LESSON 10: STADIA SURVEY

Principle of the Stadia

𝐷 = 𝐾𝑠 + 𝐶
• D = distance • C = stadia constant
• s = stadia interval • K = stadia interval factor

Stadia Constant, C
• Based on telescope, determined by manufacturer
• External-focusing telescopes
– C varies from 0.18 to 0.43 m
– For modern instruments, C is 0.30 m
• Internal-focusing telescopes
– C is negligible

Stadia Interval Factor, K

• Constant
• Depends on spacing of stadia hairs
• Most common value is 100

Stadia Survey
Determination of
1. Horizontal distances (HD)
2. Difference in elevation (DE)
• based on principle of stadia
Two Situations:
1. Horizontal Stadia Sights
2. Inclined Stadia Sights
Horizontal Stadia Sights
 Horizontal Distance (HD)
𝐻𝐷 = 𝐾𝑠 + 𝐶

 Difference in Elevation (DE)

𝐸𝐴 + 𝐻𝐼 − 𝑅𝑅 = 𝐸𝐵
>> 𝐷𝐸 = 𝐻𝐼 – 𝑅𝑅

Notes on DE
• Positive if the sighted point is higher than the occupied point
• Otherwise, DE is negative
Inclined Stadia Sights
Horizontal Distance

𝐻𝐷 = 𝐼𝐷cos𝛼
>> 𝐻𝐷 = 𝐾𝑠cos2 𝛼 + 𝐶 cos𝛼
Vertical Distance (VD)

𝑉𝐷 = 𝐼𝐷sin𝛼
>> 𝑉𝐷 = 𝐾𝑠cos𝛼sin𝛼+𝐶 sin𝛼
Difference in Elevation

𝐸𝐴 + 𝐻𝐼 + 𝑉𝐷 − 𝑅𝑅 = 𝐸𝐵
𝐸𝐵 − 𝐸𝐴 = 𝐻𝐼 + 𝑉𝐷 − 𝑅𝑅
>> 𝐷𝐸 = 𝐻𝐼 + 𝑉𝐷 – 𝑅𝑅
Sample Problem 1
A transit (HI = 1.673 m) at a control station A (elevation A = 209.117 m) sighted the stadia rod at
control station B with the following results:
• Stadia interval = 1.127 m
• Rod reading = 0.723 m
• Vertical angle = +2ᵒ25’
The transit is then moved to station B (HI = 1.615 m) and sighted station A with the following
results:
• Stadia interval = 1.127 m
• Rod reading = 2.555 m
• Vertical angle = -2ᵒ26’
If K = 100 and the telescope is internal - focusing, using average values, determine:
1. The horizontal distance AB
2. The elevation of station B
Sample Problem 1: Solution
1. Horizontal distance AB
• HD when instrument at A (HD1)
• 𝐻𝐷1 = 𝐾𝑠cos2 𝛼 + 𝐶 cos𝛼
• C = 0 for internal-focusing telescope
• 𝐻𝐷1 = 𝐾𝑠cos2 𝛼
• 𝐻𝐷1 = 100 1.127 cos2(+2ᵒ25’)
• 𝐻𝐷1 = 112.4996199𝑚
• HD when instrument at B (HD2)
• 𝐻𝐷2 = 100 1.127 cos2(−2ᵒ26’)
• 𝐻𝐷2 = 112.4968482𝑚
• 𝐻𝐷𝐴𝐵 = 𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝐻𝐷1, 𝐻𝐷2
• 𝐻𝐷𝐴𝐵 = 112.4982341𝑚

