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A comparison of time-motion and technical–tactical

variables between age groups of female judo matches
a a a a a
Bianca Miarka , Rubiana Cury , Ricardo Julianetti , Rafael Battazza , Ursula Ferreira Julio ,
b ac
Michel Calmet & Emerson Franchini
a
Martial Arts and Combat Sports Research Group – School of Physical Education and Sport,
University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
b
Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Montpellier, São Paulo, Brazil
c
Sport Department, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Published online: 10 Apr 2014.

To cite this article: Bianca Miarka, Rubiana Cury, Ricardo Julianetti, Rafael Battazza, Ursula Ferreira Julio, Michel Calmet &
Emerson Franchini (2014): A comparison of time-motion and technical–tactical variables between age groups of female judo
matches, Journal of Sports Sciences, DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2014.903335

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 Journal of Sports Sciences, 2014
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2014.903335

A comparison of time-motion and technical–tactical variables between

age groups of female judo matches

BIANCA MIARKA1, RUBIANA CURY1, RICARDO JULIANETTI1, RAFAEL BATTAZZA1,

URSULA FERREIRA JULIO1, MICHEL CALMET2 & EMERSON FRANCHINI1,3
1
Martial Arts and Combat Sports Research Group – School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São
Paulo, Brazil, 2Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Montpellier, São Paulo, Brazil and 3Sport Department, University of
São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

(Accepted 5 March 2014)

Downloaded by [177.9.188.90] at 09:45 22 April 2014

Abstract
The aim of the study was to verify differences between age groups of female judo matches in time-motion and technical–
tactical analysis. The sample was composed of pre-cadet (13–14 years, n = 148), cadet (15–16 years, n = 228), junior (17–19
years, n = 104) and senior (>20 years, n = 237) groups. The time-motion indicators consisted of total combat time, standing
combat time, displacement without contact, gripping time, total time of techniques, groundwork combat time and pause
time, per match and by each combat/pause cycle. Technical and tactical variables were also collected. The one-way analysis
of variance and a post hoc test were conducted, P ≤ 0.05. Cadets, with a median of 7 (2, 12), had a number of combat/pause
cycles different from junior, with 3 (1, 8.5). Regarding time-motion per match and per cycle, senior had longer total combat
time, standing combat time and gripping time than other groups. Senior presented lower frequency of leg techniques than
pre-cadet, cadet and junior. Time-motion and technical–tactical variables effects in female judo athletes emphasise the
difference between seniors and other groups.

Keywords: time and motion studies, task performance and analysis, judo, martial arts and women’s groups

Introduction judo athletes (Calmet et al., 2006; Franchini et al.,

2008). The role of feedback is essential in the per-
According to the rules established by the
formance improvement process (Gutiérrez-Santiago,
International Judo Federation (IJF), there are four
Prieto, Ayán, & Cancela, 2013) and to prevent inju-
ways to score and, consequently, to win judo com-
ries, which could occur during the combat (Koshida,
bats: (1) by using throwing techniques (nage-waza),
Deguchi, Miyashita, Iwai, & Urabe, 2010), but little
which are classified as leg techniques (ashi-waza),
information has been presented about these vari-
arm techniques (te-waza), hip techniques (koshi-
ables, especially for the actions of female judo ath-
waza) and sacrifice techniques (sutemi-waza); (2)
letes (Sterkowicz, Sacripanti, & Sterkowicz-
through immobilisation techniques (osae-waza); (3)
Przybycień, 2013).
due to submission of the opponent via strangulation
The history of competitive female judo begins in
(shime-waza) or via joint-lock techniques (kansetsu-
the late 1960s and 1970s, when women started to
waza) and (4) due to penalties received by the oppo-
participate in official competitions around the world
nent (IJF, 2012).
(Miarka, Marques, & Franchini, 2011) . Nowadays,
The success in technical and tactical variables in
the total time for female combats is similar to men’s,
tournaments is associated with unpredictability, such
which consists of 3 min for pre-cadet (13–14 years),
as, for instance, gripping variability (Calmet, Miarka,
4 min for cadet (15–17 years) and 5 min for junior
& Franchini, 2010), different types of attack
(18–20 years) and senior (>20 years) (IJF, 2012),
(Franchini, Sterkowicz, Meira, Gomes, & Tani,
although recently the IJF proposed a 4-min period
2008) and its orientations (Calmet & Ahmaidi,
for senior women starting in 2014 (IJF, 2013). This
2004; Calmet, Trezel, & Ahmaidi, 2006; Franchini
period can be reduced if one athlete obtains the
et al., 2008). The connection of these variables
maximum score (ippon). Until 2012, in case of a
represents the main aspects of attacking systems of

Correspondence: Emerson Franchini, Martial Arts and Combat Sports Research Group – School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo,
São Paulo, Brazil. E-mail: emersonfranchini@hotmail.com

