Instructions

 Use black ink or ball –point pen

 Fill in this boxes at the top of this page with your name, centre number and
Candidate number
 Answer all questions.
 Answer the questions in the spaces provided
-there may be more space than you need
 Calculators may be used

Information
 The total marks for this paper is 110
 The marks for each question is shown in brackets ( )
.use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question
Advice
 Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
 Keep an eye on the time.
 Try to answer every question.
 Check your answers if you have time at the end.

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1. This question is about states of matter.

(a) The diagram shows how the particles of a substance are arranged in two
different states.

(i) Complete the diagram to show how particles are arranged in the liquid state. (1)

(ii) Identify the state of matter in which the particles have the most energy. (1)

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(b) The state symbols (s), (l), (g) and (aq) are often used in chemistry. The table shows
some physical changes.

Complete the table by giving the state symbol before and after each change. (3)

(c) Explain why hot water evaporates more quickly than cold water. (2)

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(Total for Question 1 = 7 marks)

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2. This question is about the separation of mixtures.
(a) The box gives some methods used to separate mixtures.

Complete the table by giving the correct method from the box for each separation.
Each method can be used once, more than once or not at all. (4)

(b) This question is about apparatus used in the laboratory.

Complete the table by giving the name of each piece of apparatus and a unit
used for the quantity it measures. (2)

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(c) The diagram shows apparatus used to obtain pure water from sodium chloride
solution by simple distillation.

(i) Explain why it is necessary for water to flow continuously in and out of the apparatus.
(2)

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(ii) Describe a chemical test to show that the sodium chloride solution contains
chloride ions. (2)
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(iii) Describe a chemical test to show that the cation present in salt is sodium. (2)

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(d) Chromatography is used to analyse mixtures. A student does a chromatography

experiment to analyse the composition of green food colouring in sweets.

She places four known dyes, A, B, C and D, and the green food colouring on
chromatography paper.

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The diagram shows the student’s apparatus at the start of her experiment.

The diagram shows that the student makes two mistakes when setting up her
apparatus.

State the two changes that the student should make so that her experiment works . (2)

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(c) Another student does the chromatography experiment correctly. The diagram shows
her chromatogram at the end of the experiment

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(i) Explain what the chromatogram shows about the composition of the green food

colouring. (3)

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(ii) The distance between the start line and the spot for dye C is 6.2 cm. Calculate the Rf

value of dye C. (3)

Rf value = ................................

(iii) Suggest why dye A does not move. (1)

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(Total for Question 2 = 21 marks)

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3. The diagram shows the electronic configuration of an atom of an element.

(a) Complete the table by giving the missing information about this atom. (5)

b. Rubidium is an element in Group 1 of the Periodic Table. A sample of rubidium

contains two isotopes

(i) State how the nuclei of the two isotopes are similar. (1)

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(ii) State how the nuclei of the two isotopes are different. (1)

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(iii) How many electrons are in the outer shell of a rubidium atom? (1)

(c) The relative abundances of the two isotopes in the sample of rubidium are

Calculate the relative atomic mass of rubidium.

Give your answer to one decimal place. (2)

relative atomic mass = ......................

(d) This question is about ammonia and ammonium compounds.

The table shows the names and formulae of some ammonium compounds.

Complete the table by giving the missing information. (3)

(Total for Question 3 = 13 marks)

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4. Lead nitrate and potassium iodide react to form the insoluble solid lead iodide.
Crystals of lead nitrate and potassium iodide are placed at opposite ends of a
container of water. Solid lead iodide forms after several minutes.

The diagram shows the container at the start and after several minutes.

(a) Name the two processes that occur before the solid lead iodide forms. (2)

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(b) Explain why solid lead iodide takes less time to form when the reaction is
repeated using water at a higher temperature. (2)

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(c) The formula for lead nitrate is Pb(NO3)2

(i) Give the number of different elements in lead nitrate. (1)

________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

(ii) Give the charge on the lead ion in Pb(NO3)2 (1)

________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

(d) Complete the chemical equation for the reaction between lead nitrate and potassium
iodide. (1)

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(e) Use the Periodic Table to help you answer this question.

(i) Which word correctly describes substances found in the Periodic Table? (1)

(ii) The substances in the Periodic Table are arranged in order of increasing (1)

(f) The table lists properties of some of the gases in Group 0 of the Periodic Table.

Complete the table by giving

 the symbol for neon

 an estimate for the boiling point of argon
 the reaction of xenon with metals (3)

(g) The photograph shows an electric light bulb.

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The tungsten filament becomes very hot when the light bulb is switched on. Suggest
why argon is a more suitable gas than air to use in the light bulb. (2)

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(Total for Question 4 = 14 marks)

5. This question is about ionic bonding in calcium chloride.

(a) Define the term ionic bonding. (2)

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(b) The diagram shows the arrangement of electrons in an atom of calcium and in an
atom of chlorine

(i) Describe, in terms of electrons, what happens when calcium reacts with chlorine to
form the ionic compound calcium chloride, CaCl2 (3)
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(ii) Draw a diagram to represent the electronic configurations of each of the ions in
calcium chloride. Show the charge on each ion. (3)

(iii) Explain why calcium chloride has a very high melting point. (3)

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(c) Solid calcium chloride does not conduct electricity. Aqueous solutions of

calcium chloride do conduct electricity.

