PRINCIPLES OF TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

CHRISTIAN JOHN A. SALUDAR BS-CIVIL ENGINEERING 3A

Instruction: Answer the following.

1. How would your typical day be changed without the availability of your principal mode of
transportation? Consider both personal transportation as well as goods and services that you
rely on.

Before one foresees possible changes due to the unavailability of transportation means, one must
narrate the present situation.

Our residence is located at Km. 8 Tigatto, Davao City, and our principal mode of transportation is
the public utility vehicle specifically jeepneys and tricycles. This is because we do not own a private
vehicle neither a motorcycle. In our present situation, one must take note that the only jeepney route
passing through our area is of Tigatto Route which terminal is located at Deca Esperanza (few
kilometers from our residence), and the Mandug Route which terminal is located farther from our location
than that of Deca Esperanza. The nearest metro from our residence is that of Buhangin crossing which
is approximately located 3 to 4 kilometers from our area. Needless to say, our location is between
Buhangin (the metro) and Deca Esperanza.

Considering that Tigatto Route and Mandug Route have their terminal away from us, it is expected
that jeepneys dispatching from the terminal and traveling towards the metro are already full. In response
to this, we, in our household, take the tricycle as the most convenient means of transportation especially
to school, church, malls, etc. We travel to the Buhangin metro through tricycles and there we ride
jeepneys to the location where we desire (given that various jeepney routes pass the Buhangin
crossing).

In terms of cargo, our residence usually relies on big courier companies like LBC and J&T Express
to do the shipping. This has been very convenient as purchases online on stores located in other cities,
other regions, or even in Luzon and Visayas can easily be made.

With the question, how would your typical day be changed without the availability of your principal mode
of transportation, it is not of theoretical perspective, but experiential, This is due to the fact that during
the Enhanced Community Quarantine, I experienced not having any mode of transportation at all. Given
that fact, that public utility vehicles were not allowed to go out during Sundays and that I need to attend
to my weekly duty as a firefighter of the Davao Volunteer Fire Brigade, Inc. In addition, cargos during
that time were not at its most efficient means due to minimized air trips and vessels. Hence, no efficient
means of transportation were present at that time.

There were a lot of visible challenges and problems that I experienced which I will be narrating:

(1) It would be inconvenient. I had to walk from our residence to the Davao Volunteer Fire Brigade,
Inc. It was not an easy task given that approximately, it would be a 10 km walk. From a wider
perspective, it would consume more time, it would be more tiring, and it would be very
inconvenient in case you left something very important that you need to bring for that day.
Moreover, it would be more inconvenient for people who need to go to the metro to buy needs
like food, water, medicine, etc. They need as well to walk far distances just to buy necessities
and it would be very inconvenient in case they forgot to buy something(in this case, they need
to go back and walk again).

(2) It would be costly. Given that the only PUV allowed to roam the city at that time was a taxi, I
was forced to ride a taxi going home especially when I leave our brigade late due to fire
incidences and other affairs. Thinking about the great expense (probably 10 times more than
that of jeepneys and tricycles), it would be very discouraging to ride the taxi considering that
there would be more worthful intentions to which you can spend your money. In addition, it
would be costly for those working. In my case, my parents go to work and due to the
unavailability of transportation means, they need to pay a larger sum to avail the taxi or pay
penalties in case they arrive late in their workstations.
PRINCIPLES OF TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
CHRISTIAN JOHN A. SALUDAR BS-CIVIL ENGINEERING 3A

(3) It would be dangerous. Given the fact that my parents are already old and have complications,
a ready fast mobilization to hospitals and medical facilities should be always present. Without
the principal mode of transportation and considering that taxis do not usually pass by our area,
it would be very dangerous for everyone, not only my parents, especially in emergency cases.
This is as well in consideration that there are instances that our Central 911 could not cater to
our emergency cases since their vehicles are also limited in number and they are serving the
entire Davao City.