© 2014 Taylor & Francis

 2 B. Miarka et al.
tie, it could be complemented by an extra time of 3
min for senior and junior athletes and 2 min for
cadet and pre-cadet or until one of the athletes
achieved any score in this period, the golden score
(IJF, 2012). However, in 2013, the IJF started test-
ing new rules and, currently, extra time is unlimited,
i.e. the match is ended only when one of the athletes
score (IJF, 2013). Despite several changes in judo
rules over the years, similar and consistent results of
effort and pause time for senior male judo athletes
have been reported over the past 25 years
(Castarlenas & Planas, 1997; Franchini, Artioli, &
Brito, 2013; Sikorski, Mickiewicz, Majle, & Laksa,
1987). Therefore, this study offers a diachronic tem-
poral analysis of the same type of data for senior
female judo athletes. This can be useful for compar-
ison with further findings, since the studies compar-
ing data for male athletes have not shown
significative differences over the years.
Downloaded by [177.9.188.90] at 09:45 22 April 2014
Furthermore, new findings have suggested differ-
ences between age groups in male fighters when
comparing the variation of combat time and the
combination of different technical–tactical actions
(Miarka et al., 2012).
Although women athletes have been competing
for more than four decades, studies analysing tech-
nical and tactical aspects of female judo matches are
scarce (Calmet et al., 2006; Franchini et al., 2008;
Gutiérrez-Santiago, Prieto, Camerino, & Anguera,
2011). Calmet et al. (2006) presented data from 18
men and 10 women, during 185 matches over the
competition season of 2001–2002, grouped, while a
recent research reported the time-motion analysis of
Paralympic female athletes (Gutiérrez-Santiago
et al., 2011). Regarding international champion-
ships, researchers demonstrated differences between
male and female super elite athletes, who were the
best athletes in each weight category, and elite, who
were medal winners, but not champions and who did
not win more than three medals between 1995 and
2001 (Franchini et al., 2008). Authors reported that
females received less penalties compared to males,
but no difference was found concerning total num-
ber of attacks, number of attacks in standing or
groundwork position, points and ippon scored per
match and direction of attacks in standing position
(Franchini et al., 2008). Also, a relation between
self-confidence and the number of attacks used dur-
ing competitions of women judo athletes was
observed (Matsumoto, Takeuchi, Nakajima, & Iida,
2000). However, information about time-motion
analysis in female judo athletes is lacking.
Such a method of analysis can be used in the crea-
tion of attack systems, as well as to quantify physical
and technical patterns, providing important guidelines
for training in a chosen sport (Atkinson & Nevill, 2001;
Drust, 2010; Hughes & Franks, 2004). In combat
sports, determinant arrangements are dependent on
the match progression, since every action is predis-
posed by the previous one and influences the following
ones (Del Vecchio, Hirata, & Franchini, 2011; Santos,
Franchini, & Lima-Silva, 2011).
Recently, a comparison of time-motion indicators
during judo matches conducted an analysis that
included the total combat, standing combat, displace-
ment without contact, gripping, groundwork combat
and pause times, following the match progression
(Miarka et al., 2012). The authors compared these
indicators in 1,811 performances from four age groups
(pre-cadet, 13–14 years, n = 522; cadet, 15–16 years,
n = 353; junior, 17–19 years, n = 349, and; senior, >20
years, n = 587). Results indicated differences between
groups and suggested that each age category presented
particularities in their actions, which have important
implications for the development of training (Miarka
et al., 2012). However, the sample was limited to male
athletes and time-motion in women judo athletes
could have particularities, due to different physical
fitness (Franchini, Del Vecchio, Matsushigue, &
Artioli, 2011), gender construction (Guerandel &
Mennesson, 2007), social representation (Ferreira
Julio, Panissa, Miarka, Takito, & Franchini, 2013)
and support (Miarka, Marques, et al., 2011) reported
between male and female judo athletes.
Socially and historically, judo practised by men and
by women has been clearly distinguished since its
start, and only in the last decades better opportunities
and recognition for women has become apparent
(Miarka, Marques, et al., 2011). Therefore, based
on the limitation of knowledge of female judo com-
bats and regarding the differences observed between
age groups with large samples (Miarka et al., 2012),
the purpose of the current study was to: (1) quantify
different phases in women judo matches based on
time-motion analysis; (2) quantify number of penal-
ties, techniques, technical orientations and grip varia-
tions in women judo matches based on previous
indicators presented and (3) determine the extent to
which differences occur between age groups (pre-
cadet, cadet, junior and senior) in women judo
matches of different championship levels.
Methods
Participants
The sample was composed by 717 performances of
athletes, comprised of four groups according to age
groups: pre-cadet (13–14 years, n = 148), cadet
(15–16 years, n = 228), junior (17–19 years, n = 104)
and senior (>20 years, n = 237). The age group divi-
sions were based on the rule available at the year of data
collection. All participants were informed about the
procedures used in the record, and provided their