2. Elevation of B
• Elevation of B when instrument at A (EB1)
• 𝐸𝐴 + 𝐻𝐼 + 𝑉𝐷 − 𝑅𝑅 = 𝐸𝐵
• 𝐸𝐵1 = 𝐸𝐴 + 𝐻𝐼 + 𝑉𝐷1 − 𝑅𝑅
• 𝑉𝐷 = 𝐾𝑠cos𝛼sin𝛼+𝐶 sin𝛼
• 𝑉𝐷1 = 100 1.127 cos +2ᵒ25’ sin(+2ᵒ25’)
• Elevation of B when instrument at A (EB1)
• 𝑉𝐷1 = 4.747913798𝑚
• 𝐸𝐵1 = 209.117 + 1.673 + 𝑉𝐷1 − 0.723
• 𝐸𝐵1 = 214.8149138𝑚
• Elevation of B when instrument at B (EB2)
• 𝐸𝐵 + 𝐻𝐼 + 𝑉𝐷 − 𝑅𝑅 = 𝐸𝐴
• 𝐸𝐵2 = 𝐸𝐴 − 𝐻𝐼 − 𝑉𝐷2 + 𝑅𝑅
• 𝑉𝐷2 = 100 1.127 cos −2ᵒ26’ sin(−2ᵒ26’)
• 𝑉𝐷2 = −4.780579517𝑚
• 𝐸𝐵2 = 209.117 − 1.615 − 𝑉𝐷2 + 2.555
• 𝐸𝐵2 = 214.8375795𝑚
• 𝐸𝐵 = 𝑎𝑣𝑒 (𝐸𝐵1, 𝐸𝐵2)
– 𝐸𝐵1 = 214.8149138𝑚
– 𝐸𝐵2 = 214.8375795𝑚
• 𝐸𝐵 = 214.8262467𝑚
Sample Problem 2
A transit with a stadia interval factor of 100.8 was set at C on the line between points A and B,
and the following stadia readings were observed:

If the stadia constant is 0.381 m, solve: 1. The length of line AB 2. The difference in elevation
between points A and B.
Sample Problem 2: Solution

1. Horizontal distance AB
• 𝐻𝐷𝐴𝐵 = 𝐻𝐷𝐴𝐶 + 𝐻𝐷𝐶𝐵
• 𝐻𝐷 = 𝐾𝑠cos2 𝛼 + 𝐶 cos𝛼
• 𝐻𝐷𝐴𝐶 = 100.8 1.33 − 1.02 cos2(+15ᵒ35’) + 0.381cos +15ᵒ35’
• 𝐻𝐷𝐴𝐶 = 29.35991236𝑚
• 𝐻𝐷𝐶𝐵 = 100.8 1.972 − 1.735 cos2(−8ᵒ08’) + 0.381cos −8ᵒ08’
• 𝐻𝐷𝐶𝐵 = 23.78859844𝑚
• 𝐻𝐷𝐴𝐵 = 𝐻𝐷𝐴𝐶 + 𝐻𝐷𝐶𝐵
– 𝐻𝐷𝐴𝐶 = 29.35991236𝑚
– 𝐻𝐷𝐶𝐵 = 23.78859844𝑚
• 𝐻𝐷𝐴𝐵 = 53.1485108𝑚
2. Difference in elevation AB
• 𝐷𝐸𝐵𝐴 = 𝐸𝐵 − 𝐸𝐴
• 𝐸𝐶 + 𝐻𝐼 + 𝑉𝐷𝐴 − 𝑅𝑅𝐴 = 𝐸𝐴
• 𝐸𝐶 + 𝐻𝐼 + 𝑉𝐷𝐵 − 𝑅𝑅𝐵 = 𝐸𝐵
 • 𝐷𝐸𝐵𝐴 = 𝑉𝐷𝐵 − 𝑅𝑅𝐵 – (𝑉𝐷𝐴 – 𝑅𝑅𝐴)
• 𝐷𝐸𝐵𝐴 = 𝑉𝐷𝐵 − 𝑉𝐷𝐴 – (𝑅𝑅𝐵 – 𝑅𝑅𝐴)
• 𝐷𝐸𝐵𝐴 = 𝑉𝐷𝐵 − 𝑉𝐷𝐴 – (𝑅𝑅𝐵 – 𝑅𝑅𝐴)
• 𝑉𝐷𝐵 = 100.8 (1.972 − 1.735) cos (−8ᵒ08’) sin (−8ᵒ08’) + 0.381sin (−8ᵒ08’)
• 𝑉𝐷𝐵 = −3.399740062𝑚
• 𝐷𝐸𝐵𝐴 = 𝑉𝐷𝐵 − 𝑉𝐷𝐴 – (𝑅𝑅𝐵 – 𝑅𝑅𝐴)
• 𝑉𝐷𝐴 = 100.8 (1.33 − 1.02) cos (+15ᵒ35’) sin (+15ᵒ35’) + 0.381 sin (+15ᵒ35’)
• 𝑉𝐷𝐴 = 8.18822934𝑚
• 𝐷𝐸𝐵𝐴 = 𝑉𝐷𝐵 − 𝑉𝐷𝐴 – (𝑅𝑅𝐵 – 𝑅𝑅𝐴)
– 𝑉𝐷𝐵 = −3.399740062𝑚
– 𝑉𝐷𝐴 = 8.188229344𝑚
– 𝑅𝑅𝐵 = 1.854𝑚
– 𝑅𝑅𝐴 = 1.175𝑚
• 𝐷𝐸𝐵𝐴 = −12.26696941𝑚

