NAME: CHRISTIAN JOHN A.

SALUDAR
MIDTERM ASSESSMENT #1

INSTRUCTIONS: Answer the following questions. Late submission of the answers will
mean deduction of points.
1. Discuss the use of frequencies command in SPSS.
a. It sums the count on the number of instances within a certain category or
cluster. An example of which is counting how many boys and girls are in
group. The frequency command will return the value:3 boys, 4 girls (for
example) in the output window.
b. It is considered as one of the simplest command in SPSS, yet is valued for
its significance.
c. In the output window, the frequency command will list the following values:
i. Value Labels
ii. Value Code (number associated with each cluster; 1 – male, 2 -
female)
iii. Frequency
iv. Percent of total for each value
v. Valid Percent (excluding missing data)
vi. Cumulative Percent
d. It is one of the SPSS Commands in which it is possible to access certain
graphs rather than accessing the Chart Builder. The frequency command
allows the user to create a graph to show frequency data: histogram, pie
chat, bar graph, etc.
e. In addition, frequencies command allows the user to solve for percentiles,
skewness, kurtosis, measures of central tendency(mean, median, mode,
sum), characterize posterior (skewness and kurtosis), and
dispersion(standard deviation, minimum, maximum, variance, range, se
mean).
2. How important are the following graphs and charts for frequency information of
data in using SPSS:
Bar Charts
i. It is used to create a visual display of frequency information
ii. It shall only be used for CATEGORICAL data like gender, ethnicity, and
grade variables. The bar chart divides these data into categories (male or
famale; passed or failed; asian, american, hispanic, etc.). Given the
physical characteristics of the graph(bars), user and general public can
easily see and compare frequency of one category to another(e.g. there
are more males than females) or see which category has the largest
frequency and lowest value(based on bar height)
 iii. In presenting a bar graph, one can choose whether to use frequency(the
number of instances) or percentage (percent of total for each category;
30%male, 70%female)

Histograms
a. Histogram creates appropriate visual display. It is used to indicate
frequency of a range of values. (1 to 10, 11-20, etc.). It classifies data
based on which range it belongs (e.g. 12 will be counted for the range
of 11-20)
b. This is used when number of instances for a variable is too large to list.
An example is score. Scores may vary from 1 to 100 and may be very
studious to list. It would be more efficient to list them in range (1-10,
11-20, etc.)
c. It is used for the display of CONTINUOUS data like final scores, quiz
scores, etc.
d. Histograms in SPSS frequency command can also show the normal
curve on the histogram. It allow qualitative analysis of the skewness of
the data as well as any possibility of outlier.

3. Explain the three different step sequences in SPSS.

Before all the different step sequences in SPSS, the following commands are made:
opening a file and accessing a data.
i. Opening SPSS
i. Click start in the desktop
ii. Click the IBM SPSS Statistics
iii. Click the IBM SPSS Statistics
iv. The initial data screen will appear
 ii. Opening the data file
v. Click file in the menu bar
vi. Click Open then Data
vii. The open data dialog window will appear
viii. Navigate to the folder where the file is located by clicking the arrow to the
right of the folder
ix. Select the file you wish to open(helping3.sav), then click open. If the file is
not saved in .sav extension, click the arrow to the right of file of type, then
click the type of file you wish to open
x. The opened data will then appear

HOW TO CREATE A HISTOGRAM AND ACCESS DESCRIPTIVE DATA

i. Click on Analyze -> Descriptive Statistics -> Frequencies

ii. From the appearing window, select the variable you wish to compute
frequencies

xi. Clicking the variable from the left box

xii. Pasting it to the Variables window with the use of the arrow
iii. In case you wish to deselect a variable
xiii. Click the variable in the Variables box and click the arrow
iv. In case you cannot see the variable of interest
xiv. Click on the arrows in the scroll bar on the left box
v. In case you want to clear all variables in the variables window
xv. Click on reset
vi. After all variables have been selected, click on statistics. Here you can
select whichever descriptive data you want SPSS to determine for the
 selected variable(e.g. Clicking on Mean, Skewness, Kurtosis, Std.
Deviation). After selecting the descriptive data you wish to include, click on
continue.

vii. In the appearing window, click on charts. In the appearing window, click
on histograms for chart type. Click on show normal curve on histogram(if
applicable) then click on continue

viii. In the appearing window, deselect display frequency tables then ok. The
histogram will then appear in the output window.
HOW TO CALCULATE A SERIES OF PERCENTILES WITH EQUAL SPACING
BETWEEN EACH VALUE

iii. Click on Analyze -> Descriptive Statistics -> Frequencies

iv. From the appearing window, select the variable you wish to compute
frequencies

xvi. Clicking the variable from the left box

xvii. Pasting it to the Variables window with the use of the arrow
v. In case you wish to deselect a variable
xviii. Click the variable in the Variables box and click the arrow
vi. In case you cannot see the variable of interest
xix. Click on the arrows in the scroll bar on the left box
vii. In case you want to clear all variables in the variables window
xx. Click on reset
 viii. Click on statistics then Click on cut points for:

ix. Press TAB or Highlight the value in the box

x. Enter the desired value
xi. Click on Continue -> Deselect display frequency tables. Click on ok. The
output window will appear showing the percentile values for a chosen
interval

HOW TO ACCESS SPECIFIC NUMERIC PERCENTILES.

i. Click on Analyze -> Descriptive Statistics -> Frequencies

ii. From the appearing window, select the variable you wish to compute
frequencies

xxi. Clicking the variable from the left box

xxii. Pasting it to the Variables window with the use of the arrow
iii. In case you wish to deselect a variable
xxiii. Click the variable in the Variables box and click the arrow
iv. In case you cannot see the variable of interest
xxiv. Click on the arrows in the scroll bar on the left box
v. In case you want to clear all variables in the variables window
xxv. Click on reset
vi. Click on statistics -> Percentiles
xxvi. Under percentile box, enter desired value then click on add
1. Example: Entering 16 in the Percentile(s) box then click on
add. Next, entering 20 in the percentile(s) box then click on
add.
xxvii. In case of error, you can click the value in the percentile box then
enter the value in the percentile(s) box then click on change
xxviii. In case one wants to remove a percentile value, click on the value
then click on remove.
vii. Click on continue and deselect display frequency tables then ok. The
output window will appear showing the specific percentile value placed in
the frequency: statistics window