CENTROIDS

AND
MOMENTS OF
INERTIA
 CENTROIDS
(AĞIRLIK MERKEZLERİ)

A centroid is a geometrical
concept arising from parallel
forces. Thus, only parallel
forces possess a centroid.
Centroid is thought of as the
point where the whole weight
of a physical body or system
of particles is lumped.
 CENTROIDS
(AĞIRLIK MERKEZLERİ)

If proper geometrical bodies possess an axis of symmetry,

the centroid will lie on this axis. If the body possesses two
or three symmetry axes, then the centroid will be located
at the intersection of these axes.

If one, two or three dimensional

bodies are defined as analytical
functions, the locations of their
centroids can be calculated using
integrals.
A composite body is one which is comprised of the
combination of several simple bodies. In such bodies, the
centroid is calculated as follows:
 Line – a thin rod Area - a flat plate Volume – a sphere or
(Çizgi – ince çubuk) with constant a cone
thickness (Hacim – küre ya da
(Alan – sabit kalınlıklı koni)
düz plaka)
Composite Composite Composite

x
 xdl
x
 xli i
x
 xdA
x
x A i i
x
 xdV
x
 xVi i

 dl l i  dA A i  dV V i

y
 ydl
y
yl i i  ydA
y
y A i i
y
 ydV
y
 yV
i i
y
 dl l i
 dA A i
 dV V i

z
 zdl
z
zli i
z
 zdA z
z Ai i
z
 zdV
z
zV
i i

 dl l i
 dA A i  dV V i
CENTROIDS OF SOME
GEOMETRIC SHAPES
 CENTROIDS OF SOME GEOMETRIC SHAPES

Thin Rod in the Shape of a Quarter Circle

Çeyrek Çember Şeklinde İnce Çubuk y

x
 xdl
y
 ydl r = radius
 dl  dl yel  y dl

dl  r  d d r
xel  x  r cos 

yel  y  r sin  x
xel  x
 /2

 xdl  r cos rd r 2 sin  0

 /2
2r
x  0
  x
r  0
 /2  /2
 dl 
 rd
0
 /2

 ydl  r sin rd r 2  cos  0

 /2
2r
y  0
  y
r  0
 /2  /2
 dl 
 rd
0
 Circular Arc İçi Dolu Daire Yayı
y

r=radius
r sin a
a G x y0
a
x a

Solid Quarter Circle

İçi Dolu Çeyrek Daire
y
 ydA
A
R 2
dA  dd
y  dA 4
R π/ 2 R π/ 2
ρ3
d
 ydA   ρ sin θρdρdθ    ρ sin θdρdθ   sin θdθ
2
d 3
0 0 0 0
R R
ρ3 R3 R3
 dA
y=sin
 - cos θ  0
π/ 2
 - 0-1 
3 3 3
 0
x
x=cos R3 4 4R 4R
   xy
3 πR 2 3π 3π
 Solid Half Circle
İçi Dolu Yarım Daire y

x
 xdA y0 A
R 2
dA  dd
 dA 2
G
x
 /2 3 R  /2
R

 xdA    cosdd   0 

 /2
 2 cosdd 
3 

 /2
cosd
0

4R
x
3
Triangle Üçgen
h
y x ? y dA  w  dy
a 3
h
x b w  w  b h  y   b h  y  dy  bh
h h y h  
dA  wdy  0  h  2
w h
dy w x a  a
h
b  b 
x  x    xdA  0  h 2h
 y  (h  y)  (h  y) dy
y 2 y h  h 
x
x
x
 xdA
x
ab
b
 dA 3
Parabola Parabol

y
x2 x
 xdA
y
 ydA y
w=b-x

2b  dA  dA x

b 2 2 x2
x b y
 dA  A   ydx  0 2bdx  6
b/2
2b dy

y
x
b 2 3 dx
x b
 xdA   xydx  0 x 2bdx  8 b

 ydA   ywdy   yb  xdy   yb  ( y 

b/2
b3
1/ 2
2 b 1/ 2 1/ 2
dy 
0
40

3b 3b
x y
4 20
Area Between a Line and a Curve
Bir Doğru ile Bir Eğri Arasında Kalan Alan y xright y 2  ax