Sample Problem 3
A new benchmark (BM) is to be established for future use. The nearest BM that you can use as
reference is at BM 1 with known elevation and coordinates. Determine the elevation of the new
BM if a traverse was performed with the following field notes described. The stadia interval
factor is 100 and the telescope is internal - focusing.
Sample Problem 3: Solution
1. Solve VD and HD
• At STA 1
• Backsight >> BM 1
• Foresight >> TP 1
• STA 1: Backsight (BM 1)
• 𝐻𝐷 = 𝐾𝑠cos2 𝛼 + 𝐶 cos𝛼
• 𝐻𝐷 = 100 (1.972 − 1.736) cos2 (−10°25′)
• 𝐻𝐷 = 22.82850332m
• 𝑉𝐷 = 𝐾𝑠cos𝛼sin𝛼+𝐶 sin𝛼
• 𝑉𝐷 = 100 (1.972 − 1.736) cos (−10°25′) sin (−10°25′)
• 𝑉𝐷 = −4.196678989𝑚
• STA 1: Foresight (TP 1)
• 𝐻𝐷 = 100 (1.295 − 1.055) cos2(12°10′)
• 𝐻𝐷 = 22.93396456m
• 𝑉𝐷 = 100 (1.295 − 1.055) cos (12°10′) sin (12°10′)
• 𝑉𝐷 = 4.944534262𝑚
• Summary

2. Solve elevation of BM 2
• 𝐷𝐸𝐵𝑀1, 𝑇𝑃1 = (𝑉𝐷𝑇𝑃1 − 𝑉𝐷𝐵𝑀1) – (𝑅𝑅𝑇𝑃1 − 𝑅𝑅𝐵𝑀1)
• At STA 1:
• 𝐷𝐸 = [4.9445 – (−4.1967)] − [1.1750 – 1.8540]
• 𝐷𝐸 = 9.8202𝑚
• 𝐸𝑇𝑃1 = 𝐸𝐵𝑀1 + 𝐷𝐸𝐵𝑀1, 𝑇𝑃1
– 𝐸𝐵𝑀1 = 62.23𝑚
– 𝐷𝐸𝑇𝑃1, 𝐵𝑀1 = 9.8202𝑚
• 𝐸𝑇𝑃1 = 72.0502
 • Summary

3. Solve coordinate of BM 2
• 𝑋𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝 = 𝐻𝐷sin𝜃
• 𝑌𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝 = 𝐻𝐷cos𝜃

• At STA 1: Backsight
• 𝑋𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝 = 22.8285 sin (𝑆42ᵒ26’𝐸)
• 𝑋𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝 = 15.4031𝑚
• 𝑌𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝 = 22.8285 cos (𝑆42ᵒ26’𝐸)
• 𝑌𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝 = −16.8489𝑚
– (negative since south)
• At STA 1: Foresight
• 𝑋𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝 = 22.9340 sin (𝑆82ᵒ12’𝑊)
• 𝑋𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝 = −22.7218𝑚
• 𝑌𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝 = 22.9340 cos (𝑆82ᵒ12’𝑊)
• 𝑌𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝 = −3.1125𝑚
• Summary of X and Y components

• Compute the coordinate of BM 2

• 𝑋 = 𝑋𝐵𝑆 𝑆𝑇𝐴 + 𝑋𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝, 𝐹𝑆 – 𝑋𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝,𝐵𝑆
• 𝑌 = 𝑌𝐵𝑆𝑆𝑇𝐴 + 𝑌𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝,𝐹𝑆 – 𝑌𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝, 𝐵𝑆
 LESSON 12: CONTROL SURVEY
Control Survey
• Determination of precise position of a number of stations (or control points) distributed
over a large area.
• The control points will be used as references for smaller surveys for the purpose of:
1. Topographic and hydrographic mapping
2. Planning, design and layout of highways and railroads
3. Delineation of property or political boundaries

