FISIKA HAYATI

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Color in food
Light and photosynthetic pigments
• If you've ever stayed out too long in the sun and gotten a sunburn,
you're probably well aware of the sun's immense energy.
• Unfortunately, the human body can't make much use of solar energy,
aside from producing a little Vitamin D (a vitamin synthesized in the
skin in the presence of sunlight).
• Plants, on the other hand, are experts at capturing light energy and
using it to make sugars through a process called photosynthesis.
• This process begins with the absorption of light by specialized organic
molecules, called pigments, that are found in the chloroplasts of plant
cells.
• Here, we’ll consider light as a form of energy, and we'll also see how
pigments – such as the chlorophylls that make plants green – absorb
that energy
Pigments absorb light used in photosynthesis
• In photosynthesis, the sun’s energy is converted to chemical energy by
photosynthetic organisms.
• However, the various wavelengths in sunlight are not all used equally in
photosynthesis.
• Instead, photosynthetic organisms contain light-absorbing molecules
called pigments that absorb only specific wavelengths of visible light, while
reflecting others.
• The set of wavelengths absorbed by a pigment is its absorption spectrum.
• In the diagram below, you can see the absorption spectra of several key
pigments in photosynthesis: chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and β-carotene.
• The set of wavelengths that a pigment doesn't absorb are reflected, and the
reflected light is what we see as color.
• For instance, plants appear green to us because they contain many
chlorophyll a and b molecules, which reflect green light.
• Most photosynthetic organisms have a variety of different pigments,
so they can absorb energy from a wide range of wavelengths.
• Here, we'll look at two groups of pigments that are important in
plants: chlorophylls and carotenoids.
• Chlorophylls
• There are five main types of chlorophylls: chlorophylls a, b, c and d,
plus a related molecule found in prokaryotes called
bacteriochlorophyll.
• In plants, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b are the main
photosynthetic pigments.
• Chlorophyll molecules absorb blue and red wavelengths, as shown by
the peaks in the absorption spectra above.
• Structurally, chlorophyll molecules include a hydrophobic ("water-
fearing") tail that inserts into the thylakoid membrane and
a porphyrin ring head (a circular group of atoms surrounding a
magnesium ion) that absorbs light.
• Although both chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b absorb light,
chlorophyll a plays a unique and crucial role in converting
light energy to chemical energy.
• All photosynthetic plants, algae, and cyanobacteria contain
chlorophyll a, whereas only plants and green algae contain
chlorophyll b, along with a few types of cyanobacteria.
• Because of the central role of chlorophyll a in photosynthesis,
all pigments used in addition to chlorophyll a are known
as accessory pigments—including other chlorophylls, as well
as other classes of pigments like the carotenoids.
• The use of accessory pigments allows a broader range of
wavelengths to be absorbed, and thus, more energy to be
captured from sunlight.
Carotenoids
• Carotenoids are another key group of pigments that absorb violet and blue-
green light (see spectrum graph above).
• The brightly colored carotenoids found in fruit—such as the red of tomato
(lycopene), the yellow of corn seeds (zeaxanthin), or the orange of an
orange peel (β-carotene)—are often used as advertisements to attract
animals, which can help disperse the plant's seeds.
• In photosynthesis, carotenoids help capture light, but they also have an
important role in getting rid of excess light energy.
• When a leaf is exposed to full sun, it receives a huge amount of energy; if
that energy is not handled properly, it can damage the photosynthetic
machinery.
• Carotenoids in chloroplasts help absorb the excess energy and dissipate it as
heat.
What does it mean for a pigment to absorb light?
• When a pigment absorbs a photon of light, it becomes excited,
meaning that it has extra energy and is no longer in its normal,
or ground, state.
• At a subatomic level, excitation is when an electron is bumped into a
higher-energy orbital that lies further from the nucleus.
• Only a photon with just the right amount of energy to bump an
electron between orbitals can excite a pigment.
• In fact, this is why different pigments absorb different wavelengths of
light: the "energy gaps" between the orbitals are different in each
pigment, meaning that photons of different wavelengths are needed in
each case to provide an energy boost that matches the gap
• An excited pigment is unstable, and it has various "options" available
for becoming more stable. For instance, it may transfer either its extra
energy or its excited electron to a neighboring molecule. We'll see
how both of these processes work in the next section: the light-
dependent reactions.
ABSORPTION OF LIGHT
• If a photon with just the right
amount of energy strikes an
electron, the electron can absorb
the photon and get promoted to a
higher quantum level. The energy
of the photon must exactly match
the difference between two of the
electron’s energy levels, that is,
energy must be conserved in the
end.
• Figure 4 illustrates the absorption
of light.
SPECTRAL ANALYSIS
• Light absorption or emission of a sample is usually characterized by a graph of
absorption or emission versus wavelength.
• Figure 7 shows the absorption spectra of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin.
• Notice that both oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin strongly absorb violet,
green, and yellow light. Almost no light in the red portion of the spectrum is
absorbed; red light is transmitted, giving blood its reddish appearance.
• The pigment responsible for photon absorption in the cones is known
as rhodopsin and its structure is shown in Fig. 9.
• Not surprisingly, the molecule shows a significant level of conjugation.
When isolated from its normal protein environment, all rhodopsin
have the same absorption, which peaks near 400 nm. However when
bound to the protein, the absorption red-shifts depending on its
interaction with the protein. It is this interaction that accounts for the
different color sensitivities of the cones.
In short
• Most colors in biological tissues arise from natural pigments.
• A pigment is a molecule that absorbs visible light of a certain color.
• Chlorophyll, the pigment found in plants that allows photosynthesis
to occur, appears green because it strongly absorbs blue and red light.
• When illuminated with white light (a mixture of all the visible
wavelengths) like sunlight, all but green light is absorbed.
• The wavelengths that correspond to green are reflected or
transmitted through the leaf.
• Similarly, heme, the molecule in blood that makes it red, absorbs blue
and green light.
• Only red light passes through or gets reflected.
• We can think of pigments as selective filters that allow only certain
wavelengths of light to reach our eyes.
• Most colors in biological tissues arise from natural
pigments.
• A pigment is a molecule that absorbs visible light of a
certain color.
• Chlorophyll, the pigment found in plants that allows
photosynthesis to occur, appears green because it
strongly absorbs blue and red light.
• When illuminated with white light (a mixture of all the
visible wavelengths) like sunlight, all but green light is
absorbed.
• The wavelengths that correspond to green are reflected
or transmitted through the leaf.
COLOR
Di Wu and Da-Wen Sun*