dA  ldx   ytop  ybottom dx  a1 / 2 x1 / 2  x dx 
x
 xdA xleft
(a, a)

 dA  dA   a 
a 1/ 2 3/ 2 2
a x x w
1/ 2 1/ 2
x  x dx  2 
a
0
a
0 dy
0
3 2
l y=x
2a 2 a 2 a 2 ytop
A  
dx
  6
3 2 ybottom
(2) (3)
x
a
a1/ 2 x 5 / 2 a x 3 2a 3 a 3 a 3 a 3 6 2a
 xdA   x(a  x)dx  2 0     x  2 
1/ 2 1/ 2 a
x 0 ,
0
5 3 5
  3 15 15 a 5
(3) (5)

yx , y2  x2

y  ax
2
, x  ax
2
, xa ya x 1/ 2 1/ 2
, x
y2
y
 ydA
a  dA

 ydA   yxright  xleft dy 0 y(y  a )dy  3

a
y2 y3 y 4
a3 6 a
0    2 , y
a a

4a
0
12 a 2
 AREA MOMENT OF INERTIA
ALAN ATALET (EYLEMSİZLİK) MOMENTİ

It is often necessary to calculate the

moments of uniformly distributed loads
about an axis lying within the plane they dA
are applied to or perpendicular to this
dF
plane. Generally, the magnitudes of these
d
forces per unit area (named as pressure or
stress) are directly proportional with the
distance of their lines of action from the
moment axis. This way, an elementary
force acting in an elementary area will be
proportional to,
distance x differential area
 AREA MOMENT OF INERTIA
ALAN ATALET (EYLEMSİZLİK) MOMENTİ

dF dF
dP  d , dP  , d , dF  d  dA
dA dA
Elementary moment is proportional to
distance2 x differential area: dM=d2dA
dA

Thus, the total moment: dF

d

   dA , M   d 2 dA
2
dM d

This integral is named as “area moment of inertia” or

“second moment of area”.
 AREA MOMENT OF INERTIA
ALAN ATALET (EYLEMSİZLİK) MOMENTİ

Moment of inertia is not a physical quantity such as

velocity, acceleration or force, but it enables ease of
calculation; it is a function of the geometry of the area.
Since in Dynamics there is no such concept as the inertia of
an area, the moment of inertia has no physical meaning.
But in mechanics, moment of inertia is used in the
calculation of bending of a bar, torsion of a shaft and
determination of the stresses in any cross section of a
machine element or an engineering structure.
 Rectangular (Cartesian) and Polar Area Moments of Inertia and
Product of Inertia
(Kartezyen ve Kutupsal Alan Atalet Momentleri ve
Çarpım Alan Atalet Momenti)

By definition, the moments of inertia of area

dA with respect to x and y axes are

dI x  y 2 dA
dI y  x 2 dA
The moments of inertia of the total area A
with respect to x and y axes are
z

I x   y 2 dA The moment of inertia of area A with respect to x axis

I y   x 2 dA The moment of inertia of area A with respect to y axis

These moments of inertia are named as “Rectangular (Cartesian)

moments of inertia”.
The moment of inertia of area dA with
respect to z axis or pole O is by definition

dI z or dI O or J   r 2 dA

The moment of inertia of total area A

with respect to z axis or pole O is
z

I z   r dA 2
The moment of inertia of area A with respect to z axis

Since the z axis is perpendicular to the plane of the area and cuts
the plane at pole O, the moment of inertia is named “polar moment
of inertia”.

r 2  x2  y2 Therefore, Iz  Ix  Iy
In certain problems involving unsymmetrical cross sections and in the
calculation of moments of inertia about rotated axes, an expression

dI xy  xydA

occurs, which has the integrated form

I xy   xydA
z
where x and y are the coordinates of the
element of area dA.

Ixy is named as the “product of inertia” of the area A with respect to

the xy axes.
Properties of moments of inertia:

1) Area moments of inertia Ix, Iy, Iz are always positive (+).

2) Ixy can be positive (+), negative (-) or

zero whenever either of the
reference axes is an axis of
symmetry, such as the x axis in the
figure.