General Types of Control Survey

1. Horizontal Control 2. Vertical Control

Horizontal Control
• Main objective is to establish network of triangulation stations over an area
• For large areas, establishment of geodetic latitudes and longitudes of stations
– Plane rectangular coordinates are derived from these geodetic data
• For small area, plane rectangular coordinates are determined directly
• Three field procedures for horizontal control:
1. Control by traversing
2. Control by triangulation
3. Control by trilateration
Horizontal Control: Traversing
• Consists of closed polygons with most of sides and angles measured directly in the field
• Disadvantage: fewer checks available when there is a need for determining errors
Horizontal Control: Triangulation
• Surveys a network of geometric figures with almost all the angles measured in the field
• Few lengths are determined
• Applicable in large areas and more accurate than horizontal control by traversing
Horizontal Control: Trilateration
• Most accurate among the three horizontal control procedures
• Just like triangulation, this procedure requires system of geometric figures, but lengths
are determined in the field instead of the angles

Vertical Control
• Establishing network of reference benchmarks
• Measured with respect to mean sea level or other preferred datum
• Various procedures include:
1. Differential Leveling
2. Barometric Leveling
3. Use of satellite Doppler systems

Triangulation System
• Network of overlapping or adjoining triangles
• Vertices are marked points on earth surface
• Different geometric arrangements:
1. Chain of single and independent triangles
2. Chain of quadrilaterals formed with overlapping triangles
3. Chain of polygons or central-point figures
4. Chain of polygons each with an extra diagonal
Chain of Independent Triangles
• Simplest form of triangulation system
• Not so accurate since it lacks checks for balancing errors
• Usually employed in long and narrow surveys such as a valley or vicinity of river
• Should not have small angle measurements

Chain of Quadrilaterals
• Most commonly used triangulation system
• Best adopted in long and narrow surveys where high degree of precision is desired
• Simplest triangulation figure which permits rigorous checks and adjustments of field
observational errors

Chain of Polygons
• For extension of horizontal control over a wide area involving large number of stations
Adjustment of Chain of Triangles
• Errors are unavoidable
• To adjust measurements, there are two methods:
1. Method of least squares
– Based on theory of probability
– Accurate but requires rigorous computations
2. Approximate method
– Simple and convenient
– Result is very close to that of method of least squares
Approximate Method
• Approximate method involves two steps:
1. Station adjustment
– Determine sum of angles (SA) at each station
– Excess angle (EA) = 360 – SA
– Correction (C) = EA/number of angles in the station
– Corrected angle = angle + C
2. Figure adjustment
– Uses corrected angles in the Station Adjustment
– Determine the sum of interior angles of each triangle (SA)
– EA = 180 – SA
– C = EA/3
– Corrected angle = angle + C

Sample Problem 1
• For the given chain of triangles shown in the accompanying figure and tabulation,
perform the station and figure adjustment by approximate method.
Choice of Figure
• Avoid near 0 - or 180 - degrees measurement of horizontal angles
• As much as possible, measurement should be kept from 30 to 150 degrees
• Figures of triangulation containing interior angles within the specified limits are referred
to as strong figure
Strength of Figure
• So far, we learn about triangulation networks
• It is composed of chain of figures
– Triangles
– Quadrilaterals
– Polygons
• For each figure in the chain, there are unknown sides and a known side
– Consider the following quadrilateral
Strength of Figure
• Known: AB
• Unknowns: AD, DC, BC
• Consider unknown DC
• For this unknown, there are several ways/paths by
which length of DC can be computed
• There are four paths:
1. AB >> AD >> DC
2. AB >> AC >> DC
3. AB >> BD >> DC
4. AB >> BC >> DC
• For the enumerated paths, there might be several values of DC
• What is the most accurate among these values?
• That can be answered by strength of figure (R)
• Each path has its own R
• The path with smallest R gives the most accurate value of the unknown side
• Limit of R value
– The 2nd best R should not exceed 25
• If the 2nd best R is greater than 25, re-orient the triangulation stations
– Make the measured angles near 90 deg
• Formula:

