PTDU Lab no.

06
TRANSFORMER’S CONNECTION SCHEMES
Abdul Wahab Nasir (02) BSEE 16-20

Abstract

The main objective of this lab experiment is to understand and observe the different type of connections
and the schemes or connection to implement them. Their implementation was observed in the MATLAB
software and observe different characteristics like ability to supply power or desired phase angel. Since
three-phase is used so often for power distribution systems, it makes sense that we would need three-phase
transformers to be able to step voltages up or down. This is only partially true, as regular single-phase
transformers can be ganged together to transform power between two three-phase systems in a variety of
configurations, eliminating the requirement for a special three-phase transformer.

Index terms --- Transformer’s Connections, Transformer Connection Schemes, Delta Wye Connections

I. INTRODUCTION

1. Δ–Δ Transformer Connection

Figures below show the Δ – Δ connection formed by
tying together single-phase transformers to provide
240V service at 0° and 180° angular displacements.
This connection is often used to supply a small
single-phase lighting load and three-phase power
load simultaneously. To provide this type of service,
the mid-tap of the secondary winding of one of the
transformers is grounded and connected to the
secondary neutral conductor.
Therefore, the single-phase loads are connected
between the phase and neutral conductors. Thus the
transformer with the mid-tap carries two-thirds of the
120/240 V single-phase load and one-third of the 240
V three-phase load. The other two units each carry
one-third of both the 120/240 and 240 V loads. [1]

2. Open-Δ Open-Δ Transformer Connection

Assume that a balanced three-phase load with unity
power factor is served by all three trans-formers of a
Δ–Δ bank. The taking out of one of the transformers
from the service will result in having the currents in
Figure 01: Δ–Δ Transformer Connection
the other two transformers increase by a ratio of 1.73,
even though the output of the transformer bank is the
same with a unity power factor as before. However,
the individual transformers now function at a power
factor of 0.866. One of the transformers delivers a
leading load and the other a lagging load. To operate
the remaining portion of the Δ–Δ transformer bank
(i.e., the open- Δ open- Δ bank) safely, the connected
load has to be decreased by 57.7%. [1]
3. Y–Y Transformer Connection
This particular system provides a 208V three-phase
power supply for three-phase motors and a 120V
single-phase power supply for lamps and other small
single-phase loads. An attempt should be made to
distribute the single-phase loads reasonably equally
among the three phases. One of the advantages of the
Y–Y connection is that when a system has changed
from delta to a four-wire wye to increase system
capacity, existing transformers can be used. For
example, assume that the old distribution system was
2.4 kV delta and the new distribution system is
2.4/4.16Y kV. Here the existing 2.4/4.16Y kV
transformers can be connected in wye and used.
4. Y–Δ Transformer Connection
The Y–Δ connection is advantageous in many cases
because the voltage between the outside legs of the
wye is 1.73 times the voltage to neutral, so that
higher distribution voltage can be gained by using
transformers with primary winding of only the
voltage between any leg and the neutral. For
example, 2.4 kV primary single-phase transformers
Figure 04: Δ–Y Transformer Connection
 can be connected in wye on the primary to a 4.16 kV
three-phase wye circuit. [3]
In the Y–Δ connection, the voltage/transformation
ratio of the bank is 1.73 times the
voltage/transformation ratio of the individual
transformers. When transformers of different
capacities are used, the maximum safe bank rating is
three times the capacity of the smallest transformers.
The primary supply, usually a grounded wye circuit,
may be either three wire or four wire including a Displacement of the low voltage winding vector
neutral wire. The neutral wire, running from the varies from zero to -330° in steps of -30°, depending
neutral of the wye-connected substation transformer on the method of connections.
bank supplying the primary circuit, may be Hardly any power system adopts such a large variety
completely independent of the secondary or may be of connections. Some of the commonly used
united with the neutral of the secondary system. connections are with phase displacement of 0, -300,
-180″ and -330° (clock-hour setting 0, 1, 6 and 11).

II. PROCEDURE [3]

5. Δ–Y Transformer Connection
We are required to learn and observe the
In the previously mentioned transformer banks, the transformer’s connection schemes as per given in Lab
single-phase lighting load is all on one phase, manual. Open MATLAB Simulink and draw the
resulting in unbalanced primary currents in any one circuits and connections as per given in lab manual.
bank. To eliminate this difficulty, the Δ –Y system We can observe the phase shift with the help of scope
finds many uses. Here the neutral of the secondary and by using power gui.
three-phase system is grounded and single-phase Do the connections for the following:
loads are connected between the different phase wires
and the neutral  Yy0, Yy6, Dd0, Dd6, Yd5, Dy1, Dd4, Yd7
Figure 02: Y–Y Transformer Connection
Figure 03: Y–Δ Transformer Connection III. LAB TASKS
while the three-phase loads are connected to the
phase wires. Therefore, the single-phase loads can be Following tasks were performed by connecting their
balanced on three phases in each bank, and banks circuit diagrams and their graphs were observed
may be paralleled if desired. given follow.
When transformers of different capacities are used,
Task 1
maximum safe transformer bank rating is three times
the capacity of the smallest transformer. If one
transformer becomes damaged or is removed from
service, the transformer bank becomes inoperative.
Task 2
6. Phase Displacement between HV and LV
Windings [2]
The vector for the high voltage winding is taken as
the reference vector. Displacement of the vectors of
other windings from the reference vector, with
anticlockwise rotation, is represented by the use of
clock hour figure.
IS: 2026 (Part 1V)-1977 gives 26 sets of connections
star-star, star-delta, and star zigzag, delta-delta, delta
star, delta-zigzag, zigzag star, zigzag-delta.
Figure 6: Graph of Dd0
 Figure 7: Circuit Diagram of Yy0

Task 3
Figure 8: Graph of Yy0
Figure 5: Circuit diagram of Dd0
Figure 9: Circuit Diagram of Yy6
 Task 8

Figure 18: Graph of Dd4

IV. DISCUSSION CONCLUSION

The lab was conducted successfully. We learnt how

transformer’s different connections are connected and
observed. In Yy0 and Dd0 the phase shift of 0 o was
observed and it can be verified from the graph in
figure 06 and figure 08. In Yd1 and Dd4 the phase
shift was -30o was observed and verified from the
graph in figure 16 and figure 18. In connection Yy6
and Yd7 we observed that the phase shift was 180 o
Figure 19: Circuit Diagram of Yd7

and it can be observed from graphs in figure 20. The

implementation of the lab was done in MATLAB and

Figure 20: Graph of Yd7

the characteristics were observed as per given in Lab

manual.

VI. REFRENCES

[1]. www.idc-online.com

[2]. www.smartrecruiters.com

[3]. Lab Manual for PTDU, by Sir Abubakar,

DEE PIEAS, Nilore, Islamabad.

Task 8