(4) It would be very heart pounding. Given limited air and water transportation, cargo goods arrive
longer than usual delivery time and even late. In connection with the description heart pounding,
there are instances when one purchases a necessity which he or she needs to use as soon as
it arrives. Due to prolong shipping, there would be instances when one receives the parcel after
the date on when he is intending to use it. In our case, my cousins are business people and
their business is that of buying and selling. Due to late cargo, there were transactions turned
down and customers going to other stores because of late arrivals or unavailability of stocks. It
is very heart-pounding given that you don't know when exactly the parcel will arrive even though
the courier company suggests an average shipping time.

These possibilities were what we experienced during the ECQ wherein principal modes of
transportation were not available. I firmly believe as well, that the unavailability of principal modes of
transportation would change the lives of others similar to how it changed mine during the quarantine.

2. What are the most central problems in your state concerning one of the following:

(a) air transportation

Given the geographic feature of the Philippines (archipelago), air transportation plays a crucial role
especially for tourists, foreigners, and overseas Filipino workers in their transportation to and from the
country. According to the Department of Tourism (2017), air transportation is the backbone of the
Philippine tourism sector with 98.59% of inbound tourists arriving by air. In response to this, policy
reforms were made to further develop this sector, particularly:

• Executive Order 219 issued in 1995 which facilitated the entry of new airlines in the domestic
transport sector, increased the number of flights and domestic scheduled passenger traffic
• Executive Order 500-A granting unlimited freedom rights to foreign carriers operating in
Diosdado Macapagal International Airport and Subic Bay International Airport
• Executive Order 29 giving the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) the following privileges
o Grant any foreign air carrier increase in frequency and capacities in the country's airport
o Impose a period on the utilization by foreign carries of addition frequencies
o Revoke the increase in frequency if the condition is not met

Despite various reforms in the transportation sector, numerous central problems hampering growth and
expansion:

• Ownership capacity and effective control. Flying international routes require designation in
the air service agreement from the home country. Non-designated airlines are denied access to
routes bilaterally negotiated. In the Philippine setting, 60% of minimum domestic equity is
required. With this, designated carriers are owned and controlled by the government or Filipino
corporations
• Taxes and Airfares. Airlines cannot be offers to the public if disapproved by aviation authorities.
Charges are subjected to CAB approval and with the implementation of TRAIN law in 2018,
higher fuel costs have prompted airlines to file an increase in airfare due to fuel surcharges.
This is exclusive of the upcoming taxes on the importation of air transport equipment and spare
parts inclusive in the succeeding tranches of the TRAIN law
PRINCIPLES OF TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
CHRISTIAN JOHN A. SALUDAR BS-CIVIL ENGINEERING 3A

• Cabotage(right to operate air services within the territory). Executive order 29 states that
"In no case shall the CAB grant to any foreign air carrier cabotage rights of any kind". With
limited rights to approve, the expansion of the air transport system is limited.
• Poor Air Transport Infrastructure. There is a lack of infrastructure, allocation of airport slots,
and restriction in foreign investment in the air transport industry. This limits the construction of
air transport infrastructure jeopardizing the increasing demand for air transportation.
• Congestion at International Gateway. Due to limited infrastructures and increasing air traffic,
congestion is inevitable. This is visible as a news flash state "Air Traffic and Congestion" as one
of the headlines when talking on transportation.
• Poor Condition of Domestic Airports. Domestic airports lack technologies and infrastructure
for greater air traffic. The best example of which is the lack of night landing facilities which limit
air travel time to the only day.

(b) railroads

According to the Asian Development Bank in its "Transport Sector Assessment, Strategy and Road
Map", the Philippine railway system consists of Light Rail Transit lines in Metro Manila and heavy rail
lines in the Luzon. Two of these lines are operated by the Light Rail Transit Authority, a government-
owned and controlled corporation. A third of the LRT is financed and constructed by a private
corporation. A limited number of heavy rail commuter services are operated by the Philippine National
Railways (PNR).