3) The unit for all area moments of inertia is the 4. power of that
taken for length (L4).
Properties of Moments of Inertia:

4) The smallest value of an area moment of inertia that an area can have
is realized with respect to an axis that passes from the centroid of
this area. The area moment of inertia of an area increaes as the area
goes further from this axis.

The area moment of inertia will get smaller when the distribution of an
area gets closer to the axis as possible.

y y y y
A
A A A
x x x x A=36 L2

Ix=103.13 L4 Ix=108 L4 Ix=243 L4 Ix=752 L4

 Radius of Gyration
Jirasyon (Atalet – Eylemsizlik) Yarıçapı

Consider an area A, which has rectangular moments of inertia Ix and Iy

and a polar moment of inerta Iz about O. We now visualize this area as
concentrated into a long narrow strip of area A a distance kx from the x
axis. By definition, the moment of inertia of the strip about the x axis will
be the same as that of the original area if

kx A  I x
2

The distance kx is called the

“radius of gyration” of the
area about the x axis.

z
A similar relation for the y axis is written by considering the area as
concentrated into a narrow strip parallel to the y axis as seen in the
figure. Also, if we visualize the area as concentrated into a narrow ring of
radius kz, we may express the polar moment of inertia as kz A  I z .
2

In summary,

I x  kx A I y  ky A I z  kz A
2 2 2

Ix Iy Iz
kx  ky  kz 
A A A

Ix  I y  Iz kx  k y  kz
2 2 2
Also since,
Transfer of Axes
Paralel Eksenler (Steiner) Teoremi

The moment of inertia of an area about a

noncentroidal axis may be easily expressed in
terms of the moment of inertia about a
parallel centroidal axis.

In the figure, x  y axes pass through the centroid G of the area. Let
us now determine the moments of inertia of the area about the parallel
xy axes. By definition, the moment of inertia of the element dA about
the x axis is
dI x   yO  d  dA
2

Expanding to the whole area

I x   yO dA  2d  yO dA  d 2  dA
2
 I x   yO dA  2d  yO dA  d 2  dA
2

We see that the first integral is by definition,

the moment of inertia I x about the centroidal
x axis. The second integral is zero, since
 yO dA  AyO and yO is automatically zero
with the centroid on the x axis. The third
term is simply Ad 2 . Thus, the expression for
Ix and the similar expression for Iy become

I x  I x  Ad 2
I y  I y  Ae2
The sum of these two equations give

I z  I z  Ar 2 and since Ix  I y  Iz , Ix  Iy  Iz
 For product of inertia

I xy  I xy  Ade
The parallel axes theorems also hold for
radii of gyration as:

kz  kz  r 2
2 2

where k is the radius of gyration about a centroidal axis parallel

to the axis about which k applies and r is the perpendicular
distance between the two axes. For product of inertia:

k xy  k xy  de
2 2
Two points that should be noted in particular about the transfer of axes
are:

The two transfer axes must be parallel to each other

One of the axes must pass through the centroid of the area

If a transfer is desired between two parallel axes neither of which

passes through the centroid, it is first necessary to transfer from one
axis to the parallel centroidal axis and then to transfer from the
centroidal axis to the second axis. So, the parallel axis theorem must be
used twice.
Rotation of Axes, Principle Axes of Inertia,
Principle Moments of Inertia
Eksenlerin Döndürülmesi, Asal Atalet Eksenleri, Asal Atalet
Momentleri

In Mechanics it is often necessary to calculate the moments of inertia

about rotated axes.

The product of inertia is useful when we need to calculate the moment of

inertia of an area about inclined axes. This consideration leads directly
to the important problem of determining the axes about which the
moment of inertia is a maximum and a minimum.
From the figure, the moments
of inertia of the area about
the x' and y' axes are:


I x   y dA    y cos   x sin   dA
2
2


I y   x 2 dA    y sin   x cos   dA
2

Expanding and substituting the

trigonometric identities:

1  cos 2
cos 2  1  2 sin 2  sin 2  
2
1  cos 2
cos 2  2 cos 2   1 cos  
2

2
Defining the relations in terms of Ix, Iy, Ixy give

Ix  Iy Ix  Iy
I x   cos 2  I xy sin 2
2 2
Ix  Iy Ix  Iy
I y   cos 2  I xy sin 2
2 2

