Professional Documents
Culture Documents
• Session 15
• Russia ‐ 2
• March 19, 2021
Putin’s second term – the shift to state
capitalism
• Putin was reelected to power in March 2004 and
in his second term he further consolidated state
power
• He confronted the oligarchs by forcing them to
hand back control of their enterprises to the state
• The most famous case involved Mikhail
Kordokovsky, the head of the oil company Yukos,
who was arrested and imprisoned for tax evasion
and fraud
• Shares of Yukos were seized and transferred to
state oil companies
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• Putin’s consolidation of power involved both
state control of the economy and a crackdown on
the opposition
• He won popular support by stabilizing the
country after the chaotic post‐communist years
• He also improved economic conditions by
returning privatized enterprises to state control
and enhancing welfare measures made possible
by high oil prices between 2004 and 2014
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• Putin’s second term was marked by a
crackdown on opposition groups and
increasing confrontation with the west over
human rights
• The US, and to a lesser extent the European
Union, were critical of Putin’s controls on
press freedom
• European states were more circumspect in
their criticism because of their dependence on
Russian natural gas
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• Russia was a major energy exporter and the increase in oil
prices allowed Putin to expand its military power and
consolidate his political position by distributing energy
profits through welfare programmes
• Putin stepped down as President in 2008 because of term
limits and Dimitri Medvedev the first Deputy Prime
Ministry, and a close ally of Putin, became President
• Putin became the Prime Minister from 2008‐2012
• The term of the President was increased from four to six
years in 2008, to become effective from the subsequent
term
• Putin returned as President in March 2012 and again won
reelection in March 2018
Constitutional Reform
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Constitutional Reform
• In December 2019, President Putin announced that
reforms to the Constitution will be put to a
referendum in 2020
• On January 15, 2020, Dimitri Medvedev resigned as
Prime Minister and was replaced by Mikhail Mishustin,
the head of the federal tax service
• Constitutional reforms approved in a referendum in
June/July 2020 increased the power of Parliament and
nullified the earlier terms that Putin and Medvedev
held
• This means Putin can be elected for two more terms
starting in 2024 potentially allowing him to continue
as President till 2036
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Russia and the West – Incompatible
Partners?
• Though Russia is both a European and an Asian
power its leadership has always been seen as
‘European’ in outlook – until the Bolshevik
revolution in 1917 the language of the Russian
elite was French, not Russian
• However, it is also a distinctive culture which
differs from the West in many ways – long history
of authoritarian rule, deeply suspicious of a
materialistic west, official faith rooted in
Orthodox Christianity (opposed to both
Catholicism or Protestant Christianity) and deeply
protective of Russian language and culture
against foreign influences 8
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Russia and the West
• Russia had always been concerned about
improving relations between the west and
former Soviet bloc countries in eastern Europe,
many of whom had joined the European Union
and NATO
• Russia’s concerns relate to European and US
troops close to the Russian border
• As the European Union and NATO expanded
Russia felt threatened and encircled
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The EU in 1989
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The EU’s Eastward Expansion
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US Missile Defence Systems
• In March 2010 Russia and the US signed an arms
control treaty that reduced the size of their long‐
range nuclear weapons from 1700‐2200 to 1500
• However, Russia has been concerned about the
basing of US missile‐defence systems in Europe
• Though the US says this is to protect against
possible Iranian missile strikes, Russia feels that it
undermines the credibility of its nuclear arsenal
and undermines the concept of Mutually Assured
Destruction (MAD) which promotes stability
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NATO Missile Defences
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NATO Expansion
• Russia felt that the expansion of NATO to its
borders was a serious threat to its security
and had always warned against its expansion
into Ukraine
• The most serious confrontation with the West
is over attempts by Ukraine to come closer to
the European Union and NATO
• Russia has asserted its right to intervene in
Ukraine if it feels Russia’s security is being
compromised
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NATO
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The Ukrainian Crisis
• Ukraine was originally part of the Soviet Union
and had become independent in 1991
• It gave up nuclear weapons in its territory in
return for security guarantees and territorial