informed consent. In addition, the procedures in this
study were approved by the local Ethics Committee.
Setting
In order to guarantee an adequate number of obser-
vations, allowing the study to reflect time-motion and
technical–tactical indicators by women judo athletes
in different age groups, we used the four most similar
championships with the largest number of women
fighters in the country. Therefore, three regional
championships and one state championship of all
weight categories in pre-cadet, cadet, junior and
senior age groups for females were taped using four
Sony® cameras model DCR-DVD 508 (Tokyo,
Japan) in 2008. In order to guarantee ecological valid-
ity, each camera was responsible for one match area,
such as coaches and match analysts have done in judo
competitions (Miarka, Hayashida, Julio, Calmet, &
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Franchini, 2011; Miarka et al., 2012). After record-
ing, the data were analysed by one expert.
Although the data collection involved only one
expert to conduct the combat analyses, it was impor-
tant to use a tool that could be replicable in future
studies. Therefore, the present study selected a soft-
ware and a protocol which had reliability measures
previously reported through intra-observer and inter-
observer testing procedures (Miarka, Hayashida,
et al., 2011; Miarka et al., 2012).
Time-motion and performance indicators measures
Time-motion measures were composed of total
combat time, standing combat time, displacement
without contact, gripping time, technique time,
groundwork combat time and pause time. The fre-
quency of each time-motion indicator was collected
per match and expressed by second of playing time,
following preceding recommendations (Miarka,
Hayashida, et al., 2011; Miarka et al., 2012). Each
combat phase is formed by specific technical–tactical
actions, which could influence the success in the
combat. They are called performance indicators in
the present research, and these variables were pre-
viously designed by other studies (Calmet et al.,
2010; Franchini et al., 2008; Miarka et al., 2012).
Performance indicators measures were defined
and analysed through previous protocols, which
included the frequency of penalties, techniques
applied, technical orientations, grip type and their
variations. The penalty (shido) frequencies were
noted over the referee sinalisation in each combat,
following the protocol of Miarka, Hayashida, et al.
(2011). In addition, all techniques were classified
and accounted following the Kodokan technical clas-
sification and the resultant score sinalised by the
referee, as suggested by previous studies (Calmet &
Female judo matches analysis 3
Ahmaidi, 2004). Strangulation and joint-lock tech-
niques were not allowed for pre-cadet athletes and
thus not considered for this group (IJF, 2013).
Regarding technical orientations, the present
research followed the protocol used in Franchini
et al. (2008) and in Calmet and Ahmaidi (2004),
which defined the observation of technical orienta-
tions through the cardinal and ordinal directions.
Concerning gripping, it was defined by the time
between the accomplishment of a grip type (kumi-
kata) and the lack of contact on the opponent judogi,
as designed by preceding study (Calmet et al.,
2010). The frequency of gripping variations was
detected and observed through the modification of
the grip type in the judogi segments (collar, sleeve
and back) and of their combinations (sleeve and
sleeve, collar and collar, collar and sleeve, back and
sleeve), separate by the left and right side, following
prior research (Calmet et al., 2010). All variables
presented were collected in each match following
previous recommendations (Calmet et al., 2010;
Franchini et al., 2008; Miarka et al., 2012).
The present cross-sectional study design is pre-
sented in Figure 1.
Reliability testing
The reliability measures were assessed in previously
published studies through intra-observer and inter-
observer testing procedures (Miarka, Hayashida,
et al., 2011; Miarka et al., 2012). According to
Miarka et al. (2012), the Cohen’s kappa compared
two experts, with more than 10 years of judo practice
and graduated in physical education. The first expert
analysed 20 performances of athletes, and the second
analysed the same 20 athletes. After this procedure,
the last expert performed the intra-observer agree-
ment, with the selection and analysis of 10 combats
(20 athletes) in the first time in a randomised form,
performed it one more time. The inter- and intra-
observer agreements were assessed using the method
advocated by Bland and Altman (2007), with all data
found to be within acceptable limits (i.e. <5% error,
like demonstrated by Lago (2009)). The significance
level of P < 0.05 was used. The protocol and the
FRAMI® software demonstrated agreements classi-
fied as “Almost Perfect” for kappa values, with a
range of agreement of all analysed variables between
0.84 and 1.00 – both assessed through intra-observer
and inter-observer tests (Miarka et al., 2012).
Statistical analysis
Descriptive data was presented as mean ± SD or med-
ian (first quartile, third quartile). For the non-para-
metric data, Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney tests
were conducted in order to compare groups.
 4 B. Miarka et al.

Figure 1. Study design of time-motion and performance indicators measured during female judo matches.
Downloaded by [177.9.188.90] at 09:45 22 April 2014

Table I. Total time of each match showed by mean ± SD for each time-motion indicator by each age group, in seconds.

Total combat Standing combat Displacement without Gripping Groundwork Pause Technique
Age groups time time contact time combat time time time

Pre-cadet n = 148 147 ± 98 105 ± 76a 42 ± 40 57 ± 43d 41 ± 31 48 ± 49 4 ± 5

Cadet n = 228 128 ± 81 91 ± 62 40 ± 29 45 ± 35 35 ± 26 54 ± 58 5 ± 5
Junior n = 104 119 ± 83 76 ± 57 31 ± 26 38 ± 30 41 ± 35 47 ± 77 4 ± 5
Senior n = 237 179 ± 135d 141 ± 119d 52 ± 48b 73 ± 57d 36 ± 31 55 ± 58 7 ± 8c

Note: aAge group significantly different from junior and senior groups (P < 0.05); bAge group significantly different from cadet and junior
groups (P < 0.05); cAge group significantly different from pre-cadet and junior groups (P < 0.05); dAge group significantly different from
other groups (P < 0.05).