A student uses this method to investigate how the conductivity of a solution changes when
calcium chloride is dissolved in pure water.

 Step 1 add 100 cm3 of pure water to a beaker

 Step 2 add one spatula of solid calcium chloride to the beaker
 Step 3 stir the solution
 Step 4 measure the conductivity of the solution
 Step 5 repeat until nine spatulas of solid calcium chloride have been added

The table shows the student’s results.

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(i) Plot the results on the grid and draw two straight lines of best fit. Ignore the
anomalous result. (3)

(ii) State the trend shown on the graph for the first six spatulas of calcium chloride. (1)
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(iii) Suggest an error the student could have made to cause the anomalous result. (1)

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(iv) Describe another way to make solid calcium chloride conduct electricity. (2)

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(Total for Question 5 = 18 marks)

6. A teacher uses this apparatus to demonstrate the electrolysis of molten zinc chloride.

A student records these observations.

 crystals of a shiny, grey solid form at one of the electrodes

 a pale green substance forms at the other electrode
 the lamp goes out after the teacher stops heating the zinc chloride

(a) State what is meant by the term electrolysis. (2)

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(b) State why graphite is more suitable to use for the electrodes than magnesium in this
electrolysis. (1)
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(c) Which of these is a correct statement for this electrolysis? (1)

(d) The student writes this ionic half-equation for the reaction that forms the pale green

substance. (2)

Identify the two mistakes in her ionic half-equation.

1_____________________________________________________________________

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2_____________________________________________________________________

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(e) The lamp goes out after the teacher stops heating the zinc chloride, because electrons
are no longer flowing through the wires.

Explain why electrons are no longer flowing through the wires. (2)

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(Total for Question 6 = 8 marks)

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7. A student uses this apparatus to investigate the reaction between
potassium hydroxide solution and dilute hydrochloric acid.

This is her method.

• pour 25cm3 of potassium hydroxide solution into a polystyrene cup and record the
temperature of the solution

• pour 25cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid into a measuring cylinder and record the
temperature of the acid

• add the acid to the polystyrene cup and stir the mixture

• record the highest temperature reached

(a) (i) Give a word equation for the reaction between potassium hydroxide and
hydrochloric acid. (1)

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(ii) Explain why the student needs to stir the mixture. (2)

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(b) The table gives the temperatures of the solutions before the student mixes them.

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 Calculate the mean (average) temperature of the two solutions. (2)

mean temperature = .......................... °C

(c) The student repeats the experiment on a different day, using 25cm 3 of
potassium hydroxide solution and 25cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid.

The thermometer shows the highest temperature reached at the end of the experiment.

(i) Complete the table by giving the missing information.

Give both temperatures to the nearest 0.1°C. (2)

(ii) Show that the heat energy change, Q, in the student’s experiment is about 1100J.

[for the mixture, c = 4.2 J/g/°C] [mass of 1.0cm3 of mixture = 1.0g] (3)

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(iii) The student uses 0.020mol of potassium hydroxide in his experiment. Calculate the
enthalpy change (ΔH) in kJ/mol, for 1.0 mol of potassium hydroxide.

Include a sign in your answer. (3)

ΔH = ............................ kJ/m

(Total for Question 7 = 13 marks)

8. A teacher uses this apparatus to investigate the electrolysis of a solution of dilute

hydrochloric acid. The ammeter measures the current.

The teacher wants to find out if there is a relationship between current and
volume of gas collected at each electrode.
She adjusts the power supply until the current is 0.1 amp.
After 5 minutes she records the volume of gas collected in syringe X and syringe Y.
The teacher repeats the experiment several times, using a different current
each time.

The table gives the teacher’s results for syringe Y.

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(i) Plot the results for syringe Y. (1)

(ii) Draw a circle around the anomalous result. (1)

(iii) Draw a line of best fit. (1)

(iv) Explain a possible cause of the anomalous result, other than misreading the
apparatus. (2)

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(v) Deduce the relationship between current and volume of gas collected in syringe Y(1)

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(vi) Suggest why the volume of chlorine collected in syringe X is always less than the
volume of hydrogen collected in syringe Y. (1)

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(Total for Question 8 = 7 marks)

9. A student burned four liquid fuels in order to compare the amount of energy they
released, in the form of heat. She used this apparatus.

The energy released when each fuel was burned was used to raise the temperature of
100 g of water.

For each fuel, the student recorded the mass of fuel burned and the increase in
temperature of the water.

Her results are shown in the table.

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The best fuel is the one that releases the most energy.

(a) The student suggested that petrol was the best fuel.

Explain why, using the information in the table. (1)

_______ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___________

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(b) Another student suggested that diesel was the best fuel. Explain why, using the
information in the table. (1)
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(c) In another experiment, a student burned propanol and then used his results to
calculate the energy released when one mole of propanol was burned.

He then compared his result with a value from a data book. The values are shown in the
table.

Suggest two reasons why the student’s result is lower than the data book value. (2)

1_____________________________________________________________________

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2_____________________________________________________________________

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(d) The diagram shows the energy profile for burning a fuel.

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Which of the energy changes A, B or C represents (2)

Activation energy =_____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _______________

Energy released = ______________________________________________________

(e) Explain, in terms of bond breaking and bond making, why this reaction gives out

energy. (3)

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(Total for Question 9 = 9 marks)

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