𝑅 = 𝐹 ∆2𝐴 + ∆𝐴∆𝐵 + ∆2𝐵

• Where:
F = characteristic of the figure
∑∆𝐴 2 + ∆𝐴∆𝐵 + ∆𝐵 2 = summation of values for particular chain of triangles/paths
through which the computation is carried from the known line to the line required
• F values
o Single Triangle 0.75
o Quadrilateral 0.60
o Triangle w interior station 0.60
o Quadrilateral w interior station 0.64
o Quadrilateral w interior station and one diagonal 0.56
• Assumptions for the enumerated F values:
– All stations are occupied
– All lines are observed in both direction
• If the assumptions are not satisfied, F is computed using:
𝐹=D–C/C
• Where:
D = number of directions observed, not including the known side
C = number geometric conditions to be satisfied

𝐶 = (𝑛′ − 𝑠′ + 1) + (𝑛 − 2𝑠 + 3)

• Where:
n’ = number of lines observed in both directions, including the known side in the
given figure
s’ = number of occupied stations
n = total number of lines in figure
s = total number of stations
Sample Problem 2
Given the quadrilateral ABCD, assume that the observed
interior angles have already been subjected to station and
figure adjustment. If all triangulation stations were occupied
and all lines observed in both directions, determine the
strength of figures for each chain of triangles and the length of
the check base CD using the strongest path if the base line
AB is 1586.85 m.

Sample Problem 2 - Solution

• F Value
– The figure is quadrilateral
– All triangulation stations were occupied, and all lines observed in both directions
Therefore, F = 0.60
• Recall: 𝑅 = 𝐹 ∆2𝐴 + ∆𝐴∆𝐵 + ∆2𝐵
• There will be 4 values of R in this figure.
• In fact, there are 8. The first four corresponds to the unknowns: AC, AD, BC, BD
• For those unknowns, only one triangle is needed to compute each. Thus, it can be inferred that
the R of each unknown will be small.
• We can check their values during the calculation of R of CD.
• The 4 remaining R values corresponds to the paths by which CD can be computed.
• Path 1: ABC >> ACD (AC is common side)
• For path 1, there are 2 triangles in the chain
1. In ABC, AC is computed
2. Then in ACD, using AC, CD is computed
• ∆𝐴 2 + ∆𝐴∆𝐵 + ∆𝐵 2 for ABC Using table and interpolation angle 1 = 60, angle 2 = 43 >> 9.8
• ∆𝐴 2 + ∆𝐴∆𝐵 + ∆𝐵 2 for ACD Using table and interpolation angle 1 = 40, angle 2 = 36 >> 22.2
• ∆𝐴 2 + ∆𝐴∆𝐵 + ∆𝐵 2 = 9.8 + 22.2 = 32
• 𝑅 = 𝐹 ∆𝐴 2 + ∆𝐴∆𝐵 + ∆𝐵 2 = 0.60 * 32 = 19.20 (strength of figure for path 1)

• Path 2: ABD >> ACD (AD is common side)

• ∆𝐴 2 + ∆𝐴∆𝐵 + ∆𝐵 2 for ABD angle 1 = 53, angle 2 = 90 >> 2.4
• ∆𝐴 2 + ∆𝐴∆𝐵 + ∆𝐵 2 for ACD angle 1 = 40, angle 2 = 104 >> 5.2
• ∆𝐴 2 + ∆𝐴∆𝐵 + ∆𝐵 2 = 2.4 + 5.2 = 7.6
• 𝑅 = 𝐹 ∆𝐴 2 + ∆𝐴∆𝐵 + ∆𝐵 2 = 0.60 * 7.6 = 4.56 (strength of figure for path 2)

• Path 3: ABC >> BCD (BC is common side)

• ∆𝐴 2 + ∆𝐴∆𝐵 + ∆𝐵 2 for ABC angle 1 = 60, angle 2 = 77 >> 2.0
• ∆𝐴 2 + ∆𝐴∆𝐵 + ∆𝐵 2 for BCD angle 1 = 47, angle 2 = 89 >> 3.7
• ∆𝐴 2 + ∆𝐴∆𝐵 + ∆𝐵 2 = 2.0 + 3.7 = 5.7
• 𝑅 = 𝐹 ∆𝐴 2 + ∆𝐴∆𝐵 + ∆𝐵 2 = 0.60 * 5.7 = 3.42 (strength of figure for path 3)

• Path 4: ABD >> BCD (BD is common side)

