sec x + tan x = −3, use the identity 1 + tan2 x ≡ sec2 x to find the value
17 a
E/P
of sec x − tan x (3 marks)
b Deduce the values of:
i sec x ii tan x (3 marks)
E
c Hence solve, in the interval −180° < x < 180°, sec x + tan x = −3 (3 marks)
1
E/P 18 Given that p = sec θ − tan θ and q = sec θ + tan θ, show that p = __
  q   (4 marks)
PL
E/P 19 a Prove that sec4 θ − tan4 θ = sec2 θ + tan2 θ (3 marks)

b Hence solve, in the interval −180° < θ < 180°, sec4 θ = tan4 θ + 3 tan θ (4 marks)
π
_
20 a Sketch the graph of y = sin x and shade in the area representing ∫ 

  2   
   sin x dx.
M
P
0
b Sketch the graph of y = arcsin x and shade in the area representing ∫ 

1
   arcsin x dx.
π 0
π
_
c By considering the shaded areas, explain why ∫ 

   sin x dx + ∫
    arcsin x dx = __
  2    1
      
2
SA
0 0
__
2√ 3  
P 21 Show that cot 60° sec 60° =  ____    
3
E/P 22 a Sketch, in the interval −2π < x < 2π, the graph of y = 2 − 3 sec x (3 marks)
b Hence deduce the range of values of k for which the equation 2 − 3 sec x = k
has no solutions. (2 marks)
π
P 23 a Sketch the graph of y = 3 arcsin x −  __    , showing clearly the exact coordinates
2
of the end-points of the curve. (4 marks)
b Find the exact coordinates of the point where the curve crosses the x-axis. (3 marks)
______
√
 1 − x2  
24 a Prove that for 0 , x < 1, arccos x = arctan _______
       x ______
√
 1 − x2  
_______
b Prove that for −1 < x , 0, arccos x = k + arctan   x   
 
, where k is a constant to be found.
Summary of key points

1
1 • sec x = _____      
  cos x (undefined for values of x for which cos x = 0)
PY
1
• cosec x = ____        (undefined for values of x for which sin x = 0)
sin x
1
• cot x = _____
       (undefined for values of x for which tan x = 0)
tan x
cos x
• cot x = _____
    
O
sin x
2 The graph of y = sec x, x ∈ ℝ, has symmetry in the y-axis and has period 360° or 2π radians.
It has vertical asymptotes at all the values of x for which cos x = 0
y
y = sec x
C
E
1
–450° –270° –90° 90° 270° 450°
5π 3π O 3π 5π x
– – –π π
2 2 2 2 2 2
PL
–1
3 The graph of y = cosec x, x ∈ ℝ, has period 360° or 2π radians. It has vertical asymptotes at all
the values of x for which sin x = 0
M
y = cosec x
y
SA
–360° –180° 180° 360°

–1

4 The graph of y = cot x, x ∈ ℝ, has period 180° or π radians. It has vertical asymptotes at all the
values of x for which tan x = 0
y = cot x
y
PY
1
–360° –180° 180° 360°
–1
5 You can use the identity sin2 x + cos2 x ≡ 1 to prove the following identities:
• 1 + tan2 x ≡ sec2 x
• 1 + cot2 x ≡ cosec2 x
6 The inverse function of sin x is called arcsin x.

• The domain of y = arcsin x is −1 < x < 1 C y
π
2 y = arcsin x
E
π π
• The range of y = arcsin x is −  __   < arcsin x < __
     or
2 2
−90° < arcsin x < 90° –1 O 1 x
PL
π
–2
7 The inverse function of cos x is called arccos x. y

M
π
• The domain of y = arccos x is −1 < x < 1
• The range of y = arccos x is 0 < arccos x < π or
0° < arccos x < 180° π
SA
2 y = arccos x
–1 O 1 x
8 The inverse function of tan x is called arctan x. y

π
• The domain of y = arctan x is x ∈ ℝ 2 y = arctan x
π π
• The range of y = arctan x is −  __   < arctan x < __
     
2 2 O x
or −90° < arctan x < 90°
–π
2

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International A Level Mathematics Pure Mathematics 3 Student Book Sample

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PEARSON EDEXCEL INTERNATIONAL A LEVEL