According to Cruz(2015), the railroad is the most economical and efficient means of transportation
worldwide. Yet, despite this significance to transportation and potentially to economic growth and
development, the railroad system in the Philippines has faced central problems:

• Neglect from past presidents. In old times, the Philippine railroad system has always been
efficient. Yet, a succession of presidents has neglected it to the point that facilities and
machinery utilized in the system deteriorated. This was theorized to be caused by the shift from
the railroad system to toll roads in the Marcos regime. This is what presidents following the
Marcos regime followed which left the railroad system neglected.
• Delay in procurement and construction. Build. Build, Build Program has been one of the
programs of the Duterte administration which aimed at making his regime the “Golden Age of
Infrastructure”. Out of 75 priority infrastructure projects approved, six were railway-related. Yet,
at present, three of these projects are still on the stage of procurement and the remaining are
undergoing detailed engineering design.
• Safety and Security. This is the most evident especially with PNR lines. Given that PNR lines
are laid on the ground, there is more interaction with this line with that of people and road
networks. The increasing number of informal settlers on railway sides impact security. These
settlers have been reported to throw things towards the train which can possibly cause injuries
and damage to the people and train respectively.
• Poor Infrastructure Condition. Railway stations are starting to deteriorate due to a lack of
funding for operations. Evident are not enough toilet facilities in stations and lack of water supply
for facilities for personal necessities.
• Absence of Coherent and Sustainable Rail Policy. The LRTA and PNR have experienced
bankruptcy. This has caused central problems stated above like delays in procurement, lack of
maintenance as well as poor infrastructure condition.

The aforementioned central problems have been the primary cause of other errors and troubles in
the railway system including delayed arrival of trains, cancellation of operations, inefficient transport of
passengers, passenger congestion, and many more.
PRINCIPLES OF TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
CHRISTIAN JOHN A. SALUDAR BS-CIVIL ENGINEERING 3A

(c) water transportation

According to Amaldas (2019), water transport is the most inexpensive and oldest mode of
transportation because it only operates on a natural track. Water transport is a very essential component
of the national transport system as port systems in the Philippines are growing steadily in the years.
Whereas international cargo and container traffic is supported by significant investments.

Interisland water transport has always been a very important sector of the national transport
system. Based on statistics, there are 1300 ports of which 1000 are owned by the government. Under 1000
government-owned, 140 falls under the jurisdiction of the Philippine Ports Authority and Cebu Ports
Authority. Yet, despite growth in the economy, passenger traffic on domestic inter-island shipping services
fell by 13%. With all these statistics, is it due to highlight problems in the transportation sector:

• Safety. With an average of 160 maritime accidents annually, interisland shipping is suffering from
poor safety. There is varying cause for maritime accidents which include human error, natural
causes(typhoon, bad weather, and other weather conditions). According to statistics, 36% of total
maritime accidents are caused by natural causes while 24% are due to human error. In response
to this, the Maritime Industry Authority has embarked on programs to agree on these:
o (i) a vessel retirement and replacement program
o (ii) nationwide mobile registration, licensing, and franchising of motor bancas (wooden
double outriggers)
o (iii) nationwide revalidation of ships’ documentation
o (iv) pilot implementation of an audit-based ship inspection system
o (v) enhancement of competence of technical personnel
o (vi) implementation of the categorization of navig
• Failure to integrate as an intercity mode of transportation. According to Habito(2017), the
Philippine government has not seen the possibility of utilizing water transportation as a means of
public transportation like that of the Chao Phraya River in Bangkok. The government only idealized
water transportation for long distances, cargos, and just recently for RORO(Roll On Roll Off). Yet,
no extensive innovation was made for water transportation through the intercity rivers and even
canals.
• Lack of commercial viability. The majority of the citizens opt for land transportation for urban
transportation and air transportation for inter-island travels. This is in the same case with railroad
transportation where some lines are not generating enough income to sustain its transportation and
it's the taxes of the people which is fueling its operation.
• Poor Maintenance. During the operation of the Pasig River Ferry, poor water sanitation and
maintenance (presence of water lily) caused defects on the ferries and with poor maintenance of
these ferries, the Pasig River Ferry was forced to stop. This is as well true with ports for cargo and
passengers. In an article, they highlighted the lack of maintenance on infrastructures due to
inefficient port processes and allocation of the government.
• Inefficient policies for seafarers and incompetent salaries for domestic seafarers. Seafarers,
the one responsible to man ships for water transportation experience various problems especially
when they work in the domestic setting. This includes lenient registries, mindless security measures
at ports, difficulty to join the ship, not enough maintenance work at ports, lack of proper training,
and many more.
• Port inefficiency and high cost of shipping. In the Philippines, the shipping cost has been
notably high. This is due to the inefficient ports the country has. This is evident in the Philippines
ranking lowest in container port traffic including the lowest quality of ports (World Economic Forum).
• Lack of port infrastructure. This is very contributory to the preceding problem which is port
inefficiency. The lack of modern technologies like gantry cranes caused shipping companies in the
Philippines to utilize smaller machinery relative to the crane as well as more human resources
which increase operation cost which then is reflected in higher cost of shipping cost.
• Neglect of small ports. The government has greatly neglected smaller regional ports. This is very
evident with the lack of modern facilities on regional ports including poor sanitation on comfort
rooms and lack of billeting area for waiting passengers.
PRINCIPLES OF TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
CHRISTIAN JOHN A. SALUDAR BS-CIVIL ENGINEERING 3A