• ∆𝐴 2 + ∆𝐴∆𝐵 + ∆𝐵 2 for ABD angle 1 = 37, angle 2 = 53 >> 15.2
• ∆𝐴 2 + ∆𝐴∆𝐵 + ∆𝐵 2 for BCD angle 1 = 44, angle 2 = 47 >> 12.8
- The above values are determined by double interpolation
• ∆𝐴 2 + ∆𝐴∆𝐵 + ∆𝐵 2 = 15.2 + 12.8 = 28
• 𝑅 = 𝐹 ∆𝐴 2 + ∆𝐴∆𝐵 + ∆𝐵 2 = 0.60 * 28 = 16.8 (strength of figure for path 4)
• Strongest path is ABC >> BCD

𝐴𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛77 𝐴𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛77 𝑠𝑖𝑛47

𝐵𝐶 = 𝐶𝐷 =
𝑠𝑖𝑛60 𝑠𝑖𝑛60 𝑠𝑖𝑛89

𝐵𝐶𝑠𝑖𝑛47 𝐴𝐵 = 1586.85 𝑚
𝐶𝐷 =
𝑠𝑖𝑛89
>> 𝐶𝐷 = 1305.94 𝑚
 LESSON 12: HORIZONTAL CURVES
HORIZONTAL CURVES (CIRCULAR CURVES)

 Importance
 To reduce speed of vehicles (for safe driving)
 Design Considerations
o Speed Limit in Highways
o Location of Obstructions
o Degree of Curve
o Radius of Curve
Types of Horizontal Curves

 Simple
 Compound
 Reverse
 Spiral

ELEMENTS OF A SIMPLE CURVE

 Forward and Backward Tangents

(yellow lines)
 Point PI (Point of Intersection)
 Point PC (Point of Curvature)
 Point PT (Point of Tangency)
 L (Length of the curve)
 R (Radius of the curve)
 I (Angle of Intersection/Central Angle)
 T (Tangent Distance)
 C (Long Chord)
 M (Middle Ordinate)
 E (External Distance)
 D (Degree of Curve)

DEGREE OF CURVE

 It is the measure of sharpness or flatness of a curve

 Has two definitions:
o Arc Definition
- The length of curve subtended by a central angle of D degrees is one full station.
o Chord Definition
- The length of chord subtended by a central angle of D degrees is one full station.
LAYING OUT OF HORIZONTAL CURVES

 Laying out curves are difficult in actual construction; hence smaller chords are computed
to construct long radii curves.
 The whole length of curve is divided into a series of smaller curves.
Elements of Smaller Curves

 Deflection angle (d)

 Chord Distance (C1)
o C1 = 2Rsind
 Offset Distance (O)
o The perpendicular distance from the curve to the tangent distance.
 Stationing of points found in the curve are done along the curve.
 Stationing of PC to PI are along the forward tangent; same goes for PT to PI.
 Stationing from PC to PT must run along the curve.
SAMPLE PROBLEM 3
The perpendicular distance from a point on a simple curve to a point Q on the tangent is 64 m. If
the distance from PC to Q is 260 m, find the degree of the curve. Also, if the stationing of PI is
STA 2+100 and Q is 200 m from PI, determine the stationing of PT.
COMPOUND CURVES

 A combination of two simple curves having different

degrees of curvature
 Used when there is a space restriction
 Formulas established in simple curves apply also in
compound curves
 Elements of a compound curve
o PCC (Point of Compound Curvature)
o T (Common Tangent)
o I (Angle of intersection)
o Other parts of a simple curve

SAMPLE PROBLEM 4
The forward tangent of a 4-degree curve is 200 m. If the length of common tangent of the two
curves is 500 m and the middle ordinate of the second curve is 30 m, find the stationing of the
PT if the stationing of PC is STA 1+200.
SAMPLE PROBLEM 5
The chords of a compound curve from PC to PCC and from PCC to PT are 130.60 m and
139.16 m, respectively. Its common tangent makes an angle of 20 and 36, respectively, with the
tangents at PC and PT. Determine the length of the long chord of the compound curve.
REVERSE CURVES

 Although pleasing to the eye, these are unsafe especially

when travelling at PRC (point of reverse curvature).

SAMPLE PROBLEM 6
Two parallel tangents 12 m apart are connected by a reverse curve of equal radii. If the length
of the chord from PC to PT is 140 m, determine the total length of the reversed curve. Ans.
140.17 m