Afterwards, the effect size measure for non-parametric
analysis was calculated, defined as r = Z/√N, where r
represents the effect size, Z is derived from the conver-
sion of Mann–Whitney test and N is the total number of
observations. This analysis considers r-values as: small
effect size (r = 0.10), medium effect size (r = 0.30) or
large effect size (r = 0.50) (Field, 2005). Time-motion
data were presented as mean ± SD. One-way ANOVA
was conducted to compare measured variables across
age groups. When differences were detected, the Tukey
test was used as post hoc to identify specific differences
between age groups. Eta-squared (η2) was calculated.
The significance level of P ≤ 0.05 was used.
Results
Total times accumulated per match for each time-
motion indicator in pre-cadet, cadet, junior and
senior groups are presented in Table I.
The ANOVA revealed differences between ages in
total combat time (F3,713 = 12.54, P < 0.001,
η2 = 0.05), in which seniors displayed longer values
than other groups (for pre-cadet, P = 0.019 and for
cadet and junior, P < 0.001). Similar effects were
observed in standing combat time (F3,713 = 19.20,
P < 0.001, η2 = 0.075), where senior displayed
longer values than other groups (P < 0.001 for all
comparisons) and pre-cadet presented longer values
than junior (P < 0.001).
Significant differences were found in gripping time
(F3,713 = 21.65, P < 0.001, η2 = 0.083), with senior
presenting longer periods in this action when com-
pared to other ages (pre-cadet, P = 0.038; cadet and
junior, P < 0.001). Pre-cadet had longer gripping
periods than cadet (P = 0.038) and junior
(P = 0.005).
Concerning differences in displacement without
contact (F3,713 = 7.78, P < 0.001, η2 = 0.032), senior
presented longer periods than cadet (P = 0.006) and
junior (P = 0.001). Total time of techniques differed
among groups (F3,713 = 5.38, P = 0.010,
η2 = 0.022): senior displayed longer time than pre-
cadet (P = 0.005) and junior (P = 0.006).
Table II presents the frequency for each time-
motion indicator of the match separated by groups.
Statistical analysis showed differences in pause
frequencies per combat (K3,713 = 12.97,
P = 0.005), where the junior age group demon-
strated lower values than pre-cadets (r = 0.08,
P = 0.025), cadets (r = 0.14, P < 0.001) and senior
 Female judo matches analysis 5

Table II. Frequency of time-motion indicators in each combat/pause cycle showed by median (first; third quartile) by age group, in seconds.

Age groups Standing combat Displacement without contact Gripping Technique Groundwork combat Pause

Pre-cadet n = 148 7(3;11) 7(3;11) 6(3;11) 4(2;7) 4(2;8)c 6(2;10)

Cadet n = 228 7(3;12) 7(3;12) 7(3;11) 4(2;8)b 4(2;8)d 6(2;11)
Junior n = 104 4(2;10.5) 4(2;10.5) 4(2;10)a 3(1;6) 3(1;7) 3(1;9.5)*
Senior n = 237 6(3;11) 6(3;11) 6(3;11) 4(2;7) 4(1;7) 5(2;10)

Note: *Age group significantly different from all other age groups; aAge group significantly different from cadet (P = 0.016) and senior
(P = 0.003); bdifferent from pre-cadet (P = 0.011) and junior (P < 0.001); cdifferent from senior (P = 0.012) and junior (P = 0.035).
d
Different from junior (P < 0.001).

Table III. Total time of each match phase showed by mean ± SD for each time-motion indicator by each age group, in seconds.

Total combat Standing combat Displacement without Gripping Groundwork Pause Technique
Age groups time time contact time combat time time time

Pre-cadet n = 148 22 ± 14 14 ± 7 6 ± 4 8 ± 7 9 ± 9 5 ± 3 0 ± 0
Cadet n = 228 16 ± 8 11 ± 4 5 ± 4a 5 ± 3 7 ± 8c 5 ± 3b 0 ± 1
Junior n = 104 22 ± 10 14 ± 6 7 ± 5 7 ± 5 10 ± 9 8 ± 14 0 ± 0
Senior n = 237 35 ± 63d 27 ± 49d 7 ± 6 13 ± 22d 8 ± 9 6 ± 7 2 ± 3d
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Note: aAge group significantly different from senior group (P < 0.05); bage group significantly different from junior group (P < 0.05); cage
group significantly different from pre-cadet and junior groups (P < 0.05); dage group significantly different from other groups (P < 0.05).