In a similar manner we write the product

of inertia about the inclines axes as:

I xy   xydA    y cos   x sin   y sin   x cos  dA

Expanding and substituting the trigonometric identities:

1
cos 2  cos 2   sin 2  and sin 2  2 sin  cos  , sin  cos   sin 2
2
 Defining the relations for Ix, Iy, Ixy give
y
Y’
Ix  I y 
I xy  sin 2  I xy cos 2 x’
2 
x
Adding, gives
I x  I y  I x  I y   I z z

The angle which makes I x and I y  either maximum or minimum may be

determined by setting the derivative of either I x or I y  with respect
to  equal to zero. Thus,

dI x Ix  Iy
 2 sin 2  2 I xy cos 2  0
d 2
Denoting this critical angle by a gives

2 I xy
tan 2a 
Iy  Ix

The equation gives two values for 2a which differ by , since tan2a
= tan (2a + ). Consequently, the two solutions for a will differ by
/2.

One value defines the axis of maximum moment of inertia and the
other value defines the axis of minimum moment of inertia. These
two rectangular axes are called “principle axes of inertia”.
When the critical value of 2 is substituted into the equations, it is
seen that the product of inertia is zero for the principle axes of
inertia. Substitution of sin2a and cos2a into the equations, gives the
expressions for the “principle moments of inertia” as:

Ix  Iy  Ix  Iy 
2

I max      I xy 2
min 2  2 
Area Moments of Inertia
of
Basic Geometric Shapes
 Area Moments of Inertia of
1) Rectangle Basic Geometric Shapes

h h
b by 3 bh3
dy I x   y dA   y bdy  b  y dy 
2 2 2

0
3 0 3 h
b h
hb 3 hb 3
I y   x dA   x hdx  h x dx 
2 2 2
 dx
0
3 0
3
2
h bh 3 h bh 3
I x  I x  Ad 2 d I x  I x  Ad 
2
 bh  
2 3 2 12
2
b hb3 b hb3
I y  I y  Ae2 e I y  I y  Ae 
2
 bh  
2 3 2 12
bh3 hb3 bh3 hb3
Ix  Iy  Ix  Iy 
3 3 12 12
 Area Moments of Inertia of
Basic Geometric Shapes

2) Square

y Since b=h=a
a4
Ix 
a/2 3
a4
Iy 
3
a4
a
G Ix 
a/2 12
a4
a
x Iy 
12
 Area Moments of Inertia of
3) Triangle Basic Geometric Shapes
y
y y
b/3

I x   y 2 dA dA  n  dy
h-y n
dy
h h
y
x m
G h/3 x
x dx
b b

n b
From similar triangles   n
b
h  y 
h y h h
3 h 4 h
h bh3
I   y 2ndy   y 2 h  y dy 
b by y b
  I 
x h 3 4 h x 12
0 0 0
2
bh 3 bh  h  bh 3
I x  I x  Ad 
2
    Ix 
12 2 3 36
3 3
hb hb
I y   x 2 dA  I y  I y  Ae 2 
12 36
 Area Moments of Inertia of
4) Circle Basic Geometric Shapes

R R

I z   r dA
2
dA  2πrdr I z   r 2πrdr  2π  r dr
2 3
I z  2π r 4
 2πR 4

0
4 0
4

I z  πR
4
Io  I z  I x  I y
2
πR 4
Due to symmetry Ix  Iy 
4
πR 4
πR 4
5πR 4
 πR 2 R  
5
I x  I x  Ad 2  Ix  Iy 
2

