CHAPTER 9

IONIC AND MOLECULAR BONDING

9.1. Pre-reading activity.

A. Visualising the Topic

1. Label Fig. 9.1 with these words.

Na Atom Chloride
Ion Positive Cl
Nucleus Energy Compound
Element Ionic Electrovalency
O Magnesium Oxygen
Oxide Argon Chlorine
Covalent Sulphur Neutral
S Non-metal Metal
Water Gas Combination
Bond Mg Sulphide
Sodium Ar Molecule
Negative Valency Amonia
level N nitrogen

2. Put the words into groups. Using the words, write as many sentences as you
can about Fig. 9.1 and 9.2.

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Figure 9.1. The Ionic Bonds

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 Figure 9.2. The Molecular Bonds

3. Complete Table 9.1. below using the information from Figures 9.1, 9.2, and
The Periodic Table of Elements.

Atomic Electron
Element Symbol Valency
No. shells
Metals 4 Beriyllium Be 2.2 2

Non-metals 15 phosphorus P 2.8.5 3

Hydrogen

Noble gases 2 Helium He 2 0

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B. Statements about the Diagrams

Read the following statements about Figs. 9.1and 9.2. If you think a statement is
correct, write it on a card. If you think it is incorrect, leave it out.

Paragraph 1

1. Two of the atoms are metals.

2. Two of the atoms are called sodium and magnesium.
3. The diagrams illustrate the composition of the atoms of several elements.
4. All of the atoms have more than eight electrons on their second shells..
5. Metal atoms characteristically possess one or two electrons in their outermost
shells.
6. These electrons are readily lost to other elements.
7. Metals don’t readily combine with other elements.
8. Two of the atoms are noble gases.
9. Two of the atoms are called argon and neon.
10. Sodium and nitrogen are noble gases.
11. The most notable feature of the noble gases is the completed outermost shell.
12. This completed outer shell make combination with other elements unlikely.
13. The electrons in the outermost shell of argon are positively charged.
14. One group consists of five non-metals.
15. The five non-metals have incomplete outer shells but with many electrons in
them.
16. That they have many electrons in them means that they usually attract
electrons to fill them, unlike metals which lose them..
17. Chlorine is a metal.
18. Although hydrogen has only one electron, it is included in this group of non-
metals..

Paragraph 2
19. A metal and non-metal usually combine in a covalent bond..
20. The various elements form different types of compounds when they come
together.
21. Sodium and chloride are both non-metals.
22. A metal and non-metal usually form an ionic bond.

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 23. The metal loses electrons from the outer shell..
24. The electrons lost from the outer shell of the metal are taken up by the non-
metal.
25. When ionic bonding occurs both elements lose electrons.
26. An example of ionic bonding is provided by sodium and chlorine.
27. In of ionic bonding of sodium and chlorine, the negatively charged electron
transfer from the sodium atom to the chlorine.
28. Both ions in an ionic bond are electrically neutral.
29. The sodium atom takes a positive charge, becoming a sodium ion.
30. The chlorine atom takes a negative charge, becoming a chloride ion.

Paragraph 3.
31. as the outer shells of the atoms of no-metallic elements are usually only a few
short of the full load of eight, they tend to take on extra electrons.
32. The atoms of non-metals are inert.
33. The atoms of non-metals form molecules when they are combined.
34. Molecular compounds are the results of the combination of two metals.
35. When two metals combine they lose electrons.
36. When two non-metals combine they both share electrons.
37. The water molecule is an example of sharing electrons.
38. The water molecule is a combination of two hydrogen atoms and an oxygen
atom.
39. Sodium chloride is a molecular compound.
40. In a water molecule both of hydrogen atoms take an electron each from the
oxygen atom.
41. In a water molecule oxygen atom takes both of hydrogen electrons into its
outer shell.
42. The shared electrons mainly orbit the nucleus of oxygen atom but they also
orbit the hydrogen atoms.
43. In a water molecule the electrons from the hydrogen atom are taken away by
the oxygen atom and they cease orbiting the nucleus of the hydrogen atom.

C. Joining Sentences

1. Statements 1 and 2 can be made into one sentence by deleting repetition.

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 2. Statements 5 and 6 can be joined by deleting “This electron” and using ‘which’

3. Statements 11 and 12 can be joined by deleting repetition and using “.......ing “

form of “to make”

4. Statements 23 and 24 can be joined by deleting repetition and using “which”.

5. Statements 29 and 30 can be joined using ‘while’.

6. Statements 40 and 41 can be joined by deleting repetition and using “which in

turn”.

D. Putting Statements in Sequence

Write each joined statement on a card. Dispose of the original cards.

Put all the cards in order to form three paragraphs.