(r = 0.08, P = 0.021). Similar results were found
when compared standing combat and displacement
without contact frequencies (K3,713 = 13.10
P = 0.004); juniors demonstrated lower frequency
than pre-cadets (r = 0.03, P = 0.025), cadets
(r = 0.06, P < 0.001) and seniors (r = 0.08,
P = 0.021).
Effects of age groups were found in gripping fre-
quencies (K3,713 = 10.50, P = 0.015), where junior
demonstrated lower frequency than cadet (r = 0.12,
P = 0.016) and senior group (r = 0.08, P = 0.003).
Regarding technique frequency, the analysis of var-
iance showed differences between age groups
(K3,713 = 20.06, P < 0.001), where cadets obtained
higher values than pre-cadets (r = 0.13, P = 0.011)
and junior (r = 0.13, P < 0.001). Regarding ground-
work sequences, significant differences were
observed (K3,713 = 23.31, P < 0.001), where pre-
cadets was higher than senior (r = −0.03 P = 0.012)
and junior (r = 0.08, P = 0.035). Moreover, cadets
obtained higher groundwork frequency than junior
(r = 0.14, P < 0.001). Table III presents total time of
each cycle of combat/pause for each time-motion
indicator of the match separated by groups.
When combat was separated in each combat/pause
sequential time, statistical differences were found in
total combat time (F3,713 = 10.10, P < 0.001,
η2 = 0.041). Senior presented longer times than
other groups (P = 0.006 for pre-cadet, P < 0.001
for cadet and P = 0.027 for junior). Effects were
found in standing combat time (F3,713 = 14.02,
P < 0.001, η2 = 0.056): senior group had longer
times than all groups (P < 0.001 for all compari-
sons). In gripping time, the comparisons presented
differences (F3,713 = 19.23, P < 0.001, η2 = 0.075),
which demonstrated that senior displayed longer
times than other age groups (P < 0.001 for all
comparisons).
Regarding differences in displacement without
combat (F3,713 = 4.32, P < 0.001, η2 = 0.018),
cadet presented shorter time than senior
(P = 0.008). In total pause differences
(F3,713 = 3.34, P = 0.05, η2 = 0.014), cadet pre-
sented a shorter time than junior (P = 0.038).
Differences of groundwork combat time
(F3,713 = 16.34, P < 0.001, η2 = 0.064) revealed
that cadet had shorter values than pre-cadet
(P = 0.032) and junior (P = 0.002).
Table IV shows a sequential parameter with the
representative temporal structure of female judo
combat separated by age groups.
No difference was found between groups in fre-
quency of throwing techniques, attacks, attacks
orientations, gripping variations and penalties
(shido) (Table V).
The frequency of koshi-waza, ashi-waza, te-waza,
sutemi-waza, osae-waza, shime-waza and kansetsu-
waza applied in each match of all groups is presented
in Table VI.
Regarding ashi-waza, non-parametric tests
demonstrated differences between groups
(K3,713 = 49.99, P < 0.001, r = 0.072), with senior
presenting lower frequency of ashi-waza than pre-
cadet (P < 0.001), Cadet (P < 0.001) and junior
(P = 0.032). In addition, there was an effect of age
groups on kansetsu-waza (K2,565 = 11.55, P = 0.009,
r = 0.016), with senior using more these techniques
than cadet (P < 0.001). Similar results were
 6 B. Miarka et al.

Table IV. Representative sequential temporal structure in female judo combat in different age groups.

Pre-cadet Cadet Junior Senior

Combat start Combat start Combat start Combat start

1st SCT (14 s) 1st SCT (11 s) 1st SCT (14 s) 1st SCT (27 s)
1st DWC (6 s) 1st DWC (5 s) 1st DWC (7 s) 1st DWC (7 s)
1st GT (8 s) 1st GT (5 s) 1st GT (7 s) 1st GT (13 s)
2nd DWC (6 s) 2nd DWC (5 s) 1st TT (<1 s) 2nd DWC (7 s)
1st TT (<1 s) 1st TT (<1 s) 1st PT (8 s) 1st TT (2 s)
1st PT (5 s) 1st PT (5 s) 2nd SCT (14 s) 1st PT (6 s)
2nd SCT (14 s) 2nd SCT (11 s) 3rd DWC (7 s) 2nd SCT (27 s)
3rd DWC (6 s) 3rd DWC (5 s) 2nd GT (7 s) 3rd DWC (7 s)
2nd GT (8 s) 2nd GT (5s) 2nd TT (<1 s) 2nd GT (13 s)
2nd TT (<1 s) 2nd TT (<1 s) 2nd PT (8 s) 4th DWC (7 s)
1st GCT (9 s) 1st GCT (7 s) 3rd SCT (14 s) 2nd TT (2 s)
2nd PT (5 s) 2nd PT (5 s) 4th DWC (7 s) 2nd PT (6 s)
3rd SCT (14 s) 3rd SCT (11 s) 3rd GT (7 s) 3rd SCT (27 s)
4th DWC (6 s) 4th DWC (5 s) 3rd TT (<1 s) 4th DWC (7 s)
3rd GT (8 s) 3rd GT (5 s) 1nd GCT (10 s) 3rd GT (13 s)
3rd TT (<1 s) 5th DWC (5 s) 3rd PT (8 s) 3rd TT (2 s)
2nd GCT (9 s) 3rd TT (<1 s) 4th SCT (14 s) 1st GCT (8 s)
3rd PT (5 s) 2nd GCT (7 s) 5th DWC (7 s) 3rd PT (6 s)
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4th SCT (14 s) 3rd PT (5 s) 4th GT (7 s) 4th SCT (27 s)

5th DWC (6 s) 4th SCT (11 s) 4th TT (<1 s) 5th DWC (7 s)
4th GT (8 s) 5th DWC (5 s) 2nd GCT (10 s) 4th GT (13 s)
4th TT (<1 s) 4th GT (5 s) 4th PT (8 s) 4th TT (2 s)
3rd GCT (9 s) 4th TT (<1 s) 5th SCT (14 s) 2nd GCT (8 s)
4th PT (5 s) 3rd GCT (7 s) 6th DWC (7 s) 4th PT (6 s)
5th SCT (14 s) 4th PT (5 s) 5th GT (7 s) 5th SCT (27 s)
6th DWC (6 s) 5th SCT (11 s) 5th TT (<1 s) 6th DWC (7 s)
5th GT (8 s) 6th DWC (5 s) 3rd GCT (10 s) 5th GT (13 s)
5th TT (<1 s) 5th GT (5 s) 5th PT (8 s) 5th TT (2 s)
5th GCT (9 s) 5th TT (<1 s) 6th SCT (14 s) 3rd GCT (8 s)
5th PT (5 s) 5th GCT (7 s) 7th DWC (7 s) 5th PT (6 s)
6th SCT (14 s) 5th PT (5 s) 6th GT (7 s) 6th SCT (27 s)
7th DWC (6 s) 6th SCT (11 s) 6th TT (<1 s) 7th DWC (7 s)
6th GT (8 s) 7th DWC (5 s) 4th GCT (10 s) 6th GT (13 s)
6th TT (<1 s) 6th GT (5 s) 6th PT(8s) – End 6th TT (2 s)
6th GCT (9 s) 6th TT (<1 s) 6th PT (6 s)
7th PT (5s) – End 6th GCT (7 s) 7th SCT (27 s)
7th PT (5 s) 7th DWC (7 s)
7th SCT (11 s) 6th GT (13 s)
8th DWC (5 s) 6th TT (2 s)
7th GT (5 s) 4th GCT (8 s)
7th TT (<1 s)
7th GCT (7 s) 7th PT (6s) End
8th PT (5s) – End