guarantees
• The country has always been divided politically
with western Ukraine wanting closer relations
with the West, including membership of EU and
NATO, and eastern Ukraine identifying itself more
closely with Russia
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• In November of 2013, the President Viktor
Yanukovich suspended moves to implement the
association agreement with the European Union
• This move sparked off street protests which led to
his ouster
• Following domestic unrest between Ukranian
government supporters and pro‐Russian
protestors Russia took over Crimea, a strategically
important peninsula for Russia
• Pro‐Russian fighters, helped by Russia also began
to confront Ukranian government troops in
eastern‐Ukraine
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Crimea
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Western Sanctions
• Russian annexation of the Crimea resulted in
Western sanctions on Russia
• Russia was expelled from the G‐8
• Members of the Russian government and those
close to it had their assets in the West frozen and
travel bans imposed by the US and EU
• Transaction bans were imposed on Russian
energy firms and banks
• Australia, Canada and Japan also imposed
sanctions on Russia
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Syria
• Syria has always been a close ally of the
Russia, even during the pre‐1991 Soviet era
• Close relations with Syria gave Russia a
presence in the Mediterranean and the
Middle East and enabled it to counter US
influence
• Syria was also critical for Russia to have an
influence in the Western Mediterranean, an
area of considerable strategic importance to
Russia, especially after the overthrow of its
ally Muammar Gadaffi in Libiya
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Syria, Russia and the Meditteranean
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• In the civil war in Syria the Russian government
has stood firmly behind President Assad, providing
him military support and refusing to guarantee any
agreement that involves replacing him
• The US and the West feels that it prolongs the civil
war since it allows President Assad to remain in
power and also increases Iranian influence in the
region
• Russia has directly intervened in the civil war with
missile and air‐strikes on anti‐Assad, pro‐Western
and Turkish groups, especially to counter the
Turkish incursion into northern Syria in October
2019 22
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Syria: The Turkish Incursion
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The Navalny Poisoning
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• President Putin has always clamped down on any sign
of domestic protests against his rul
• It is alleged that Putin has also authorized the
assassination of opponents abroad – the Skripal
poisoning in UK in March, 2018
• Though most protests have been successfully
countered, one opposition anti‐corrouption activist, a
lawyer by the name of Alexy Navlny has been
extremely persistent with his campaign
• He founded the ‘Anti‐Corrouption Foundation’ in 2011,
and the ‘Russia of the Future’ political party in 2018
• He ran a popular YouTube channel and had a big
following on Twitter that enabled him to mobilize
opposition to the Russian government.
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• He was charged with embezzlement in 2013 and given
a suspended sentence
• He became ill during a flight from the Russian far‐east
in August 2020, the result of an apparent poisoning
attempt
• After recovering in a hospital in Germany he returned
to Russia in January 2021 and was immediately
arrested, put on trial and sentenced to two‐and‐a‐half
years in prison for violation of parole conditions of a
2014 conviction
• In early March 2021 the US and the EU imposed
additional sanctions on Russia for the attempted
poisoning
• Worsening relations with US has led to Russia recallint
its ambassador to US on March 18, 2021
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US – Russia Relations
under President Biden
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• President Biden is likely to return to a tougher US
stance on Russia as followed by President Obama
• However, he is focused on domestic issues and has
been willing to work with Russia in the area of arms
control
• In February, 2021, the two countries extended the
Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) on
restricting number of nuclear weapons for five years
• However, Russian intervention abroad (Ukraine,
Crimea, Syria, Belarus) and concerns about human
rights will likely prevent a rapid improvement in
relations US‐Russia relations
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Vaccine
Diplomacy
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• Russia has been extending its influence
worldwide, particularly in developing countries
by donation and exports of its Sputnik‐V mRNA
vaccine
• Russia has exported the vaccine to Asian, African
and Latin American countries
• It has around 95% efficacy and is being
considered for deployment by the EU and Canada
• Russia has signed contracts with India, Brazil and
Italy among others to manufacture the vaccine
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