4 4 4
 Area Moments of Inertia of
5) Semicircle Basic Geometric Shapes
R 4
y ,y
R 4
Ix  4  Ix 
2 8
R 4 R 2  4 R   8 
2
G x I x  I x  Ad 
2
   , I x  R4   
4R/3 8 2  3   8 9 
x
O
R 4
R 4
Iy  Iy  4  Iy  Iy 
2 8
6) Quarter circle

y y

R 4
4R/3 R 4
Ix  Iy  4 
G 4 16
x
4R/3
x
 Applications of
Area Moment of Inertia
 * Determine the area moments of inertia of the area under the curve with
respect to x and y axes.
w=b-x
y
x
x2 Ix  ? Iy ?
y
2b b/2
dy

dx x
b

b/ 2
 by 2 b y 
 
b/ 2 3 1/ 2 1/ 2 7/ 2
I x   y 2 dA 0 y 2
b  21/ 2 1/ 2 1/ 2
b y dy  -  2 
 3 7 0
b  b3 21/ 2 b1/ 2b 7 / 2  2 b4 b4 b4
Ix    - 
3 2 3
72 7/ 2
24 
 28 168
7 6

b b
x2 2 x
2
1 x5 b4
I y   x 2 dA dA  ydx  dx  x dA  0 x 2b dx
2
Iy   
2b 2b 5 0 10
* Determine the area moments of inertia of the area between a curve and a
line with respect to x and y axes.

I y   x 2 dA ,  
dA  a1/ 2 x1 / 2 -x dx
y
xright y 2  ax
a
a x 
 
a 1/ 2 7/ 2 4
x
  0   2 
2 2 1/ 2 1/ 2
xleft x dA x a x -x dx
w
(a, a)  7 4 0
dy
2a 4 a 4 a 4
l y=x I y  - 
ytop 7  4 28
ybottom dx 4 7
x a
2 y2   y 4 y5 
a
I x   y dA   y  y- dy   
2

0  a   4 5  a 0
a4 a4 a4
I x  - 
4 
 5 20
5 4
* Determine the product of inertias of the following areas.
y y

b/2 I xy  ? I xy   xydA dA  dxdy

b h b h
x2 y2 b2h2
dy I xy    xydxdy  
h dx 0 0
2 0
2 0
4
x
G b2h2  b  h 
h/2 I xy  I xy  Ade , I xy  I xy - Ade  -bh    0
4  2  2 
x
b

The product of inertia is zero whenever either of the centroidal axes is

an axis of symmetry.
y
e y
I xy  0 y
y
I xy  0
e

I xy  I xy  Ade I xy  I xy  Ade
 
G x 0
0 x
G
d d
x x
* Determine the product of inertia of the triangular area.
y
y y
b/3 x I xy  ?
I xy   xydA
h dA
I xy  ?
h y
x y/2
G x
h/3 dx b-x
x
b b
Considering only the differential rectangular area
dA  ydx , for this area dI xy  0 and dI xy  dI xy  dAde
 y y2 hb-x 
dI xy  ydx x    x dx
y h
writing in terms of x,  y
2 2 b-x b b
h2 2

y  2 b  2bx  x 2
2

For the triangle b
b
h 2  b 2 x 2 2bx 3 x 4  h 2  b 4 2b 4 b 4 
 
b
h2 2
 dI xy  I xy  0 x 2b 2 b  2bx  x dx  2b 2  2  3  4   2b 2  2  3  4 
2

h 2b 2 h 2b 2 h 2b 2 h 2b 2
 -  
4
   3 8 24
h 2b 2 bh  h  b  h 2b 2 h 2b 2 h 2b 2
6 8 3
I xy  I xy -Ade  -     - -
24 2  3  3   24  18 72
3 4
Products of inertia for various configurations

y y y
y
b/3
2b/3
x
h G
h
2h/3
x
G
h/3
x x
b b

h 2b 2 h 2b 2
I xy  I xy 
8 72
Products of inertia for various configurations
y

d I xy  ? I xy  ?
d
R
 dA I xy   xydA , dA  ρdθdρ
y=sin R π/ 2

x=cos
x I xy    ρ cos θρ sin θρdθdρ sin 2θ  2 sin θ cos θ
0 0
R π/ 2 π/ 2
ρ4 R4 1  1 

4 0 sin θ cos θdθ  4  2  sin 2θdθ
0
  sin axdx   cos ax 
 a 
0

 
I xy    cos 2θ 0   -1-1
4 4 4
R 1 π/ 2 R R
8  2 16 8
πR   
4 2 4 4
R
I xy  I xy  Ade  - 4 R 4 R R 4 R
   -
8 4  3π  3π  8 9π