Note: SCT = standing combat time; DWC = displacement without contact; GT = gripping time; technique time; GCT = groundwork
combat time, and; PT = pause time.

Table V. Frequency (mean ± SD) of gripping types, different attacks, projections, attacks orientations and penalties, in each match
separated by age groups.

Age groups Gripping types Different attacks Projections Attack orientations Penalties

Pre-cadet n = 148 3.2 ± 1.7 1.8 ± 2.4 0.84 ± 0.93 2.2 ± 1.3 0.21 ± 0.52
Cadet n = 228 2.7 ± 1.3 2.2 ± 2.8 0.78 ± 0.95 2.5 ± 1.6 0.14 ± 0.43
Junior n = 104 3.0 ± 1.8 1.6 ± 2.2 0.75 ± 0.98 2.2 ± 1.3 0.06 ± 0.23
Senior n = 237 3.0 ± 1.7 1.5 ± 1.9 0.75 ± 0.92 2.4 ± 1.4 0.31 ± 0.67

Table VI. Frequency (mean ± SD) of koshi-waza, ashi-waza, te-waza, sutemi-waza, osae-waza, shime-waza and kansetsu-waza applied in each
combat separated by age groups.
Age groups ashi-waza koshi-waza
Pre-cadet n = 148 2.1 ± 2.6 0.4 ± 0.9
Cadet n = 228 3.0 ± 3.2 0.5 ± 1.0
Junior n = 104 1.8 ± 2.2 0.5 ± 1.0
Senior n = 237 1.3 ± 1.8* 0.4 ± 0.8
Note: *Age group significantly different from other groups (P < 0.05); NA = techniques not allowed for this age category; ashi = leg;
koshi = hip; te = arm; osae = immobilisation; shime = strangle; kansetsu = joint lock; waza = technique.
observed in comparison with shime-waza
(K2,565 = 19.78, P < 0.001, r = 0.02), as senior had
higher utilisation frequency than cadet (P < 0.001).
No significant differences were found for koshi-waza,
te-waza, sutemi-waza and osae-waza execution.
Discussion
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The goal of the present study was to quantify tech-
nical and tactical actions, and the time-motion in
female judo matches and to compare age groups
(pre-cadet, cadet, junior and senior). All women
groups had lower percentage of combats ending
before the official combat time rule (pre-cadet = 32%,
cadet = 25%, junior = 32%, senior = 34%, respec-
tively), in comparison with male athletes studies
(Castarlenas & Planas, 1997; Miarka et al., 2012).
Male fighters demonstrated 44% to 58% of cham-
pionship combats finishing before regular time
(Castarlenas & Planas, 1997; Miarka et al., 2012).
Gutiérrez-Santiago et al. (2011) demonstrated
higher values for visually impaired athletes, 81% of
male combats and 74% of women combats finishing
before the maximal combat time. Regarding age
group differences in the present study, similar results
were found by previous authors, who reported that
junior male athletes scored 14% less ippon than
senior (Miarka et al., 2012).
Even with changes in the rules over the years,
these modifications do not seem to interact with
the temporal structure of the combat (Franchini,
Artioli, et al., 2013; Sikorski et al., 1987). For
instance, Castarlenas and Planas (1997) revealed a
similar total combat time for male athletes when
compared to senior female athletes in the present
study, after more than 10 years. On the other hand,
both results are longer than the total combat time
reported by Gutiérrez-Santiago et al. (2011) with
visually impaired women athletes, which demon-
strated a total of 119 s – similar to pre-cadet, cadet
and junior combats. The differences among female
senior and other age groups are in agreement with
Miarka et al. (2012), which demonstrated effects of
age in male combats. The authors observed longer
periods in standing combat time (148 ± 92 s),
Female judo matches analysis 7
te-waza sutemi-waza osae-waza shime-waza kansetsu-waza
1.8 ± 2.4 0.5 ± 0.9 0.2 ± 0.4 NA NA
2.2 ± 2.8 0.3 ± 0.9 0.15 ± 0.4 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
1.6 ± 2.2 0.4 ± 0.7 0.1 ± 0.4 0.02 ± 0.13 0.02 ± 0.13
1.5 ± 2.0 0.9 ± 1.3 0.08 ± 0.3 0.07 ± 0.25 0.05 ± 0.21
displacement without contact (32 ± 28 s) and grip-
ping time (89 ± 63 s) in senior athletes when com-
paring to other ages (Miarka et al., 2012).
Following protocols used in Miarka et al. (2012),
the present study observed a large sample of combats
distributed in the seven official weight categories,
which allowed a reliable characterisation of the age
groups. Perhaps the weight could have influenced
time-motion structure; however, at the present
moment, studies with these comparisons are scarce.
In the current investigation, no significant differ-
ences were found between the two levels and when
comparing weight categories. The use of T-pattern
detection in judo, as previously presented in investi-
gations conducted with visually impaired judo ath-
letes (Gutiérrez-Santiago et al., 2011, 2013) and
used in the present study is also an important
approach to improve technical–tactical and physical
training methods for judo athletes, based on the
specific profile observed in each age group, gender
or weight category. Further studies can help to
improve the understanding of analysis of this type
of data, considering both international and national
female groups, what could bring differences between
weight category and/or competitive level, as preced-
ing studies reported (Calmet & Ahmaidi, 2004;
Franchini et al., 2008).
Gutiérrez-Santiago et al. (2011) showed distinct
results from the present research, when observing
visually impaired athletes and differences between
genders of standing combat and groundwork combat
times, where 57.7% of male combat time and 39.1%
of female combat time corresponded to a standing
situation, while 42.2% and 60.9% to a groundwork
situation. The standing and groundwork combat
mean times were 82 s (men)/54 s (women) and 60
s (men)/84 s (women), respectively.
Concerning total displacement without contact
time, Marcon, Franchini, Jardim, and Barros Neto
(2010) showed approximately 80 s of total time of
displacement without contact in male combat simu-
lations. This difference can be explained by the fact