(c) highways

A highway is defined as any public or private road. It can also be defined as any public way on land.
According to the Cambridge Dictionary, the highway is an important road that joins cities or towns
together. The Philippine Highway Network, the highway system of the Philippines, is a network of
highways in the Philippines which are built and maintained by the Department of Public Works and
Highways. Exclusive of these are those constructed by local government units and other private and
public offices.
Based on available statistics, the Philippine highway network as of October 15, 2018, has a length of
21,523.26 kilometers (13,373.93 mi) of concrete roads, 10,099.52 kilometers (6,275.55 mi) of asphalt
roads, 1,264.49 kilometers (785.72 mi) of gravel roads, and 45.44 kilometers (28.24 mi) of earth roads,
with a grand total of 32,932.71 kilometers (20,463.44 mi). Despite this very large network of highways,
problems are still eminent in the highway sector of the country:

• Major and Minor Traffic Congestion. Due to high economic and population growth as well as
the increasing number of vehicles (light, heavy, motorcycles, bicycles, etc.) passing through
highways every day, congestion takes place. This is worsened by poor driver's behavior,
accidents, and road repairs happening and prevalent almost everywhere. This is as well an
effect of poor investment of infrastructure, road expansion, highway network innovations, etc.
of the past administrations which made present-day infrastructure incapable of coping up with
an increasing number of people, vehicles, and traffic demand.
• Low Infrastructure Spending. In the last administrations, the government spent short on
infrastructure allocation amounting to Php 50 Billion per year. This has caused Public-Private
Partnerships focusing on infrastructure development to be delayed.
• Band-aid Road Laws and Policies. Some mediations were made to lighten up traffic on major
highways. These include a truck ban to prohibit heavy equipment from passing major highways
at the specified time and allow light vehicles and PUVS to pass through easily. Yet, the truck
ban has its side effects of causing drivers to rush in delivering goods using poorly maintained
trucks. This leads to accidents, injuries, damage to properties, and even death.
• Vehicle Crashes. Highways are the primary means of land transportation. According to the
Asian Development Bank, driver error and speeding are the two leading causes of vehicle
crashes in the Philippines. Statistics suggest that driver error makes up 26 percent of the
causes. On the other hand, speeding takes 18 percent.
• Physical Condition. Highways in the Philippine are poorly maintained. This is evident with the
presence of potholes on roads that damages vehicles. In addition, due to substandard road
construction, a lot of roads do not serve their expected year of service. Worst, they need to be
re-blocked or repaired earlier than expected.
• Poorly implemented traffic rules and Undisciplined Pedestrians. It is very evident in the
Philippines that traffic rules are not implemented properly. This is as well due to (1) easy
licensing for drivers even those who did not attend basic orientation on traffic rules, (2) corrupt
traffic enforcement (undeniably, in the Philippines, traffic enforcers are bribed by drivers in cases
where drivers are given a penalty for violating traffic rules), and (3) traff ic rules are generated
by law enforcing agencies without consultation from the transportation sector like drivers and
operators.
• Inadequate connectivity to other transport modes. The DPWH has established modern
planning systems for national roads. They focused so much on roads and inadequately linked
to the planning of other modes.