E. Reading Passage

Ionic and Molecular Bonding

1. The diagrams illustrate the composition of the atoms of several elements. 2. Two of
them are metals called sodium and magnesium. 3. These characteristically possess
one or two electrons, which are readily lost to other atoms, in their outermost shells.
4. Another two are noble gases, named argon and neon. 5. The most notable feature
of the noble gases is the completed outermost shell, making combination with other
elements unlikely. 6. The last group consists of five non-metals. 7. These have
incomplete outer shells but with many electrons in them. 8. This means that they
usually attract other electrons to fill them, unlike metals which lose them.9. Although
hydrogen has only one electron, it is included in this group of non-metals.
10. The various elements form different types of compounds when they come
together. 11. A metal and non-metal usually form an ionic bond. 12. The metal loses
electrons from the outer shell of its atom which are taken up by the non-metallic
atoms. 13. An example of ionic bonding is provided by sodium and chlorine. 14. The
negatively charged electron transfer from the sodium atom to the chlorine atom. 15.
The sodium atom takes a positive charge, becoming a sodium ion, while the chlorine
atom takes a negative charge, becoming a chloride ion.
16. The atoms of non-metals form molecules when they are combined. 17. As the
outer shells of these atoms are usually only a few short of the full load of eight, they
tend to take on extra electrons. 18. When two of them combine, they both share

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 electrons. 19. The water molecule is an example. 20. It is a combination of two
hydrogen atoms and an oxygen atom. 21. Both of the former take an electron each
from the oxygen atom, which in turn takes both of the hydrogen electrons into its
outer shell. 22. The shared electrons mainly orbit the nucleus of the oxygen atom but
they also orbit the nucleus of the hydrogen atoms.
F. Statements about Reading Passage 1

Read the following statements. If you think a statement is true, write it in your
notebook. If you think it is not true, rewrite it.

1. The diagrams illustrate three different types of elements.

2. The atoms with eight electrons in their outer shell are metals.
3. Eight electrons is the full complement in the outer shell of atoms.
4. Metals typically have one or two electrons in their outer shell.
5. Those atoms with eight electrons in their outer shell are inert.
6. Non-metals tend to form positive ions in compounds with metals.
7. Both elements lose electrons when non-metals combine.

G. Explaining the Statements

Complete these sentences, using words from Reading Passage 1. The completed
sentences explain why the statements in exercise F are correct or incorrect. Write the
words next to the number of exercise.

1. The diagrams __________ the _________ of the atoms of several elements. 2.

Two of them are __________, another two of them are __________. and the last
group consists of five non-metals. Thus, the diagrams illustrate three different
types of ___________.

2. The ___________ of metals possess one or two electrons in their __________

shells. Atoms with the _________ outer shell are called noble _________.
Therefore, the atoms with eight electrons in their outer shells are ________
_________, not metals.

3. Argon and neon have __________ outer shells. They have _________ electrons
in their outer shells. So, eight electrons is the full complement in the outer shell of
atoms.

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 4. Sodium and magnesium are both _________. They characteristically _________
one or two __________ in their outer shells. Therefore, metals typically have one
or two electrons in their _________-

5. Noble gases have eight __________ in their outer shells. This makes the
__________ of noble gases and other elements ___________. Inert elements are
those which don’t readily __________ with other elements. Therefore, those
atoms with eight electrons in their outer shells are inert.

6. When a metal combine with a non-metal, the metal _________ electrons and the
non-metal gain them. As electron carry a _________ charge, the non-metal takes
a negative charge. The metal takes a _________ charge. Some non-metals tend to
form negative ions in compounds with ___________.

7. When non-metals combine they form ____________. When they combine they
__________ electrons. Neither of the elements loses electrons. Therefore, both
elements share electrons when _____________ combine.

H. Substitution

In the following exercise, look at Reading Passage 1, choose the correct answer by
highlighting it.

1. In sentence 2, them stands for:

• The composition
• the diagrams
• The atoms.
2. In sentence 3, These substitutes for:

• metals.
• atoms.
• elements.
3. In sentence 5, these stands for:

• Argon and neon.

• The noble gases.
• the metals.
4. In sentence 8, they substitutes for:

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 • the electrons.
• the shells.
• the non-metals.
5. In sentence 13, which substitutes for:

• electrons.
• electrons from the outer shell of the atoms of metals.
• the metals.
6. In sentence 16, they substitutes for :
• metals and non-metals
• atoms of non-metals
• molecules
7. In sentence 21, the former substitutes for

• water molecules
• the oxygen and hydrogen atoms
• hydrogen atoms
8. In sentence 21, which substitutes for

• water molecules
• the oxygen atom
• hydrogen nucleus

I. The Impersonal (Passive) Voice

Rewrite the following sentences in passive form.

• The diagrams illustrate the composition of the atoms of several elements.

_____________________________________________________

• The combination of metals and non-metals form ionic bonds.

_______________________________________________________

• When non-metals combine, they form molecular compounds

__________________________________________________________

• In a covalent bond the nuclei of the two elements share the electrons from
both elements.

___________________________________________________________

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 • The outer shells of non-metallic atoms attract electrons from the metallic
atoms

___________________________________________________________

• The non-metals group includes the hydrogen

___________________________________________________________

J. Nouns and Verbs

1. Write the nouns which can be made from verbs.

examples : form : formation
multiply : multiplication

1. compose
2. combine
3. classify
4. illustrate
5. possess
6. complete
7. attract
8. provide

2. Write sentences using the nouns !

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