that this period is used for recovery and for strategic
development in championships, based on feedback
from previous actions during the tournament
 8 B. Miarka et al.
(Calmet et al., 2010; Franchini, Artioli, et al., 2013;
Miarka et al., 2012).
Regarding sequential combat/pause cycles,
Gutiérrez-Santiago et al. (2011) demonstrated no
differences between visually able and impaired male
judokas in the sequential parameters; therefore, the
present study can help support similar considera-
tions for women. The greatest difference is the num-
ber of groundwork combat sequences in which
impaired women presented five sequences, higher
than the values found in all age groups, with a med-
ian between three and four sequences. No other
study with visually able women was found.
Concerning age group differences, results are in
agreement with previous reports with male athletes,
which described between five and nine cycles of
combat/pause sequences for senior male matches
(Castarlenas & Planas, 1997; Marcon et al., 2010;
Miarka et al., 2012). Thus, the present results are in
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agreement with previous findings for male athletes,
which described lower values of pause sequences in
the junior age group, with six sequences, when com-
pared with other ages, which presented seven
sequences (Miarka et al., 2012). These facts can be
associated with a higher number of techniques
applied without score, but still with the ability to
induce the opponent to a susceptible position on
the groundwork combat (Franchini, Takito, &
Bertuzzi, 2005).
With respect to time per combat/pause sequence,
Gutiérrez-Santiago et al. (2011) demonstrated lower
results (i.e. 19.7 s per combat time sequence in
visually impaired women) than the findings in pre-
cadet, junior and senior groups. Visually impaired
women athletes presented lower standing combat
time than all groups, with 7.8 s. This difference can
be associated with the time spent in the displacement
without contact, which is not explored by visually
impaired athletes. When observing displacement
without contact time per combat/pause cycle
sequences, results were similar to those presented
by male athletes of 4 ± 1 s (Marcon et al., 2010)
and 5 ± 8 s (Miarka et al., 2012). This aspect can be
explained from the fact that displacement without
contact is considered a tactical element, with two
propositions: first, to analyse the opponent, attempt-
ing to perform interactions conducted by gripping
the judogi; second, to control the space trajectory of
the combat and, at the same time, to manage the
attempts of the adversary to impose this control, and,
as athletes are currently trying to grip, attack and
defend actions of his/her opponent (Calmet &
Ahmaidi, 2004; Franchini et al., 2008; Miarka
et al., 2012).
There is a range of primary and secondary factors
influencing the development of expertise in judo
combats, and gripping seems to be one essential
characteristic determining proficiency in judo
matches (Calmet & Ahmaidi, 2004; Calmet et al.,
2010). The differences between senior and other
groups in gripping time are similar to comparisons
reported by other investigations with different age
groups in male athletes (Miarka et al., 2012). In
contrast, senior women athletes in the present
research displayed longer gripping times than
reported in male judo athletes (Calmet & Ahmaidi,
2004; Miarka et al., 2012). Preceding research with
different levels of experience and ages suggested that
experts have a higher rate of technical and tactical
gripping knowledge (Calmet et al., 2010), regardless
of age (Calmet & Ahmaidi, 2004; Calmet et al.,
2006), and more experienced athletes (i.e. senior
judo athletes) spend more time on this specific
action (Calmet et al., 2010; Miarka et al., 2012).
Regarding sequences of groundwork time,
Castarlenas and Planas (1997) reported similar
results, with 7.4 s per cycle. In contrast, visually
impaired women presented longer time of ground-
work combat, with 15.3 s per combat (Gutiérrez-
Santiago et al., 2011). The pause time of visually
impaired women, with 21.1 s was longer than the
present data.
Concerning differences in technique time, the
longer time spent by senior women in comparison
with other groups could be explained by the fact that
54% of total sutemi-waza were applied by senior
athletes. These techniques require more time to be
applied, as they normally involve performing twists
and self-projection on the ground to throw down the
opponent. Previous study pointed that sutemi-waza
was the counter-attack technique most often applied,
with higher efficiency, as scores were obtained in
44% of the occasions during Polish Judo
Championships disputed between 2005 and 2008
(Boguszewski, 2009). The author’s hypothesis con-
siders the role of match processes, in which the use
of sutemi-waza could come from a defensive position
of athletes in an attempt to avoid being attacked
(Boguszewski & Boguszewska, 2006). Also, this
information can be used to prevent injuries, since
previous studies also pointed that throwing techni-
ques, defensive actions and groundwork behaviours
could implicate in injuries (James & Pieter, 2003;
Koshida et al., 2010; Pieter, Talbot, Pinlac, &
Bercades, 2001).
Ashi-waza were the most-used techniques by all age
groups, followed by te-waza, koshi-waza and sutemi-
waza. That result agrees with a preceding report that
studied techniques used by judoists during World and
Olympic Tournaments in the years 1995–1999, which
found a higher percentage of ashi-waza, followed by
the same sequence of techniques groups (Sterkowicz
& Franchini, 2000). Other authors established similar
results in high-level college judo athletes (Franchini