ISBN 978 1 292244 92 1

Printed in Slovakia by Neografia

Alamy Stock Photo: Cultura RM 122, Prisma Bildagentur 10; Shutterstock.com:

158, viktor95 102

Cover images: Front: Getty Images: Werner Van Steen

All other images © Pearson Education Limited 2019

REVIEW EXERCISE 2 170

EXAM PRACTICE 174

CHAPTER 1 ALGEBRAIC CHAPTER 4 TRIGONOMETRIC

5.2 y = eax + b + c 105

AND cot x 49 CHAPTER REVIEW 5 118

CHAPTER 6 CHAPTER 8 NUMERICAL

7.4 REVERSE CHAIN RULE 153

ABOUT THIS BOOK

1. Mathematical argument, language and proof

2. Mathematical problem-solving The Mathematical Problem-Solving Cycle

• Hundreds of problem-solving questions, fully integrated specify the problem

into the main exercises

Finding your way around the book

Each chapter is mapped to the

specification content for easy

Each chapter starts with a

The Prior knowledge check

Glossary terms will be

Transferable skills are

After every few chapters, a Review exercise

A full practice paper at the back of

Unit Percentage Mark Time Availability

IAL: International Advanced A Level.

C 1 hour 30 min January, June and October

Relationship of assessment objectives to units

and in radians; memory.

Extra online content

Explore topics in more detail, visualise Online

Interact with the maths

guide you through how to use

Prior knowledge check

1 Sketch the graph of y = sin x for −180° ø x ø 180°.

Use your sketch to solve, for the given interval, the

3.1 Secant, cosecant and cotangent

a sec 280° = _________

b cot 115° = ________

So cosec ​​(​ ___ ​ )​​ = √​​ 2 ​​

2 Use your calculator to find, to 3 significant figures, the values of:

P 4 Prove that cosec (π − x) ≡ cosec x

P 5 Show that cot 30° sec 30° = 2

Example 3 SKILLS INTERPRETATION

Sketch, in the interval −180° ø θ ø 180°, the graph of y = sec θ

y = sec θ First draw the graph y = cos θ

1 As θ approaches 90° from the left, cos θ is +ve but

As θ approaches 90° from the right, cos θ is −ve

–360° –180° 180° 360°

• The domain of y = cosec x is x ∈ ℝ, x ≠ 0°, 180°, 360°, … or any multiple of 180°

• In radians the domain is x ∈ ℝ, x ≠ 0, π, 2π, … or any multiple of π

values of x for which tan x = 0

• The domain of y = cot x is x ∈ ℝ, x ≠ 0°, 180°, Notation

a Sketch the graph of y = 4 cosec x, −π ø x ø π

Sketch, in the interval 0° ø θ ø 360°, the graph of y = 1 + sec 2θ

O 45° 90° 135° 180° 225° 270° 315° 360° θ

1 Sketch, in the interval −540° ø θ ø 540°, the graphs of:

2 a Sketch, on the same set of axes, in the interval −π ø x ø π,

the graphs of y = cot x and y = −x

REVIEW EXERCISE 2 170

EXAM PRACTICE 174

5.2 y = eax + b + c 105

AND cot x 49 CHAPTER REVIEW 5 118

7.4 REVERSE CHAIN RULE 153

So cosec ( ___    ) = √  2  

9 a Sketch, in the interval −2π ø x ø 2π, the graph of y = 3 + 5 cosec x

E/P 10 a Sketch the graph of y = 1 + 2 sec θ in the interval −π ø θ ø 2π (3 marks)

using sec2 θ ≡ ( _____

a sec θ = √ 2    b cosec θ = −3 c 5 cot θ = −2 d cosec θ = 2

(   cos x ) + 1 ≡ (   cos x )

Given that tan A = −  __

For tan θ =  __

a Sketch the graph of y = f(x) and state the range of f.

E/P 2 Given that p = 2 sec θ and q = 4 cos θ, express p in terms of q. (4 marks)

12 Find, in terms of π, the value of arcsin(_  2 )  − arcsin(−  _2 ) 

E/P 19 a Prove that sec4 θ − tan4 θ = sec2 θ + tan2 θ (3 marks)

20 a Sketch the graph of y = sin x and shade in the area representing ∫ 

b Sketch the graph of y = arcsin x and shade in the area representing ∫ 

c By considering the shaded areas, explain why ∫ 