• Color is a mental perceptual response to the visible spectrum of light

(distribution of light power versus wavelength) reflected or emitted
from an object.
• Such response signal is interacted in the eye with the retina, and is
then transmitted to the brain by the optical nerve, which makes
human assign colors to this signal.
• Therefore, color is not an intrinsic property of the object, since if the
light source is changed, the color of the object also changes
COLOR SPACES
• Human eye distinguishes colors according to the varying sensitivity of
different cone cells in the retina to light of different wavelengths.
• There are three types of color photoreceptor cells (cones) for human
with sensitivity peaks in short (bluish, 420-440 nm), middle (greenish,
530-540 nm), and long (reddish, 560-580 nm) wavelengths
• A color sensation no matter how complex can be
described using three color components by eyes.
• These components, which are called as tristimulus
values, are yielded by the three types of cones based
on the extent to which each is stimulated.
• Generally there are three types of color spaces,
namely hardware-orientated space, human-
orientated space, and instrumental space.
• Some color spaces are formulated to help humans
select colors and others are formulated to ease data
processing in machines
Hardware-orientated spaces
a. RGB (red, green, blue) space is defined by
coordinates on three axes, i.e., red, green, and blue.
b. YIQ (luminance, in-phase, quadrature)
c. CMYK (cyan, magenta, yellow, black)
R = 105.36 R = 142.07 R = 153.5
G = 120.87 G = 116.95 G = 52
B = 15.36 B = 7.06 B = 5.1
Human-orientated spaces
• Human-orientated spaces are corresponding to the concepts
of tint, shade, and tone  Hue-saturation (HS) based spaces
• HSI (hue, saturation, intensity)
• HSV (hue, saturation, value)
• HSL (hue, saturation, lightness)
• HSB (hue, saturation, brightness).
• Hue : the attribute of a visual sensation according to which
an area appears to be similar to one of the perceived colors:
red, yellow, green, and blue, or to a combination of two of
them.
• Saturation:
• the colorfulness of an area judged in proportion to its
brightness.
• Intensity of the color
• Brightness : the attribute of a visual sensation according to
which an area appears to emit and lightness is defined as
the brightness of an area judged relative to the brightness of
a similarly illuminated area that appears to be white or
highly transmitting
• Value: brightness/darkness of color
• Different from RGB space which uses the cuboidal
coordinate to define colour, the colour in HS based
spaces is defined using the cylindrical coordinates
• Because HS based spaces are developed based on
the concept of visual perception in human eyes,
their color measurements are user-friendly and
have a better relationship to the visual significance
of food surfaces.
• HSV space had a better performance than RGB space in
the evaluation of acceptance of pizza toppings (Du &
Sun, 2005).
Instrumental spaces
• Instrumental spaces are used for color instruments.
• Many of instrumental spaces are standardized by the Commission
Internationale d’Eclairage (CIE)
• CIE 1976 (L*a*b*) or called CIELAB
• CIE 1976 (L*u*v*) or called CIELUV
• are adopted in many colour measuring instruments.
• In the colour measurement of food, L*a*b* colour space is the most
used one due to the uniform distribution of colours, and because it is
perceptually uniform, i.e., the Euclidean distance between two
different colours corresponds approximately to the colour difference
perceived by the human eye
L = 68.5 L = 42 L = 39
a = -0.4 a = 19.33 a = 17.8
b = 36.8 b = 35.9 b = 34.8
Photoshop vs CVS
Contoh perbedaan reflectance dari beberapa sampel
Konversi warna dari satu ruang ke ruang lain

https://www.harding.edu/gclayton/color/topics/001_huevaluechroma.html
Color modeling
• Pemodelan digunakan untuk meminimalkan jumlah percobaan
• Ada 2
• Model matematika  lebih akurat dan general
• Model empiris (regresi)  dikembangkan untuk proses/produk tertentu dan akurasi
tergantung dari percobaan yang dilakukan saat pengembangan model  lebih sering
digunakan
• Tahapan dalam pemodelan
• Identifikasi masalah  apa yang akan diprediksi dengan model yang akan dikembangkan
• Menyusun model matematika (bisa persamaan diferensial atau aljabar)
• Mengubah model matematika ke model numeris
• Menyelesaikan model numeris  model regresi atau empiris tidak memerlukan penyelesaian
numeris ini
• Validasi solusi atau prediksi melalui kondisi yang sebenarnya
• https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/photosynthesis-in-
plants/the-light-dependent-reactions-of-photosynthesis/a/light-and-
photosynthetic-pigments
• Thompson, K., Stewart, M., Rodriguez, J. Biophysics and Bio-imaging.
Lecture Notes. Centenary College of Luisiana.
• Burke, S. and Sarlina, T.J. Light and Color.
https://ed.fnal.gov/trc_new/demos/present/Light_Color_TJ-
Susan.ppt
• Shyam N Jha. Nondestructive evaluation of food quality. Theory and
practice. Springer.