et al., 2005). These data suggest that the groups of
techniques applied in elite judo combat tend to follow
this order of preference. However, the present data is
limited to regional and state level and it could not be
transferable to higher level athletes. Also, previous
reports suggested that effects of weight were asso-
ciated with the preferential attack (Almansba et al.,
2008; Claessens, Beunen, Wellens, & Geldof, 1987).
However, these studies were not made in a contextual
tournament situation. In addition, the findings sug-
gested that preferential attacks seem to be more asso-
ciated with stature proportionality, body composition
and somatotype than weight categories (Claessens
et al., 1987; Sterkowicz-Przybycien & Franchini,
2013).
The current results showed that (1) the number of
ippon obtained through ashi-waza and te-waza were
not different from each other, but these were more
effective than other techniques (i.e. resulted in more
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ippon). In addition, ashi-waza values were higher in
pre-cadet, cadet and junior when compared to
senior. This difference could be explained by the
fact that a lot of leg attacks are easy to apply, because
they normally do not require twists and self-projec-
tion, such as koshi-waza, te-waza and sutemi-waza
techniques (Sterkowicz et al., 2013). Regarding kan-
setsu-waza and shime-waza, the difference between
senior and cadet can be explained by the fact that
cadet is the first age category in which these techni-
ques can be used; thus, athletes in this age group are
starting to use them in competitions and it is
expected that they use them less than more experi-
enced athletes (IJF, 2013).
The European Judo Union observed less score by
projections than penalties scores in the last Olympic
Games in London 2012 (EJU, 2012). For example,
about 573 penalties and and only 204 ippon (max-
imum score) occurred during this competition. In
addition, the data of Olympic Games in Beijing 2008
demonstrated a considerable increase in scores by
penalty compared to previous years’ competitions
(IJF, 2013). Even with the rule modifications in
2009, the number of penalties increased in the
Masters World Championship 2009, with 1.58
penalties/min. In Junior World Championship, this
index was 1.46 penalties/min and in the under 23
years European Championship, it was 2.17 penalties/
min combat (Heinisch, Oswald, & Büsch, 2010). In
2013, a new rule modification was done with the aim
to reduce the number of penalties and to make the
combat more attractive to the public. However, in a
comparison of the European Championship among
the years 2012 and 2013, Franchini, Takito and
Calmet (2013) demonstrated an increase in the
number of penalties and a decrease in wazari and
yuko scores for women and men and an increase in
ippon and hansokumake (maximal penalty) for males,
Female judo matches analysis 9
when compared European Championships of these
two consecutive years. In the present study, the age
groups did not present effects in the number of
projections, penalties, different attacks applied and/
or in technical orientations.
The present research found a number of attacks
applied similar to preceding report, which analysed
108 male athletes (52 of pre-cadet, 24 of cadet, 12 of
junior and 20 of senior) (Calmet et al., 2010). These
authors reported differences in the number of attacks
applied during the combat between senior (3.3 ± 0.9)
and pre-cadet (2.8 ± 1.3), while high-level athletes
used 4.7 ± 0.8 attack directions (Calmet & Ahmaidi,
2004). However, this study did not consider the
direction of attacks related to gripping variations
used by the judoka. In another study, authors
observed a higher number of attacks in super elite
and elite judo players, with a mean of 9 ± 6 and
6 ± 4 throwing techniques per match, respectively
(Franchini et al., 2008), suggesting that this aspect
can be an important factor in the technical develop-
ment of judo athletes. Furthermore, in the present
research, lower values of directions in all groups
were observed in comparison with super elite and
elite, who presented 3.8 ± 0.5 and 2.9 ± 1.0 attack
directions (considering 4 as the maximum number of
directions), respectively (Franchini et al., 2008).
Conclusion
The current study was the first to describe time-
motion patterns for female judo matches and to
conduct a comparison among four different age
groups using a high number of matches. This knowl-
edge contributes to create prophylaxis programmes
according to the actions patterns observed. Our
results indicated that the senior age group presented
higher values of total combat time, standing combat
time and gripping time than all other groups.
Therefore, the prescription of training for pre-
cadet, cadet and junior female judo athletes should
consider the specific demands of the competitive
match, with maturation being considered as an indi-
cator of performance capacity.
Funding
This study was funded by FAPESP n. 08/51571-0;
the last author thanks the CNPq support [236768/
2012-3].
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