(d) public transportation?

Public transportation is a system of transport utilized by passengers by group travel systems. This is a
system available for use by the general public. In the Philippine, public transport has been a means for
commuters to reach their destinations at a cheaper cost. There are numerous public transport modes
in the country which includes the following but are not limited to:
• Jeepney. They form the main urban transport in the majority of the country's cities
PRINCIPLES OF TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
CHRISTIAN JOHN A. SALUDAR BS-CIVIL ENGINEERING 3A

• Bus. Best bet going city to city through the Philippines

• Light Rail. Parts of Manila are being served by Light Rail Train System
• Taxi. Metered taxi is prevalent in major cities and areas. Commuters generally take the taxi due
to its convenience, yet at the expense of a greater price.
• Tricycle and Habal-habal. The tricycle is considered the Philippine rickshaw.

Despite its cheap cost and ability to transport commuters in bulk numbers, great problems are
eminent in public transport in the Philippines.
• Lack of Modernization. The majority of public transport roaming the streets of the Philippines
has been on operation for more than 10 and some are even in excess of the allowable years for
public transportation use. This is exclusive of rusty old vehicles that sometimes meet machine
defects and damage on the road. This is an inconvenience for those passengers going against
the time. This is what as well the Public Utility Vehicle Modernization program aims to address.
• No significant investment in infrastructure. Based on statistics, nearly 20,000 vehicles are
added to the roads of the Philippines every month. Despite this number, the Philippine
government failed to respond to this increasing number in any means possible like (1) strict
acquisition of vehicle (2) updates traffic rules and regulation which are strictl y implemented (3)
highway modernization and expansion, and (4) more efficient public transport system. This
inadequacy of infrastructure to hold the increasing number of vehicles leads to traffic
congestions.
• Traffic Congestion. In response to poor infrastructure and an increasing number of vehicles,
traffic congestion is imminent. This is due to a certain road-going beyond its design capacity on
the number of vehicles it can hold for a particular time. It is very problematic as traffic congestion
causes commuters to be late for work or school, and this has an indirect impact on economic
growth and development and is convertible to economic loss.
• Poor government regulation. Based on statistics, there are over 43000 jeepney franchises
and 830 bus franchises in Metro Manila alone. Given this great number, the government couldn’t
regulate all of them and this leads to the following sub-problems:
o Public Utility Vehicles still on operation even though it is already not road worthy
o Unregulated hiring of PUV drivers which eventually contributes to accidents due to
human error
o The poor public transportation system
• Lack of a comprehensive policy framework. Relative to poor government regulation, policies
on public transportation are very lenient and reluctant. PUV operators can easily go away from
penalties and wrongdoings which makes them continue their poor public transportation system
as well as continue putting risk on the lives of their passengers. Moreover, enforcers can be
bribed for money in return for lifting penalties on traffic violators.
• Poor Driver Behavior. Due to poor government regulations, drivers easily can apply to drive a
public transport vehicle. Some of these individuals did not undergo seminars nor orientation on
traffic rules and regulations as well as the right behavior on the road. Due to this, poor driver
behavior leads to accidents, street chaos, and traffic violations.
• Lack of inter-agency relations. A passenger does not only utilize one mode of public
transportation, but one utilizes two or more. With an inefficient mode of transportation, a
passenger will meet difficulty before reaching his or her destination. Example: I rode the bus
and stopped at the bus station. I need to ride the tricycle but there is poor road condition at my
destination (DPWH) and there are no tricycle terminals near the bus station where I stopped.
This interrelation of public transportation modes should be mapped and planned by concerned
agencies. In lack of this, the web of public transport is problematic.
• Inefficient institutions and planning procedures. This is related to the preceding problem
which causes inefficient linkages between modes of transportation and worsens the
inconvenience to passengers, traffic congestion, and other related problems.
• Lack of government support for PUV drivers. This has been the clamor for the PUV system
in the Philippines, especially on the Modernization program. The government is seeking to
implement the program without considering its financial and economic impact on the affected
sectors. Moreover, no competent financial incentives are provided to affected individuals which
PRINCIPLES OF TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
CHRISTIAN JOHN A. SALUDAR BS-CIVIL ENGINEERING 3A

creates tension (drivers, operators, and PUV companies against the government). This, in turn,
causes delays and inefficiency of program implementation.
• The operator initiated Routes. Routes are not made by government agencies but were
proposed by operators which in most cases is something designed to favorable to them. This
defeats the purpose of route planning to better serve everyone in the locality and as well as
avoid the congestion of vehicles on chokepoints especially on areas of intersection of routes.
This causes overlapping routes and widespread competition.
• Route based Only Planning. This type of planning neglects network-based planning. This
causes congestion of routes on choke points and inefficiency of serving other areas (which are
not reached by enough routes to cater to commuters). This causes low capacity vehicles to
fluctuate in high-demand areas leading to reduced public transportation capacity.
• Low Supply of Public Transport. Due to preceding factors, modes of public transportation do
not cater to all the public. Some areas are being passed by limited routes while some areas are
being passed by most routes. Due to this, passengers congest areas where limited routes pass.

Generally, all modes of transportation and the aforementioned considerations have the following generic
central problems:

• Poor Quality of Road Network. The majority of the road network is in poor condition. This is due
to the lack of funding for road maintenance. In a case, the increase in the fund from the Special
Road Support Fund was complemented by a decrease in general appropriations for road
maintenance. In addition to the factors causing poor quality of road network is the inadequate
financial and technical capacities of most local government units.
• Poor Intermodal Integration. Coordination between agencies focusing on various sectors of
transportation is poor. As a result, planning for the development of the transportation sector is
limited and sometimes unaligned to the programs of all agencies.
• Weak Sector Governance and Institutional Capacity. The government's efficiency and capacity
to procure, manage, audit, and quality control infrastructure projects are still weak. An example
of which is in 2006 where the DPWH was only able to disburse 2/3 of its available budget. This
is due to the prolonged procurement process as well as poor financial management. Worse, the
majority of projects are defective. In 2006, a survey of 2800 DPWH projects reveal t hat 353 of
which are defective due to poor supervision and quality control.
• Lack of Quality Urban Transport System. Many urban road networks are poorly maintained. The
urban transport system, due to the preceding cause, becomes insufficient and ineffective . An
example of this is when I ride a jeepney and stop at Buhangin and then the road going to our
place is not that good. The tricycle will have a hard time traveling through these. Hence, urban
transportation becomes poor due to the inefficient transfer of passengers from one mode of
transportation to another.
• Limited Private Investment in Transport Infrastructure. The role of the private sector in providing
transport infrastructure has been inconsistent. This is evident in the decreasing investment of
the private sector over the years. In addition, only a few of the transport projects from the private
sector were developed in an open and competitive bidding process. This is evidence of poor
capacity for project planning, preparation, and procurement. In addition, this can be a basis to
conclude that project proposals were not properly assessed by public sector parties receiving
the proposal and this would be risky for the government especially in project acceptance.

In conclusion, the transportation system in general has a great problem in terms of governance,
infrastructure, maintenance, agreements, laws, and policies, etc. There are a lot of considerations and
sectors: private, public, government, civilians, drivers, etc. and each sector possess their o wn problem.
This calls for unilateral agreement and moves for transportation development. The problem of
transportation is not a problem of one, but a problem of all that only everyone, if working hand in hand,
can resolve.
PRINCIPLES OF TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
CHRISTIAN JOHN A. SALUDAR BS-CIVIL ENGINEERING 3A

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